松香基双羧酸盐双子表面活性剂的合成及性能

以脱氢枞胺及乙二胺四乙酸酐为原料简便合成了新型松香基双羧酸盐双子表面活性剂Na-DDEDTA,采用IR、 ¹H NMR 、 ¹³C NMR 等光谱对其结构进行了确证,研究了其表面活性性能。Na-DDEDTA表面活性剂比常规表面活性剂Na-DMA具有较低的临界胶束浓度及表面张力,其临界胶束浓度C_CMC及对应的表面张力分别为0.11 mmol/L及33.6 mN/m。两种表面活性剂的乳化性能相当,Na-DDEDTA泡沫性能比Na-DMA稍差,Na-DDEDTA亲水性更弱。松香基双子表面活性剂是一种良好的绿色化学品。     

联接基团对双子表面活性剂性能的影响研究进展

双子表面活性剂的独特结构使其较传统表面活性剂具有更优异的性能。联接基团的长度和性质对双子表面活性剂性能影响很大。因此,探究联接基团对其性能的影响规律,有助于更好地理解分子内部的相互作用,从而更好地发挥和利用双子表面活性剂的性能,对新型双子表面活性剂的开发及工业生产具有现实意义。文章综述了联接基团对双子表面活性剂的表面活性、泡沫性能、润湿性能、缓蚀性能、黏度、增溶及乳化性能的影响,并对原因进行了分析。     

双子表面活性剂在新材料制造中的应用

综述了双子表面活性剂在介孔材料、聚合物材料、纳米材料的制造以及胶束催化反应中的应用,通过调节双子表面活性剂中连接基和疏水基的结构,可以得到更为新颖和多样的自组装结构,并将其模板效应或高表面活性应用于高性能新型材料的制造中;指出了双子表面活性剂在新型材料制造中的发展方向。     

特种表面活性剂和功能性表面活性剂(Ⅵ)——双子表面活性剂的性质及应用

综述了双子表面活性剂的主要性能,如低临界胶束浓度、高表面活性、强增黏能力等;介绍了双子表面活性剂相对于传统表面活性剂在性能上的优势;同时阐述了双子表面活性剂在新材料制备、织染、金属防腐、环境保护、三次采油、生物技术和医学等方面的应用,并对此类表面活性剂的应用前景进行了展望.     

二烷基乙氧基硫酸钠阴离子双子表面活性剂的合成及其表面活性

为研究阴离子双子表面活性剂结构与表面活性的关系,以不同碳链的脂肪醇、环氧氯丙烷、不同的二醇等为原料,通过三步反应合成出一种间隔基为乙氧基的阴离子双子表面活性剂二烷基硫酸钠,得到不同长度碳链和间隔基的4种双子表面活性剂,同时对部分合成条件进行了优化,确定了烷基单缩水甘油醚所用催化剂为苄基三乙基氯化铵以及烷基低聚二醇的最佳反应温度为80℃。核磁共振氢谱和傅立叶变换红外光谱证实了它们及其中间产品的结构。部分产品最小表面张力低于30 mN/m,临界胶束浓度低于0.1 mmol/L,具有良好的表面活性。实验表明,随着碳链的增长和间隔基长度的增加,其CMC降低,间隔基长度的增加使am in变大,但其γCMC变化不大。     

一种双子表面活性剂中间体的合成及表征

双子表面活性剂是由一个连接基在其亲水头基或接近亲水头基处通过化学键将两个传统表面活性剂分子连接在一起而形成的一类新型表面活性剂。由于其特殊的结构,与传统表面活性剂相比,双子表面活性剂具有能高效降低水的表面张力、更低的临界胶束浓度（CMC）、特殊的流变学性质等独特性能,因此在洗涤、杀菌、乳化、分散、防腐以及化妆品、印染、三次采油、基因治疗、有序介孔材料的合成等领域具有较大的应用潜力,     

