反相高效液相色谱法测定石榴皮中没食子酸的含量

目的建立石榴皮中没食子酸的含量测定方法。方法采用反相高效液相色谱法测定石榴皮中没食子酸的含量。色谱柱为C18柱,流动相为甲醇-0.05%磷酸溶液(5:95),流速0.8mL.min-1,检测波长273nm。结果没食子酸在0.0213～0.341mg.L-1范围内线性关系良好,r=0.9999;平均回收率为99.7%;RSD为0.6%。结论方法简便、快速,准确可靠,重复性好,可为石榴皮药材的质量控制提供参考。     

高效液相色谱法测定消炎抗菌片中没食子酸的含量

目的建立消炎抗菌片中没食子酸的高效液相色谱含量测定方法。方法采用Aglient ZORBAXSB-C18色谱柱(4.6 mm×250 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.025 mol.L-1磷酸水溶液(10∶90);流速:0.6 mL.min-1;柱温:室温;检测波长:215 nm。结果没食子酸在1.168~23.36μg.mL-1范围内呈良好线性关系(r=0.999 5),平均加样回收率为99.44%,RSD为1.10%。结论本方法简便、快速、准确、重复性好,用于测定消炎抗菌片中没食子酸的含量是可行的。     

HPLC法测定黎药山苦茶中没食子酸的含量

目的:建立以高效液相色谱法测定黎药山苦茶中没食子酸含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为C18(250mm×4.6mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1%磷酸(5:95),检测波长为272nm,柱温为30℃,流速为1.0mL.min-1;以外标法计算样品含量。结果:没食子酸检测浓度在5～60μg.mL-1范围内与峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系(r=0.9992);平均回收率为99.07%,RSD=2.80%(n=9)。结论:本方法简便、快捷,可用于山苦茶中没食子酸的含量测定。     

HPLC法测定蒙成药三子散中没食子酸的含量

目的:建立蒙成药三子散中没食子酸的含量测定方法.方法:采用HPLC法,采用Phenomenex C18色谱柱(250mm×4.6 mm,5μm),流动相为甲醇-0.1％磷酸水溶液(5:95),流速1.0 mL(min-1,柱温35℃,进样量为10μL,检测波长为273nm.结果:没食子酸进样量范围在6.357～158....     

HPLC测定不同产地的头花蓼中没食子酸的含量

目的 测定不同产地头花蓼中没食子酸的含量.方法 采用依利特Hypersil C18色谱柱(150 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以乙腈-0.4%磷酸(5:95)为流动相,流速0.8 ml·min-1,检测波长272 nm.结果 没食子酸的线性范围为0.0816～0.4896μg(r=0.9996),平均回收率为97.7%,RSD=0.6%.结论 所建方法准确、简便,可评价不同产地头花蓼质量.     

高效液相色谱法测定复方虫草胶囊中没食子酸的含量

目的:建立测定复方虫草胶囊中没食子酸含量的方法。方法:采用反相高效液相色谱法。色谱柱为ODS C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液为流动相,流速为1.0 ml·min-1,检测波长为270 nm,柱温:室温。结果:没食子酸在4.16～24.96μg浓度范围内与峰面积呈线性关系,平均回收率为101.75%,RSD为0.53%(n=5)。结论:方法简便,结果准确,可用于复方虫草胶囊的质量控制。     

RP-HPLC法测定余甘子中诃黎勒酸、没食子酸、粘酸-2-O-没食子酸酯的含量

目的:建立RP-HPLC法同时测定余甘子(Phyllanthus emblica L.干燥成熟果实)中诃黎勒酸、没食子酸、粘酸-2-O-没食子酸酯含量。方法:采用Diamonsil C18柱(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm),以甲醇-0.2%醋酸水溶液(19:81,v/v)为流动相;检测波长为275 nm;流速为1 mL.min-1;柱温为30℃。结果:诃黎勒酸、没食子酸、粘酸-2-O-没食子酸酯线性范围分别为0.235～1.176μg、0.185～0.924μg、0.418～2.09μg;平均回收率(n=6)分别为101.5%,99.20%,101.5%。结论:建立的方法简便,重现性好,可用于余甘子中诃黎勒酸、没食子酸、粘酸-2-O-没食子酸酯的含量测定。     

高效液相色谱法测定大黄不同炮制品中没食子酸的含量

目的建立大黄炮制品中没食子酸含量测定方法。方法采用高效液相法,色谱柱:Diamonsil C18(250 mm×4.6 mm,5μm);流动相:甲醇-0.01%磷酸(10∶90);流速:1 mL.min-1;柱温:30℃;检测波长:273nm。结果没食子酸在0.021 3~0.426μg内线性关系良好,平均回收率为99.90%。结论该方法简便可行、重复性好,可作为大黄炮制品质量评价的依据。     

