Changes in Selected Biochemical Components, In Vitro Protein Digestibility and Amino Acids in Two Bean Cultivars During Germination

This study investigates changes in lectin and trypsin inhibitor activity, SDS-PAGE peptide pattern, in vitro protein digestibility and amino acid composition during germination of two dry bean cultivars. Lectin activity in navy beans was reduced. Significant amounts of trypsin inhibitor activity in both navy and pinto beans remained after germination for 6 days. Glycopeptides, with molecular mass ranging from 25,000 to 27,000 daltons, from partial proteolysis of the major storage proteins were resistant to a multienzyme system. In vitro protein digestibility and amino acid composition were only slightly altered. Germination did not improve protein nutritional quality of dry beans.     

Antioxidative Maillard Reaction Products from Reducing Sugars and Free Amino Acids in Cooked Ground Pork Patties

Fifteen preformed Maillard reaction products (MRP) were prepared by refluxing 0.2M of three individual reducing sugars (glucose, xylose, and dihydroxyacetone) with 0.2M of five free amino acids (arginine, histidine, leucine, lysine, and tryptophan). MRP were added (3% v/w basis) to fresh ground pork patties prior to cooking and cooked to internal temperature 68°C and stored ai 4°C for 10 days. Samples were analyzed for TBA value on dav 0. 5. and 10. MRP were effective inhibitors of lipid oxidation in groind‘pdrk patties. The most effective were xyloselysine, xylose-tryptophan, dihydroxyacetone-histidine, and dihydroxy-acetone-tryptophan when compared to controls. A significant interaction (P < 0.001) existed between reducing sugars and amino acids.     

不同氨基酸和糖对美拉德反应产物的影响

利用半胱氨酸、甘氨酸、谷氨酸3 种氨基酸和木糖、葡萄糖2 种还原糖作为反应底物,模拟美拉德反应制备香精,并对其香气成分和有害物质进行综合分析。结果表明：参与反应的氨基酸种类越多,所测得的挥发性物质种数也越多,反应产物的风味越丰富;甘氨酸参与的美拉德反应中丙烯酰胺的生成量较少,而谷氨酸的参与反应中丙烯酰胺的生成量较多;还原糖种类对丙烯酰胺的产生影响不大;谷氨酸参与的美拉德反应产物中,5-羟甲基糠醛（5-hydroxymethylfurfural,5-HMF）含量高,而半胱氨酸和甘氨酸参与的反应产物中,5-HMF的含量较低;木糖可减少产物中的5-HMF的含量。利用本实验条件制备香精,产物中的丙烯酰胺和5-HMF含量在安全范围内。     

HPLC法测定茶树花中可溶性糖、儿茶素和游离氨基酸

采用高效液相色谱法测定茶树(Camellia sinensis)花中可溶性糖、儿茶素和游离氨基酸的含量。结果表明：茶树花中含有216.85mg/g可溶性糖,其花冠、雄蕊群和雌蕊群部分(F-1)及花托、萼片和花梗部分(F-2)的含量分别为250.945mg/g和112.65mg/g;茶树花中总儿茶素含量为37.03mg/g,且F-2中的含量(46.90mg/g)高于F-1(30.88mg/g);茶树花中含有包括茶氨酸在内的16种游离氨基酸,含量为10.87mg/g,虽然F-2中游离氨基酸的种类较少,但其含量(16.47mg/g)显著高于F-1(10.59mg/g)。     

萌发大麦种子内肽酶活力、醇溶蛋白及氨基酸含量变化

以两个大麦品种垦啤8号和Harrington为材料研究了大麦种子萌发过程中体内醇溶性蛋白质、游离氨基酸和内肽酶活力的变化。垦啤8号大麦种子的醇溶蛋白含量高,但其降解量比Harrington多。垦啤8号游离氨基酸增长量略高于Harrington。整个大麦种子发芽期间,国产品种内肽酶活力始终高于进口品种。以上表明,与Harrington相比,虽然国产品种垦啤8号含氮量高,但其内肽酶活力升高快,最大酶活力高,醇溶蛋白降解、转化为可输出氮的进程快,有制造优质麦芽的潜力。     

