利用多代卫星测高数据计算海洋重力场

联合Jason-1/2、T/P、Envisat、ERS-1/2、Geosat等多代卫星测高数据计算中国近海及邻域（0°~42°N,100°~140°E）2′×2′重力异常。对卫星测高数据分别进行共线处理和自交叉点平差,并以T/P卫星测高数据为基准进行多星数据联合平差,有效削弱了卫星测高数据的时变影响和不协调性;利用逆Vening-Meinesz公式计算重力异常,与船测重力相比,均方根误差为5.4mGal。结果表明,通过引入高精度的卫星测高数据,结合多项平差处理手段,提高了海洋重力异常的计算精度。     

联合多代卫星测高资料反演中国南海重力异常

联合HY-2A、Geosat、ERS1/2、Envisat、T/P、Jason1/2等多颗测高卫星,通过共线处理和交叉点平差削弱海面时变效应和径向轨道误差等影响,以Jason-1测高卫星作为参考,对多代测高卫星进行基准统一,消除测高数据的不一致性,基于全球EGM2008重力场模型,采用移去恢复技术和逆Vening-Meinesz公式反演中国南海(0°~23°N,103°~120°E)2'×2'重力异常,与船测重力数据比较,均方根误差为4.9m Gal。     

HY-2A测高数据对重力异常反演精度的影响分析

通过联合HY-2A、TP、Envisat卫星的高度计数据,分析HY-2A测高数据对中国南海重力异常影响。首先,将HY-2A和TP、Envisat数据进行对比,通过共线处理和交叉点平差前后的不符值RMS统计分析表明,HY-2A数据精度优于TP变轨后及Envisat数据精度;利用逆Venning-Meinesz公式分别计算中国南海海域(0°~23°N,103°E~120°E)15'×15'的重力异常,将反演结果与船测结果对比,HY-2A数据加入反演得到的重力异常精度在±6.13m Gal,其精度要优于没有HY-2A反演得到的结果,并分析反演重力异常与船测重力差值分布规律。结果表明,HY-2A数据对于提高海洋重力异常计算精度具有一定意义。     

GM测高数据反演中国近海及邻域精细重力场

综合对比4种波形重跟踪算法,选择改进阈值法处理Jason-1GM数据,联合波形重跟踪后的Geosat和ERS-1GM数据,沿轨2Hz重采样以提高数据空间分辨率。通过数据质量控制剔除粗差数据,考虑海表面地形的影响,基于移去-恢复法和维宁-曼齐兹公式反演了中国近海及邻近海域(0°~45°N,100°~140°E)1′×1′的精细重力场。船测数据检核表明反演结果在开阔海域精度约4mGal,近岸浅水区约10mGal,均优于DTU10和V21.1模型。     

垂线偏差反演重力异常中央区效应计算模型

为提高卫星测高反演重力场中央区效应的计算精度,以逆Vening-Meinesz公式为例,推导了包含4个网格的矩形中央区效应计算模型;基于"非奇异变换"思想,推导了中央区垂线偏差展开为泰勒级数式和二次多项式的非奇异变换法计算模型一和模型二。结果表明:矩形中央区积分法得到了与非奇异变换法模型一完全相同的中央区效应计算模型。设计了基于EGM2008模型数据的仿真计算,计算结果表明:该公式计算的重力异常中央区效应与将中央区视为圆域的传统方法算得的结果差值最大能够达到数个毫伽;与形式更为复杂的非奇异变换法算得的结果基本一致,说明在中央区效应计算中,使用矩形域中央区模型更为合理。     

西太平洋海域卫星测高重力异常反演与精度评估

联合T/P、ERS1/GM、ERS1/ERM、ERS2/ERM、GEOSAT/ERM、GEOSAT/GM等多源卫星测高数据,基于逆Vening-Meinesz公式和EGM2008模型,采用移去-恢复方法和快速傅里叶变换算法构建了中国西太平洋海域(0°~40°N,105°E~145°E)1'×1'重力异常模型,选取两个不同特征区域航线,将构建的重力异常模型、EGM2008重力异常模型、美国Scripps海洋研究所重力异常与船测重力数据进行比较分析。结果表明,构建的重力异常模型与船测重力总体趋势变化较为一致、与船测重力比较均方根差为4.16m Gal,总体精度与EGM2008模型重力异常、美国Scripps海洋研究所重力异常相当,反演精度和分辨率达到国际领先水平。     