RP-HPLC法测定茶色素中没食子酸和咖啡因的含量

目的:建立以反相高效液相色谱法测定茶色素中没食子酸和咖啡因含量的方法。方法:色谱柱为Novapak ODS分析柱(250mm×4.6mm,5.4μm),流动相为乙酸-甲醇-N,N-二甲基甲酰胺-水(2:3:35:160),检测波长为280nm,流速为1.0mL.min-1。结果:没食子酸、咖啡因的检测浓度分别在8.16～81.60、2.84～28.40μg.mL-1范围内与各自峰面积积分值呈良好线性关系;没食子酸的平均回收率为99.8%(RSD=0.5%,n=6),咖啡因的平均回收率为99.9%(RSD=0.6%,n=6)。结论:本方法快速、灵敏、准确,可用于茶色素的质量控制。     

高效液相色谱法测定清咽滴丸中没食子酸的含量

目的：探索建立测定清咽滴丸中没食子酸含量的方法。方法：采用高效液相色谱法,应用Luna-C18（250mm×4.6mm,5μm）色谱柱;以甲醇-0.1%磷酸水溶液（15∶85）为流动相;流速为1ml/min;检测波长为270nm;柱温为室温。结果：没食子酸在0.2424～2.4240μg范围内,与峰面积具有良好的线性关系,r=1;平均回收率为96.96%,RSD为1.29%（n=6）。结论：该方法简便、快捷、准确、重复性好,可用于清咽滴丸中没食子酸的含量测定。     

Pharmacological treatment of COVID-19: an opinion paper

The precocity and efficacy of the vaccines developed so far against COVID-19 has been the most significant and saving advance against the pandemic. The development of vaccines has not prevented, during the whole period of the pandemic, the constant search for therapeutic medicines, both among existing drugs with different indications and in the development of new drugs. The Scientific Committee of the COVID-19 of the Illustrious College of Physicians of Madrid wanted to offer an early, simplified and critical approach to these new drugs, to new developments in immunotherapy and to what has been learned from the immune response modulators already known and which have proven effective against the virus, in order to help understand the current situation.     

Efficacy of gut lavage,hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the therapy of paraquat or diquat intoxication

Clinical and in vitro investigations were carried out to test the efficacy of gut lavage, hemodialysis, and hemoperfusion in the treatment of poisoning with paraquat or diquat. In a patient suffering from diquat intoxication 130 times more diquat was removed by gut lavage 30 h after ingestion than was removed by complete aspiration of the gastric contents.Determination of in vitro clearances for paraquat and diquat by hemodialysis showed that, at serum concentrations of 1–2 ppm, such as are frequently encountered in poisoning in man, toxicologically relevant quantities of herbicide cannot be removed from the body. At a concentration of 20 ppm, on the other hand, hemodialysis proved to be effective, the clearance being 70 ml/min at a blood flow rate of 100 ml/min. The efficacy of hemoperfusion with coated activated charcoal was on the whole better. Especially at concentrations around 1–2 ppm, the clearance values for hemoperfusion were some 5–7 times higher than those for hemodialysis.In a patient suffering from paraquat poisoning, both hemodialysis as well as hemoperfusion were carried out. The in vitro results could be confirmed: At serum concentrations of paraquat less than 1 ppm no clearance could be obtained by hemodialysis while by hemoperfusion with activated charcoal quite high clearance values were measured and the serum level dropped down to zero.

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Zusammenfassung Klinische Untersuchungen und Laboratoriumsversuche wurden durchgeführt, um die Wirksamkeit von Darmspülung, Hämodialyse und Hämoperfusion bei Paraquat- und Deiquat-Vergiftungen zu prüfen.Bei einem Patienten wurde 30 Std nach Deiquat-Aufnahme durch Darmspülung 130mal mehr Deiquat entfernt als durch vollständige Aspiration des Mageninhaltes. In vitro-Versuche ergaben, daß bei Blutserumkonzentrationen von 1–2 ppm, die bei Vergiftungen oft gemessen werden, durch Hämodialyse keine toxikologisch relevanten Paraquat- oder Deiquat-Mengen entfernt werden können. Dagegen erwies sich die Hämodialyse bei 20 ppm und einer Blutumlaufgeschwindigkeit von 100 ml/min mit einer Clearance von 70 ml/min als wirksam. Die Hämoperfusion mit beschicheter Aktivkohle war in diesen Versuchen aber eindeutig überlegen, denn insbesondere bei Konzentrationen um 1–2 ppm waren die Clearance-Werte 5–7mal höher als bei der Hämodialyse.Die in vitro-Ergebnisse wurden bei einem Patienten mit einer Paraquat-Vergiftung bestätigt: Bei Konzentrationen unter 1 ppm war die Hämodialyse wirkungslos, während durch Hämoperfusion relativ hohe Clearance-Werte erreicht wurden, so daß der Serumspiegel rasch unter die Nachweisgrenze abfiel.