双子表面活性剂的结构特点与表面活性

双子型表面活性剂由于极性头基区域的键合,阻抑了极性头之间的斥力,突破了传统表面活性剂的结构概念,具有比传统表面活性剂高得多的表面活性,现有的研究数据表明并联结构的双子表面活性剂具有比串联结构的双子表面活性剂高的降低表面张力的能力。     

咪唑啉基季铵盐型双子表面活性剂的合成与性能

以环氧氯丙烷为连接剂,油酸、二乙烯三胺分别为疏水和亲水基团的初始原料合成了一种咪唑啉基季铵盐型双子表面活性剂,通过IR1、HNMR确证了目标产物结构。研究了其在水溶液中对苯的乳化力、稳泡能力、亲水亲油平衡值、表面张力的影响。动态激光散射法测试了双子咪唑啉基季铵盐乳化制备O/W型乳状液的乳胶粒径尺寸,利用双子表面活性剂作为乳化剂,油酸为分散相。静态失重法评价了双子表面活性剂作为缓蚀剂对Q235钢在质量分数8%溶液中的缓蚀性能。结果表明,所合成的双子咪唑啉基季铵盐具有较好的表面活性,临界胶束浓度CMC约为2×10-4mol/L,γCMC为31.40 mN/m,HLB值为14.2,对苯的乳化能力及稳泡性能良好。该乳液稳定,在25~50℃时,O/W乳液的胶粒尺寸在216~236 nm,是一种性能良好的O/W型乳化剂。失重法测定结果表明,该双子咪唑啉基季铵盐型表面活性剂缓蚀性能优于相应单链咪唑啉季铵盐表面活性剂。     

Gemini型表面活性剂在油田的应用与研究进展

双子表面活性剂因其独特的结构与优异的性质,近年来在油田领域得到了广泛的应用。从驱油用表面活性剂性质入手,主要介绍了双子表面活性剂的性能(表面活性、增溶作用、降低油水界面张力和乳化能力)和影响因素以及国内运用双子表面活性剂在提高采收率和降压增注方面取得的成果,并对未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

羧酸盐双子表面活性剂溶液黏度行为研究

在合成系列羧酸盐双子表面活性剂的基础上,采用MR301界面流变仪考察了质量分数、分子结构(疏水链长度及联接基碳数)、温度、剪切速率、无机盐对羧酸盐双子表面活性剂溶液黏度的影响,并用扫描电镜(SEM)观察其胶束微观结构。黏度测试结果表明,疏水链碳数(10≤m≤16)越多,羧酸盐双子表面活性剂增稠能力越强,溶液黏度突变所需活性剂质量分数越小;疏水链碳数(m=16)相同,联结基碳数(s=2、3、4)增加,其增稠能力越强,耐温性越好;随着无机盐质量分数的增加,羧酸盐双子表面活性剂DC 16-2-16溶液黏度先升高后降低,离子强度越强的无机盐其最佳加量越小;微观结构检测的SEM图证实了增长疏水链长度可以促进羧酸盐双子表面活性剂溶液中的胶束从线形向网状转变。     

含杂环的阳离子双子表面活性剂合成研究进展

综述了合成含杂环的阳离子双子表面活性剂的研究工作,着重介绍了含咪唑、吡啶、三嗪、四氢吡咯、六氢哌啶和三唑等杂环的阳离子双子表面活性剂的制备方法。同时简单阐述了其临界胶束浓度、表面张力、胶束聚集数等性能,并展望了含杂环的阳离子双子表面活性剂的发展方向。     