用T/P测高数据反求海域重力异常

本文以反Stokes公式为数学模型,应用由T/P测高数据计算的大地水准面高反演了海洋平均重力异常,并与船测平均重力异常和OSU91A位模型计算的平均重力异常进行了比以分析,得出了一些有益的结论。     

联合多卫星测高数据确定中国近海及其邻域垂线偏差

联合T/P数据、T/P新轨道数据、Jason-1数据、Jason-1新轨道数据、Jason-2数据、Geosat/GM数据、Geosat/ERM数据、Envisat RA-2数据、ERS-1/ERM和ERS-2/ERM数据,基于EGM2008重力场模型,用相邻测高点大地水准面高度的一次差分求沿轨垂线偏差,然后基于最小二乘原理,采用求最小范数逆的方法,直接解算中国近海及其邻域(0°～42°N,102°～138°E)2′×2′分辨率网格点垂线偏差子午分量和卯酉分量。计算结果与EGM2008模型垂线偏差相比,子午分量的RMS为0.91″,卯酉分量的RMS为0.27″。     

利用卫星测高资料确定全球海洋重力场

详细描述了卫星测高数据的平滑处理、高斯低通滤波、交叉点剩余垂线偏差计算、网格化方法以及根据逆的威宁·曼尼兹公式利用 1DFFT技术反演海域重力异常的解算过程 ,介绍一种确定正常轨道地面轨迹交叉点位置的简便方法 ,导出了海面地形对垂线偏差影响的改正公式以及剩余网格垂线偏差模型值的计算公式。所确定的全球 82°S～ 82°N ,0°～ 36 0°海域 30′× 30′网格平均重力异常与船测平均重力异常比较表明 ,精度达到± 4 .1～± 4 .7毫伽。     

海洋卫星重力异常及其应用

随着空间技术的发展 ,卫星测高精度不断提高 ,目前根据卫星测高数据得到的卫星重力异常在海区具有很高的异常分辨率 ,与船测重力资料相比其精度可达到5mGal,这将十分有助于海洋沉积盆地、板块构造及地球动力学的研究。     

Combined satellite altimetry and shipborne gravimetry data processing

The recovery of quantities related to the gravity field (i.e., geoid heights and gravity anomalies) is carried out in a test area of the central Mediterranean Sea using 5' × 5' marine gravity data and satellite altimeter data from the Geodetic Mission (GM) of ERS‐J. The optimal combination of the two heterogeneous data sources is performed using (1) the space‐domain least‐squares collocation (LSC) method, and (2) the frequency‐domain input‐output system theory (IOST). The results derived by these methods agree at the level of 2 cm in terms of standard deviation in the case of the geoid height prediction. The gravity anomaly prediction results by the same methods vary between 2.18 and 2.54 mGal in terms of standard deviation. In all cases, the spectral techniques have a much higher computational efficiency than the collocation procedure. In order to investigate the importance of satellite altimetry for gravity field modeling, a pure gravimetric geoid solution, carried out in a previous study for our lest area by the fast collocation approach (FCOL), is used in comparison with the combined geoid models. The combined solutions give more accurate results, at the level of about 15 cm in terms of standard deviation, than the gravimetric geoid solution, when the geoid heights derived by each method are compared with TOPEX altimeter sea surface heights (SSHs). Moreover, nonisotropic power spectral density functions (PSDs) can be easily used by IOST, while LSC requires isotropic covariance functions. The results show that higher prediction accuracies are always obtained when using a priori nonisotropic information instead of isotropic information.     

Oceanic gravity by analytical inversion of Hotine's formula

An analytical inversion of the Hotine formula is developed using fast Fourier transform techniques. Detailed mathematical derivations are used to explain the concepts behind the inverse transformation. Three modifications of the analytical inversion of the Hotine formula are compared and tested using both synthetic data from the OSU91A geopotential model and real GEOSAT altimetry data from the Exact Repeat Mission. The stability of this inverse Hotine approach is investigated using simulated data, and numerical tests are done to quantify the stability of this approach. The approach seems to be numerically stable without employing any stabilization technique. Estimated gravity information from GEOSTAT altimetry data is compared to marine gravity data from shipboard measurements in the Orphan Knoll area. The standard deviations and mean values of the differences between satellite and marine gravity disturbances are 8.2 and 2.9 mGal for the planar approximation, 9.2 and 3.7 mGal for the spherical approximation, and 9.5 and 1.9 mGal for the Molodenskii‐like approximation, respectively, indicating that latitude‐dependent errors affect the latter two approximations. Such errors could be eliminated by performing the calculations by the rigorous one‐dimensional fast Fourier transform (FFT) technique, and any data noise could be filtered out by utilizing covariance knowledge about the input geoid undulations and their errors. Simulation studies also showed that the accuracy of the techniques (for all approximations) can reach a root‐mean‐square (RMS) level of only a few mGal when proper treatment of FFT edge effects is employed and a rather wide area of results is disregarded around the edges.     