     

In vitro studies on sterically stabilized liposomes (SL) as enzyme carriers in organophosphorus (OP) antagonism

This study describes a new approach for organophosphorous (OP) antidotal treatment by encapsulating an OP hydrolyzing enzyme, OPA anhydrolase (OPAA), within sterically stabilized liposomes. The recombinant OPAA enzyme was derived from Alteromonas strain JD6. It has broad substrate specificity to a wide range of OP compounds: DFP and the nerve agents, soman and sarin. Liposomes encapsulating OPAA (SL)* were made by mechanical dispersion method. Hydrolysis of DFP by (SL)* was measured by following an increase of fluoride ion concentration using a fluoride ion selective electrode. OPAA entrapped in the carrier liposomes rapidly hydrolyze DFP, with the rate of DFP hydrolysis directly proportional to the amount of (SL)* added to the solution. Liposomal carriers containing no enzyme did not hydrolyze DFP. The reaction was linear and the rate of hydrolysis was first order in the substrate. This enzyme carrier system serves as a biodegradable protective environment for the recombinant OP-metabolizing enzyme, OPAA, resulting in prolongation of enzymatic concentration in the body. These studies suggest that the protection of OP intoxication can be strikingly enhanced by adding OPAA encapsulated within (SL)* to pralidoxime and atropine.     

Synthesis,Cytotoxicity and Antileishmanial Activity of Some N-(2-(indol-3-yl)ethyl)-7-chloroquinolin-4-amines

We report herein the condensation of 4,7-dichloroquinoline (1) with tryptamine (2) and D-tryptophan methyl ester (3) . Hydrolysis of the methyl ester adduct (5) yielded the free acid (6) . The compounds were evaluated in vitro for activity against four different species of Leishmania promastigote forms and for cytotoxic activity against Kb and Vero cells. Compound (5) showed good activity against the Leishmania species tested, while all three compounds displayed moderate activity in both Kb and Vero cells.     

Steroidal sapogenin contents in some domestic plants

In order to find out the values of the steroid resources for the future use. the compositions and contents of steroidal sapogenins from 13 domestic plants have been investigated. As a result,Dioscorea nipponica, D. quinqueloba andSmilax china were found to have large amount of diosgenin. And pennogenin inTrillium kamtschaticum andParis verticillata, yuccagenin inAllium fistulosum, hecogenin inAgave americana and neochlorogenin inSolanum nigum were appeared to be major steroidal sapogenins.     

Aquatic Insects and Trace Metals: Bioavailability,Bioaccumulation, and Toxicity

Abstract

The uptake of metals from food and water sources by insects is thought to be additive. For a given metal, the proportions taken up from water and food will depend both on the bioavailable concentration of the metal associated with each source and the mechanism and rate by which the metal enters the insect. Attempts to correlate insect trace metal concentrations with the trophic level of insects should be made with a knowledge of the feeding relationships of the individual taxa concerned. Pathways for the uptake of essential metals, such as copper and zinc, exist at the cellular level, and other nonessential metals, such as cadmium, also appear to enter via these routes. Within cells, trace metals can be bound to proteins or stored in granules. The internal distribution of metals among body tissues is very heterogeneous, and distribution patterns tend to be both metal and taxon specific. Trace metals associated with insects can be both bound on the surface of their chitinous exoskeleton and incorporated into body tissues. The quantities of trace meals accumulated by an individual reflect the net balance between the rate of metal influx from both dissolved and particulate sources and the rate of metal efflux from the organism. The toxicity of metals has been demonstrated at all levels of biological organization: cell, tissue, individual, population, and community. Much of the literature pertaining to the toxic effects of metals on aquatic insects is based on laboratory observations and, as such, it is difficult to extrapolate the data to insects in nature. The few experimental studies in nature suggest that trace metal contaminants can affect both the distribution and the abundance of aquatic insects. Insects have a largely unexploited potential as biomonitors of metal contamination in nature. A better understanding of the physico-chemical and biological mechanisms mediating trace metal bioavailability and exchange will facilitate the development of general predictive models relating trace metal concentrations in insects to those in their environment. Such models will facilitate the use of insects as contaminant biomonitors.