长江重要堤防安全监测技术的应用与发展

长江重要堤防安全监测工程中，对主要穿堤建筑物、重要堤段都布置了安全监测设施。两年多来的监测过程中，获得了大量的监测资料和信息，为评价防渗墙的渗控效果及穿堤建筑物的运行状况提供了科学依据。防渗墙是堤防加固和防渗处理的主要工程措施之一，通过监测资料分析，防渗墙的实施有效地改善了堤身、堤基的渗流状态，不同结构形式的防渗墙所起的截渗效果是不一样的。穿堤建筑物内部监测由渗压计、测缝计、位错计和界面土压力计组成，为穿堤建筑物安全运行状况和施工质量评价提供了科学的依据。堤防安全监测新技术的开发与应用研究拓展了传统的安全监测领域，先进的安全监测技术在堤防工程建设中将得到广泛应用。     

长江重要堤防安全监测技术的应用与发展

长江重要堤防安全监测工程中,对主要穿堤建筑物、重要堤段都布置了安全监测设施.两年多来的监测过程中,获得了大量的监测资料和信息,为评价防渗墙的渗控效果及穿堤建筑物的运行状况提供了科学依据.防渗墙是堤防加固和防渗处理的主要工程措施之一,通过监测资料分析,防渗墙的实施有效地改善了堤身、堤基的渗流状态,不同结构形式的防渗墙所起的截渗效果是不一样的.穿堤建筑物内部监测由渗压计、测缝计、位错计和界面土压力计组成,为穿堤建筑物安全运行状况和施工质量评价提供了科学的依据.堤防安全监测新技术的开发与应用研究拓展了传统的安全监测领域,先进的安全监测技术在堤防工程建设中将得到广泛应用.     

黄河堤防工程安全检测技术简析

通过对堤防工程隐患的地球物理特征分析,介绍了高密度电阻率法、地质雷达、瞬态面波和瞬变电磁法以及工程CT等在堤防工程安全检测中的应用效果,进而提出了采用地球物理技术进行黄河堤防工程安全监测的新思路。      

南京南瑞集团公司

自1973年始,南京南瑞集团公司就开始从事工程安全监测技术研究,研制、生产各类监测仪器和自动化监测系统硬软件,并广泛应用于水利工程中的大坝、船闸、堤防、引供水工程等建筑物的安全监测。南京     

温度示踪法渗流监测技术在长江堤防渗流监测中的应用初探

介绍了水工建筑物中的温度示踪法渗流监测技术的背景和发展过程 ,针对长江中下游堤防的特点及其渗流控制的需要 ,研究了这一技术的最新发展——分布式光纤测温技术在长江堤防渗流监测中应用的可行性。     

新技术在长江重要堤防隐蔽工程建设中的应用

长江堤防为历年加高培厚填筑而成，存在地基地质条件差、堤身施工质量不好、涵闸老化失修、河道演变及坡岸崩塌等问题，1999年，国家计委和水利部对长江堤防的除险加固工程作出重要安排，明确由水利部长江水利委员会负责组织建设长江重要堤防隐蔽工程，在1999-2000年度的工程建设中，首先利用现代勘测技术对长江中下游堤防进行全面检查，获得了工程地质、水气象和地形测量成果资料，在此基础上，应用新技术、新方法开展科研与设计工作，在施工过程中，应用国内外先进的堤防加固工程措施，包括堤身与堤基防渗技术，压盖与导渗技术，崩岸治理与护脚技术，堤身安全监测技术，施工质量过程控制与质量检测技术。     

特高频通信在大坝及堤防安全监测系统的应用

叙述了特高频通信（VHF／UHF）技术在DAMS－IV型大坝及堤防安全监测自动化系统中的应用，重点对特高频通信网络组成，工作体制，性能指标，防雷措施做了简介，最后写了DAMS－IV型特高频数据采集系统在飞来峡水利枢纽社岗防护堤安全监测自动化工程中的应用。     

安全监测技术在取水首部围堰爆破拆除中的应用

本文以某重点输供水工程取水首部围堰爆破拆除为例,简要阐述了安全监测技术在爆破拆除施工中的应用,就监测方法、实施等方面进行了论述,该技术已在工程实际运用中取得了良好的工程效果,可为类似工程提供参考.     