基于卫星高度计资料提取浙江近海的潮汐信息

利用Topex/Poseidon(T/P)、Jason-1和Jason-2卫星24a的原始轨道及6a的变轨轨道高度计资料,对浙江近海区域内进行潮汐调和分析,得到8个主要分潮(Q_1、O_1、P_1、K_1、N_2、M_2、S_2和K_2)的调和常数.比较卫星轨道交叉点处潮汐调和常数结果显示,8个分潮总体综合误差在原始轨道,变轨轨道及原始轨道与变轨轨道交叉点处的和方根RSS值分别为3.16、7.02、5.54cm;用卫星高度计资料及31个近岸验潮站得到的潮汐分布与21个验潮站资料结果进行比较,M_2、S_2、N_2、K_1和O_1主要分潮的多点向量均方根偏差分别为4.32、3.64、1.97、2.61、1.83 cm;本研究结果与前人数值模拟结果比较显示M2、S2分潮在对比点处的多点向量均方根偏差在11、8 cm左右,最后给出了浙江近岸及近海区域更为精确的5个主要分潮(M_2、S_2、N_2、K_1和O_1)的同潮图.     

The construction of high precision geostrophic currents based on new gravity models of GOCE and satellite altimetry data

The new gravity field models of gravity field and steady-state ocean circulation explorer(GOCE), TIM_R6 and DIR_R6, were released by the European Space Agency(ESA) in June 2019. The sixth generation of gravity models have the highest possible signal and lowest error levels compared with other GOCE-only gravity models, and the accuracy is significantly improved. This is an opportunity to build high precision geostrophic currents. The mean dynamic topography and geostrophic currents have been calculated by the 5 th(TIM_R5 and DIR_R5), 6 th(TIM_R6 and DIR_R6) release of GOCE gravity field models and ITSG-Grace2018 of GRACE gravity field model in this study. By comparison with the drifter results, the optimal filtering lengths of them have been obtained(for DIR_R5, DIR_R6, TIM_R5 and TIM_R6 models are 1° and for ITSG-Grace2018 model is 1.1°). The filtered results show that the geostrophic currents obtained by the GOCE gravity field models can better reflect detailed characteristics of ocean currents. The total geostrophic speed based on the TIM_R6 model is similar to the result of the DIR_R6 model with standard deviation(STD) of 0.320 m/s and 0.321 m/s, respectively. The STD of the total velocities are 0.333 m/s and 0.325 m/s for DIR_R5 and TIM_R5. When compared with ITSG-Grace2018 results, the STD(0.344 m/s) of total geostrophic speeds is larger than GOCE results, and the accuracy of geostrophic currents obtained by ITSG-Grace2018 is lower. And the absolute errors are mainly distributed in the areas with faster speeds, such as the Antarctic circumpolar circulation, equatorial region, Kuroshio and Gulf Stream areas. After the remove-restore technique was applied to TIM_R6 MDT, the STD of total geostrophic speeds dropped to 0.162 m/s.     

Patterns of upper layer circulation variability in the South China Sea from satellite altimetry using the self-organizing map

Patterns of the South China Sea (SCS) circulation variability are extracted from merged satellite altimetry data from October 1992 through August 2004 by using the self-organizing map (SOM). The annual cycle, seasonal and inter-annual variations of the SCS surface circulation are identified through the evolution of the characteristic circulation patterns. The annual cycle of the SCS gener- al circulation patterns is described as a change between two opposite basin-scale SW-NE oriented gyres embedded with eddies: low sea surface height anomaly (SSHA) (cyclonic) in winter and high SSHA (anticyclonic) in summer half year. The transition starts from July--August (January--February) with a high (low) SSHA tongue east of Vietnam around 12°～14° N, which de- velopa into a big anticyclonic (cyclonic) gyre while moving eastward to the deep basin. During the transitions, a dipole structure, cyclonic (anticyclonic) in the north and anticyclonic (cyclonic) in the south, may be formed southeast off Vietnam with a strong zonal jet around 10°～12° N. The seasonal variation is modulated by the interannual variations. Besides the strong 1997/1998 e- vent in response to the peak Pacific El Nino in 1997, the overall SCS sea level is found to have a significant rise during 1999～ 2001, however, in summer 2004 the overall SCS sea level is lower and the basin-wide anticyclonic gyre becomes weaker than the other years.     