玉米萌发过程中淀粉的变化

为了考察玉米萌发中淀粉的变化,研究了玉米萌发过程中,总糖、淀粉和可溶性糖以及具体低聚糖组分含量的变化,并且研究了萌发过程中淀粉分子量的分布情况。结果表明,总糖和淀粉含量降低,而可溶性糖含量上升。随着萌发的进行,低聚糖含量不断上升,玉米淀粉的低分子量糖含量增加。     

肌肉非蛋白氮和游离氨基酸在金华火腿加工过程中的变化

以60只浙江兰溪当地杂交猪后腿为原料,按传统工艺加工金华火腿,分析了股二头肌中非蛋白氮(Non-proteinnitrogen,NPN)和游离氨基酸(Freeaminoacids,FAA)浓度随加工时间而变化的规律。结果表明,肌肉中的NPN和FAA含量都随金华火腿加工进程逐渐升高;NPN在后熟期和晒腿期间升高速度最快,而FAA在成熟过程中升高最快,成品火腿的蛋白质降解指数在14～20之间;成品火腿中的FAA占NPN的70%以上,其中以Arg、Glu、Leu、Lys、Ala和Val等含量较高。FAA总含量比腌制前提高13.8倍,火腿中大部分FAA浓度为腌制前的10～20倍,其中增加比例较大的FAA有Lys、Asp、Ser、Tyr和Ile等。火腿中大部分游离氨基酸的浓度多倍于其感觉阈值,因此可能对火腿风味的形成有重要贡献。     

高温灭菌过程中三种鲜食玉米汁游离糖与氨基酸含量变化的比较

为明确鲜食玉米汁在高温灭菌过程中滋味成分的变化特点,采用HPLC对甜玉米、糯玉米和常规玉米汁在灭菌过程中蔗糖、果糖、葡萄糖和19种游离氨基酸的含量变化进行了测定和分析。结果显示,甜玉米汁中蔗糖含量最高,为11.94～18.09 mg/mL,含量最低的为糯玉米汁0.12～0.34 mg/mL。在灭菌过程中,常规玉米和糯玉米汁中的果糖和葡萄糖含量均呈下降趋势,而甜玉米汁中三种糖随时间延长均表现为先上升后下降。甜味氨基酸和鲜味氨基酸为三种玉米汁的主要氨基酸,为总游离氨基酸的68.77%～80.20%。19种氨基酸在灭菌过程中含量变化经主成分分析得到相关性热图和主成分图谱,结果显示甜玉米汁和糯玉米汁中的氨基酸变化相似,均有6种氨基酸随灭菌时间延长含量上升,呈显著相关关系,而常规玉米汁中氨基酸变化与二者差别较大。结果为不同的鲜食玉米汁加工中品质调控提供参考。     

Influence of Reducing Sugars and Amino Acids in the Color Development of Fried Potatoes

Color development during potato frying was studied. Increments of reducing sugars led to increase in color of fried potatoes. For L (luminosity) between 60–51, corresponding to a reducing sugar content of 120–140 mg %, an acceptable color was obtained. Both amino acids and reducing sugars participated in the color development of potato during frying, with the amount of reducing sugars being the limiting factor. Fructose yielded the highest browning followed by glucose. Sucrose addition caused practically no change in the final color of the fried potato. At low content of reducing sugars the reaction followed first-order kinetics, the activation energy, Ea, being equal to 31 Kcal mol^-1.     