糯扎渡特高心墙堆石坝安全监测关键技术研究

糯扎渡特高心墙堆石坝安全监测具有监测规模大、仪器种类多、超常规和监测施工难度大、自动化系统复杂等特点,给安全监测的设计和实施带来挑战。鉴于此,提出了安全监测安装施工技术,基于TCP/IP协议及网络的安全监测自动化系统组网技术,自动化系统集成、三维可视化设计与系统开发、自动化系统应急预案与预警自动触发技术和特高心墙堆石坝安全监测资料分析等关键技术。以上技术的应用成功解决了糯扎渡水电站现场安全监测技术难题,提高了枢纽工程安全监测自动化的整体水平,降低了工程成本,提高了工程质量。该技术完备性好、可行性高,安全监测自动化研究成果已被《水利水电安全监测设计规范》所采用;开发研制的专项监测设备或监测技术具备技术前瞻性,将推动监测技术的发展。     

基于分布式光纤传感技术的堤防工程健康监测系统

针对分布式光纤传感技术在堤防工程健康监测上应用的关键技术和实施问题,构建了基于分布式光纤传感器、侧重堤防形变和渗漏两大隐患的健康监测系统;以室外修建的大型实体堤防模型健康监测为例,探讨了分布式光纤传感器的布设方案和配套专用监测软件的开发,给出了试验测试结果,可作为进一步研究渗漏和形变隐患的预警判据,为分布式光纤传感技术在堤防工程健康监测上的实际应用提供参考。     

Call for Papers

正As the eldest and most distributed professional journal of water industry,Water Wastewater Engineering(W WE)gained very wide acceptance from the colleagues working in this field in this country since start publication in 1964.Now it is administrated by the Ministry of Construction of the People’s Republic of China and sponsored by the China Civil Engineering Society etc.     

Serial discontinuities in a Rocky mountain river. I. Distribution and abundance of plecoptera

Samples were taken year-round at eleven sites along the altitudinal profile (2900-1400 m a.s.l.) of the Gunnison River, a 329 km tributary of the Colorado River, to document the distribution of the Plecoptera and to evaluate responses to hypolimnial-release dams in the headwaters and middle reaches. Twenty-two species were present, with the greatest species richness occurring in an unregulated segment upstream of the middle reach dams; average nymphal biomass over the study period (175 organisms, 395 mg dry mass m^?2) was also greatest in this segment. Only four species (58 organisms, 48 mg m^?2) were present in the tailwaters of the headwater dam and values were greatly reduced (nine species; 35 organisms, 180 mg m^?2) below the middle reach dams. The stonefly community recovered ca. 80 km downstream from the last dam (15 species; 244 organisms, 250 mg m^?2), apparently in response to natural resetting of environmental conditions corresponding to those above the middle reach dams. At the most downstream site (11) only four species (four organisms, 16 mg m^?2) were present. The observed distributional pattern is a classic serial discontinuity in response to hypolimnial stream regulation in a temperate latitude river.     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Impacts of Microcystis on algal biodiversity and use of new technology to remove Microcystis and dissolved nutrients

Cyanobacteria often dominate eutrophic lakes, outcompeting green algae that are required by fish and zooplankton. This study was undertaken to ascertain the impact of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis, on algal biodiversity. Under laboratory conditions, we found that the presence of Microcystis decreased phyla richness by 58%, phyla evenness by 47%, genera richness by 66% and genera evenness by 51%. Analysis by mixed anova s demonstrated a significant interaction between treatment and time and confirmed a significant reduction in richness and evenness of phyla and genera. We also conducted a phosphate restriction assay on the algae in Mason Lake (Irvine, CA, USA) and found that the threshold needed for algal growth there was 0.02 mg L^?1 PO₄. A pilot study was then conducted to test the effectiveness of the Blue Pro? water treatment facility in removal of this colonial organism from Mason Lake, in addition to removal of dissolved nutrients required for its growth. We measured a 97% reduction in Microcystis cells, a 72% reduction in chlorophyll‐a, and a 96% reduction in phosphate after just one 10 min cycle through the unit. Our study demonstrated that removal of Microcystis colonies may allow green algae to increase in numbers. This may improve algal biodiversity, which will benefit zooplankton and fishes.     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