日本海西南海域现场观测和卫星高度计获取的海面高度距平的比较研究

压力传感逆式回声仪(pressure-sensor-equipped inverted echo sounders,PIES)可以用来测量海底压力和声波从海底到海面的传播时间。海底压力和声波传播时间分别被用来估计水体质量变化(正压)和比容变化(斜压)对海面高度距平的贡献。对由PIES在日本海西南海域现场观测数据得到的海面高度距平(PIES SLA)与卫星高度计海面高度距平(Sat SLA)进行了比较研究。利用相关分析法,对PIES SLA和沿轨T/P卫星、沿轨ERS-2卫星测得的海面高度距平(TP SLA、ERS-2 SLA)进行了比较;对PIES SLA和AVISO网格化海面高度距平进行了比较,估计可能的误差来源,并分析PIES SLA正压部分和斜压部分对SLA的贡献。比较发现,PIES SLA和Sat SLA的相关系数较高,且均方根误差较小,并且对特定区域和特定站点产生误差可能的原因进行了进一步的探讨。通过研究,有以下结论:(1)相对于湾流和黑潮地区,这一区域正压部分对海面高度的贡献相对较大;(2)如果再考虑斜压变化对海面高度的贡献,PIES SLA和Sat SLA相关系数会有所提升;(3)在高能区PIES SLA和Sat SLA相关系数较高,符合得相对比较好。总的来说,在日本海地区,PIES SLA和Sat SLA相关系数较高,具有较高的一致性,能为我国海洋二号(HY-2)等卫星高度计的校验提供一种可靠的方式。该研究对于PIES的研发和设计以及对于PIES的布放位置的选择都有一定的借鉴意义。     

Estimating trends of the Mediterranean Sea level changes from tide gauge and satellite altimetry data (1993-2015)

The impact of climate change on sea level has received a great deal of attention by scientists worldwide. In this context, the problem of sea levels on global and regional scales have been analyzed in a number of studies based on tide gauges observations and satellite altimetry measurements. This study focuses on trend estimates from 18 high-quality tide gauge stations along the Mediterranean Sea coast. The seasonal Mann-Kendall test was run at a 5% significance level for each of the 18 stations for the period of 1993-2015 (satellite altimetry era). The results of this test indicate that the trends for 17 stations were statistically significant and showed an increase (no significant trend was observed only at one station). The rates of sea level change for the 17 stations that exhibit significant trends, estimated using seasonal Sen's approach, range after correction for Vertical Land Motion (VLM) from 1.48 to 8.72 mm/a for the period 1993-2015. Furthermore, the magnitude of change at the location of each tide gauge station was estimated using the satellite altimetry measurements. Thus, the results obtained agree with those from the tide-gauge data analysis.     

Utilization of high resolution satellite gravity over the Carlsberg Ridge

The Carlsberg Ridge lies between the equator and the Owen fracture zone. It is the most prominent mid-ocean ridge segment of the western Indian Ocean, which contains a number of earthquake epicenters. Satellite altimetry can be used to infer subsurface geological structures analogous to gravity anomaly maps generated through ship-borne survey. In this study, free-air gravity and its 3D image have been generated over the Carlsberg Ridge using a very high resolution data base, as obtained from Geosat GM, ERS-1, Seasat and TOPEX/POSEIDON altimeter data. As observed in this study, the Carlsberg Ridge shows a slow spreading characteristic with a deep and wide graben (average width ∼15 km). The transform fault spacing confirms variable slow to intermediate characteristics with first and second order discontinuities. The isostatically compensated region of the Carlsberg Ridge could be demarcated with near zero contour values in the free-air gravity anomaly images over and along the Carlsberg Ridge axes and over most of the fracture zone patterns. Few profiles have been generated across the Carlsberg Ridge and the characteristics of slow/intermediate spreading ridge of various orders of discontinuity could be identified. It has also been observed in zero contour image as well as in the characteristics of valley patterns along the ridge from NW to SE that different spreading rates, from slow to intermediate, are occurring in different parts of the Carlsberg ridge. It maintains the morphology of a slow spreading ridge in the NW, where the wide and deep axial valley (∼1.5–3 km) also implies the pattern of a slow spreading ridge. However, a change in the morphology/depth of the axial valley from NW to SE indicates the nature of the Carlsberg Ridge as a slow to intermediate spreading ridge. For the prevailing security restrictions, lat./lon. coordinates have been omitted in few images.