烘焙期间加料与未加料白肋烟游离氨基酸的变化

采用OPA、FMOC联合在线衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定了烘焙过程中加料和未加料的白肋烟游离氨基酸的变化。结果表明:①烘焙过程中未加料白肋烟的游离氨基酸总量呈先增后减的趋势,烘焙18min后游离氨基酸总量降低19%,其中降幅20%以上的有Asn、Asp、Arg;②加料白肋烟的游离氨基酸总量呈逐渐减少的趋势,烘焙18min后其游离氨基酸总量降低37%,其中降低50%以上的有Glu、Phe,降低40%以上的有Asn、Val;降低30%以上的有Asp、Ser、Arg、Lys、Pro;③未加料和加料的白肋烟中游离氨基酸的变化均主要发生在140℃。     

不同品种荔枝果实游离氨基酸分析

为探明荔枝果实中游离氨基酸组成及含量,采用AccQ ·Tag柱前衍生反相高效液相色谱法测定紫娘喜、大丁香、黑叶、兰竹和甜眼荔枝果实中的17种游离氨基酸含量。结果表明：测定方法重现性好,精密度高;甜眼果实中的人体必需氨基酸含量占氨基酸总量的36.4%,人体必需氨基酸含量与非必需氨基酸含量之比为0.57,较接近理想蛋白质的标准要求;紫娘喜、大丁香、黑叶、兰竹和甜眼荔枝果实均含有丰富的药效氨基酸、鲜味氨基酸、甜味氨基酸以及少量的芳香族氨基酸,但不同品种间的含量及比例差异较大。因此,不同荔枝品种的口感和风味明显不同。     

Changes in Sugars, Starch and Trypsin Inhibitor Activity in Winged Bean (Psophocarpus tetragonolobus L.DC) During Seed Development

Three cultivars of winged bean were analyzed for starch, sugars and trypsin inhibitor activity at different stages of seed maturity. The starch content ranged from 5.66-6.22% whereas sugar content varied from 4.40-6.53% in the matured seeds. The starch content increased as the seed maturation progressed from stage I (40 days after flowering) to stage II (50 days after flowering) followed by a decrease up to complete maturity. The total sugar content increased up to stage III (60 days after flowering) of maturity followed by a decrease during subsequent stages of maturation. The trypsin inhibitor activity increased as the seed maturation advanced from stage I to complete maturity.     

反应型可可香料的氨基酸和还原糖的Plackett-Burman设计筛选

本研究采用Plackett-Burman试验设计,选取缬氨酸、甘氨酸、苯丙氨酸、亮氨酸、酪氨酸、苏氨酸、丝氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、葡萄糖、果糖11个可能的可可风味相关因子进行筛选。统计分析结果表明:苯丙氨酸、丝氨酸、亮氨酸、谷氨酸、精氨酸、甘氨酸对美拉德反应的可可风味产物中的几种重要的致香成分具有最显著的影响。未发现葡萄糖和果糖对可可风味有任何差异贡献。选择这5种氨基酸和两种还原糖制备反应型可可香料,产物进行感官分析,并用GC-MS分析其中的致香成分和含量,鉴定出52种成分。     

撒坝火腿成熟过程中游离氨基酸的变化研究

以云南撒坝火腿为原料,利用氨基酸自动分析仪检测腌制4月到9月股骨与髋骨之间偏腿背侧肌肉游离氨基酸的变化。结果表明肌肉中的游离氨基酸在成熟期间呈现出先增后降的趋势。腌制到7月时各种游离氨基酸含量最大,占同时期产品质量的5.39%,此阶段含量较高的游离氨基酸分别为Glu、Lys、Ala和Ieu,较低的分别为Met、Tyr、His、Asp。整个成熟期间,含量较高的的氨基酸Glu、Lys、Ala、Lys,含量较低的氨基酸是Cys、Pro、Tyr、Arg。不同的游离氨基酸含量可能使干腌火腿产生不同的风味。     