库水波动下库岸边坡地下水浸润线解析解及误差分析

解析法是库岸边坡地下水浸润线计算中便于实际应用的方法,但该方法须基于若干假定并对潜水运动基本方程线性化后才能求解。针对各假定和线性化过程建立不同的地下水渗流数学模型,用解析法和有限元法解答上述数学模型,分析各误差大小及其规律。结果表明：库岸垂直处理带来的误差要小于方程线性化处理和不考虑非饱和渗流带来的误差,而且它们都随渗透系数变大而减小;在三峡库区库水调度情况下,假定库水位等速变化带来的误差对大多岸坡而言可以忽略;计算库岸边坡地下水浸润线时,解析法只适用于水位变化幅度相比含水层厚度较小,且几何边界规则、岩土结构简单、岩土体渗透性较好时的情况。     

Changes in Summer Irrigated Crop Area and Water Use in Southeastern Turkey from 1993 to 2002: Implications for Current and Future Water Resources

Changes in summer irrigated cropland acreage and related water use are estimated from satellite remote sensing and ancillary data in semi-arid Southeastern Turkey where traditionally dry agricultural lands are being rapidly transformed into irrigated fields with the help of water from the Euphrates-Tigris Rivers. An image classification methodology based on thresholding of Landsat NDVI images from the peak summer period reveals that the total area of summer irrigated crops has increased three-fold (from 35,000 ha to over 100,000) in the Harran Plain between 1993 and 2002. Coupled analysis of annual irrigated crop area from remote sensing and potential evapotranspiration based estimates of irrigation water requirements for cotton indicate a corresponding increase in agricultural water use from about 370 million cubic meters to over one billion cubic meters, a volume in accordance with the state estimates. These estimates have important implications for understanding the rapid changes in current agricultural withdrawals in Southeastern Turkey and form a quantitative basis for exploring the changes in future water demands in the region. For example, expansion of irrigated lands have led to a steady decrease in potential evaporation due to increased roughness and decreased humidity deficit in the Harran Plain. Assuming that the changes in future evaporation conditions will be of similar nature, water use for irrigation is expected to decrease over 40 percent in future irrigation sites. Incorporating this decrease in overall planning of the irrigation projects currently under construction should lead to improved management, and by extension, sustainability of water resources in the region.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

SPATIAL AND TEMPORAL WATER QUALITY VARIABILITY IN AQUATIC HABITATS OF A CULTIVATED FLOODPLAIN

The floodplains of lowland rivers contain diverse aquatic habitats that provide valuable ecosystem services but are perturbed when intensively cultivated. Hydrologic, water chemistry and biological (fish) conditions in five aquatic habitats along the Coldwater River, Mississippi, were measured for more than 4 years: the river, two severed meanders that functioned as backwaters, a managed wetland and an ephemeral channel draining cultivated fields. Off‐channel habitats were connected to downstream regions 0.10% to 32% of the dry season and 24% to 67% of the wet season. The median temperatures for the five monitored sites ranged from 18°C to 23°C, the median total solids concentration for all sites was 135 mg L^?1, the median total phosphorus was 0.29 mg L^?1 and the median total nitrogen was 1.56 mg L^?1. Chemical and physical water quality displayed strong seasonal differences between the wet winter/spring and the dry summer/fall periods so that temporal variation consisted of gradual seasonal trends superimposed on strong diurnal variations. All off‐channel habitats exhibited periods of hypoxia and temperatures >30°C during the dry season. Between‐site gradients of water and habitat quality were strongly coupled to water depth and runoff loading. The rehabilitation of one backwater by increasing water depth and diverting agricultural runoff was associated with improved water quality and fish species richness relative to an adjacent untreated backwater. The diversion of polluted runoff and the use of water control structures to maintain greater water depth were observed to be effective management tools, but the former reduces the water supply to habitats that tend to dry up and the latter reduces connectivity. Published in 2011 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

簸箕李引黄灌区水沙分布及优化调度的经验

灌区利用水沙观测所取得的资料和试验数据，运用水沙运动力学理论，总结分析和揭示了灌区水沙分布的规律和特点。在此基础上，结合灌区的实际运行情况，围绕减少骨干渠道的淤积进行探讨、研究，进而，优化水沙调度方案。该方案实施后，骨干渠道减旅伴效果明显，取得了成功的经验。