Synthesis and properties of novel alkyl sulfate gemini surfactants

Four anionic gemini surfactants of the sulfate type C₁₂C_nC₁₂, where n is the spacer chain length (n = 3, 4, 6, and 10) were synthesized. The structures of these surfactants were confirmed by FT‐IR, ¹H NMR, ESI mass spectra (ESI‐MS), and elemental analysis. The surface‐active properties of these compounds were investigated by means of surface tension, electrical conductivity, and fluorescence measurements. Premicellar aggregations were found for the four gemini surfactants, as revealed by the conductivity measurement. The formation of premicellar aggregates may account for the discrepancy between the critical micelle concentration (cmc) obtained by the surface tension and conductivity measurement. The cmc values of these gemini surfactants were much lower than that of sodium dodecylsulfate (SDS) and decreased monotonously with the increase of spacer chain length from 3 to 10. The effect of spacer chain length on the performance properties like foaming, emulsion stability, and lime soap dispersing ability were also studied and discussed. Practical applications : Alkyl sulfate surfactants are one of the most widely used surfactants. The new alkyl sulfate gemini surfactants synthesized in our study are more surface‐active than sodium dodecylsulfate. These gemini surfactants possess low critical micelle concentrations, high emulsion stability, and excellent lime soap dispersing ability. They have potential applications in the fields of cosmetics, detergents, etc.     

季铵盐有机硅双子表面活性剂的合成及性能研究

以丙酮和正己烷为溶剂,聚乙二醇二缩水甘油醚和羟基封端聚二甲基硅氧烷为主要原料在四丁基溴化铵(TBAB)和氢氧化钠(Na OH)的催化下合成环氧基聚醚改性硅氧烷(EPEPS),再与N,N-二甲基长链烷基胺〔C_mH_(2m+1)NH(CH_3)_2〕在无水乙醇溶剂中、盐酸催化下进行季铵化反应,制备季铵盐有机硅双子表面活性剂(mpsi-m),通过FTIR和1HNMR对目标产物进行结构表征,研究m-psi-m中疏水链长度对其表面活性、临界胶束浓度、润湿性能以及乳化稳定性的影响。结果表明,随着疏水链长度的增加,m-psi-m的表面活性和润湿性能下降,临界胶束浓度增大,乳化稳定性增强。     

Influence of Spacer Nature on the Aggregation Properties of Anionic Gemini Surfactants in Aqueous Solutions

A series of anionic gemini surfactants with the same structure except the spacer nature have been studied. Their solution properties were characterized by the equilibrium surface tension and intrinsic fluorescence quenching method. The critical micelle concentrations (CMC), surface tension at cmc, C₂₀, and the micelle aggregation number (N) were obtained. The surface tension measurements indicate that these gemini surfactants have much lower cmc values and great efficiency in lowering the surface tension of water compared with those of conventional monomeric surfactants. Furthermore, the standard free energy of micellization for anionic gemini surfactants was also determined. The results showed that the nature of the spacer has an important effect on the aggregation properties of gemini surfactants in aqueous solutions. The surfactant with a hydrophilic, flexible spacer was more readily able to form micelle compared with the surfactant with a hydrophobic, rigid spacer, which leads to a lower CMC value, larger N, more negative free energy of micellization, and a more closely packed micelle structure.     

Synthesis and Surface Tension Study of the Spacer Chain Length Effect on the Adsorption and Micellization Properties of a New Kind of Carboxylate Gemini Surfactant

A series of carboxylate gemini surfactants, which contain two hydrocarbon chains linked by amide groups, two carboxylate groups, a flexible alkane spacer were synthesized by three-step reactions and named alkylidene–bis-(N,N′-dodecyl-carboxypropylamides) (2C₁₂H₂₅CnAm; n = 2, 3, 4, 6, 8 is the number of methylene groups of the spacer), their structures were confirmed by FTIR,¹H NMR, and LC–MS/TOF, and their purity checked by HPLC. The micellar properties with increasing spacer chain length of these gemini surfactants were determined by surface tension methods. The critical micelle concentration (CMC) varies slightly with spacer chain length; surface tension at CMC(γ_CMC), the tendency of micellization versus adsorption, CMC/C₂₀, the minimum area per surfactant molecule at the air/solution interface (A_CMC), all decrease with increasing spacer chain length; surface reduction efficiency, pC₂₀, the surface excess at the air/solution interface (Г_CMC) increase with increasing spacer chain length. The results probably indicate that increasing spacer chain length of these carboxylate gemini surfactants will increase spacer incorporation into the double hydrophobic chain.     

Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Properties of Bisquaternary Ammonium Bromides of Different Spacer Length

A group of cationic gemini surfactants (bisquaternary ammonium bromides) with different spacer chain lengths (8–6–8, 8–7–8, 8–8–8, 8–9–8) was investigated, paying special attention to antimicrobial and the cytotoxic properties as well as their antimicrobial activity during long‐term storage. It was shown that the compounds investigated exhibit excellent antimicrobial activity against Gram‐positive bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus) and Gram‐negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa) as well as antifungal properties (Candida albicans). The gemini surfactants tested had the differential level of cytotoxicity against normal lymphocytes. It was shown that the spacer chain length plays an important role in antibacterial activity and influences the cytotoxicity. The gemini surfactants with shorter spacer chain length, that had higher critical micelle concentration, showed generally weaker antibacterial properties, but on the other hand, these exhibited lower level of cytotoxicity. Furthermore, the aqueous solution of gemini surfactants exhibited the same antimicrobial activity even after 3 months.     

二聚表面活性剂的性质及其应用

介绍了二聚表面活性剂的性质,并以此为基础讨论了其在常规领域,特殊领域方面的应用情况,通过讨论表明,二聚表面活性剂是一种极具商业开发价值的新型表面活性剂。     

Synthesis,micellization and cytotoxic studies of ester-functionalized imidazolium gemini surfactants

The fatty acid-based imidazolium gemini surfactants containing hydroxy-substituted spacers were synthesized and characterized by different spectral techniques. The micellization behavior of product compounds was studied by determining their critical micelle concentration (cmc) values from steady state fluorescence and conductivity measurements. The thermodynamic parameters of micellization of synthesized gemini surfactants confirmed that the micelle formation is a thermodynamically favorable, endothermic and an entropy driven phenomenon. The surfactants were further analyzed for their cytotoxic nature by treating them upon human embryonic kidney cell (HEK-293) line and were found to be significantly low cytotoxic. The interesting features like low cmc values, non-cytotoxic and eco-friendly nature of the gemini surfactants may offer new and more efficient substitutes to the conventional drug delivery systems. Thus the gemini surfactants may serve as promising candidates in the biomedical and pharmaceutical fields.     

Synthesis and Evaluation of Bis-quaternary-Based Surfactants as Additives for Water-Based Mud

Two series of cationic gemini surfactants, alkanediyl-α,ω-bis[N,N-dimethyl alkyl (octyl or dodecyl)ammonium] dibromide (R-s-R; s = 6, 10, 12 and R = 8 and 12) were prepared and evaluated as additives for water-based mud. The chemical structures of the prepared surfactants were confirmed using FTIR and mass spectroscopy. Surface activity of these compounds has been studied and their surface properties including surface tension, emulsification power, critical micelle concentration, effectiveness, maximum surface excess and minimum surface area were determined. The results showed that the prepared compounds have significant surface activity, especially those of longer hydrophobic chain length. The prepared cationic gemini surfactants were evaluated as viscosifiers and filter loss additives for water-based mud formulated from local Na-montmorillonite clay. XRD analysis was carried out to the Na-montmorillonite clay to determine the interaction of the surfactants with inter layers of the clay structure. Rheological properties, gel strength, thixotropy, filtration properties and the effect of temperature on rheological properties of the water-based mud were studied. The results indicated that the gemini surfactants have a positive effect on the rheological and filtration properties of the Na-montmorillonite clay according to American Petroleum Institute specifications.     

荧光探针法研究新型Gemini表面活性剂在水溶液中的聚集行为

以芘为荧光探针、二苯酮为猝灭剂,用稳态荧光探针法测定了新型Gemini表面活性剂的临界胶团浓度(CMC)、胶团聚集数(Nagg)及胶团微极性.研究了Gemini表面活性剂结构和氯化钠浓度对CMC、Nagg、胶团微极性的影响.结果表明,新型Gemini表面活性剂的CMC比常规表面活性剂的CMC低1—2个数量级.当疏水基碳原子数增加时,CMC依次降低,Nagg增大,胶团微极性减小.当氯化钠浓度增大时,Nagg增大,胶团微极性减小.