现代工艺金华火腿中游离氨基酸含量的研究

通过跟踪金华火腿的现代化工艺生产过程,选取原料腿、预腌结束、腌制结束、风干中期、风干结束、成熟前期(成熟1)、成熟中期(成熟2)、成熟结束(成熟3)和后熟结束9 个工艺点对金华火腿股二头肌中游离氨基酸的含量进行测定。结果表明：肌肉中的游离氨基酸(FAA)含量都随金华火腿加工进程逐渐升高;成熟过程中升高最快。FAA 总量比腌制前提高5 倍左右,多数FAA 浓度为腌制前的10 倍,含量较高的FAA 有Glu、Leu、Ala、Arg 等,增加比例较大的有Glu、Thr、Val、Ile 和Pro 等。     

高温高湿处理对小麦籽粒蛋白质、氨基酸及糖类含量的影响

分析了短时间高温高湿处理对小麦蛋白质、氨基酸及糖类含量的影响.结果表明,24 h的高温(≥35℃)和高湿度(RH 80%)处理,与常温保存和30℃、RH 60%处理比较,增加了小麦籽粒的电导率、谷氨酸(Glu)及总氨基酸的含量,但降低了水溶性糖、醇溶性糖及醇溶性蛋白的含量,导致小麦籽粒干物质含量呈下降趋势.随着储藏温度和相对湿度的增加,天冬氨酸(Asp)、苏氨酸(Thr)、丝氨酸(Ser)、赖氨酸(Lys)及精氨酸(Arg)的含量增加,对应的球蛋白和清蛋白含量呈增加趋势.异亮氨酸(Ile)含量减少,对应的醇溶蛋白减少.谷氨酸和脯氨酸(Pro)含量增加,相应的麦谷蛋白含量也增加.高分子质量蛋白质的巯基被氧化形成二硫键,增大了麦谷蛋白质与醇溶蛋白质之间的比率.小麦品种对高温高湿储藏条件的反应受原产地影响.     

Maillard Browning of Common Amino Acids and Sugars

Common amino acids and amide derivatives have been ranked according to the intensity of Maillard browning formed when heated in an autoclave at 121°C for 10 min, under identical conditions, with each of the sugars D-ribose, D-glucose, D-fructose, α-lactose and sucrose. The amino compounds have been grouped into high, intermediate and low browning producing groups. Browning formed by heating a representative of each group with D-glucose, D-fructose and α-lactose at pH values ranging from 6–12 was studied. Maximum browning was obtained at a pH value of about 10 in all of the amino acid-sugar solutions tested.     

发芽对高粱氨基酸及抗营养因子含量的影响

为改善高粱营养品质,拓宽其在食品工业中的应用,本实验以白高粱为原料进行发芽,探讨高粱发芽过程中氨基酸组成、γ-氨基丁酸（γ-aminobutyric acid,GABA）含量、谷氨酸脱羧酶（glutamic acid decarboxylase,GAD）活性、植酸酶活性、植酸及单宁含量的变化规律。结果表明:随着发芽时间延长,高粱氨基酸总量显著增加,60 h达到最大值为5.694 g/100 g,相较未发芽高粱增加了28.50%;赖氨酸含量在发芽72 h达到最大值为0.157 g/100 g,增加了21.71%;GAD活性增强,GABA含量增加,60 h达到最大值为19.026 mg/100 g,增加到5倍;植酸酶活性同样随着发芽时间的延长不断增强,促使植酸发生降解,植酸含量从94.85 mg/100 g下降到52.44 mg/100 g,降低了44.71%;单宁含量从1.07%降到0.14%,下降了86.92%。综上所述,发芽可显著提高高粱营养成分,降低抗营养因子含量,提升了高粱的营养价值。     

Changes in Phytase Activity and Phytate During Germination of Two Fababean Cultivars

Two fababean cultivars were germinated over a 10-day period and the levels of phytate and activity of phytase monitored. In both cultivars there was a marked increase in phytase activity which was accompanied by a concomitant decrease in phytate. The enzyme level reached a maximum 6 days following germination and was much higher in Ackerperle compared to Diana. Nevertheless a marked reduction in phytate levels was evident at the end of 10 days which accounted for a decrease of 71.2% and 77.3% in Ackerperle and Diana, respectively.