台湾青枣白粉病的发生与防治

台湾青枣属鼠李科枣属多年生亚热带、热带植物 ,是台湾省自１９９４年引进印度毛叶枣栽培、选育而成的青枣品种群的总称。其植株在适生环境生长迅速 ,春季（２ ,３月）种植 ,当年秋季（９ ,１０月）即可开花结果。由于其具有果大、肉脆、味甜、营养丰富、耐贮运等优点 ,近年来在海南、福建、广东等地被当作极有开发利用价值的热带、亚热带经济果树种植。我市在１９９９年首次从海南省引进台湾青枣高朗一号品种进行小区试种获得成功的基础上 ,２０００年扩大种植范围 ,在峨山、新平、元江等３个县海拔１２００ｍ以下的低热河谷区种植２００ｈ…     

玉溪市毛叶枣桃蛀果蛾发生规律及防治技术研究

毛叶枣为鼠李科枣属植物,原产云南省和印度,后因由台湾省经芽变改良,产量和品质得到了提高,而从台湾省引进到大陆种植,又名台湾青枣。近几年来,毛叶枣在玉溪市作为新兴果树品种已大面积种植。但随着种植面积的扩大,病虫害问题也越来越突出,如桃蛀果蛾(CarposinaniponensisWalsing-ham)已成为为害毛叶枣的重要害虫。桃蛀果蛾又称桃小食心虫,它以幼虫钻入枣果内为害,形成“豆沙馅”(虫粪),使枣果失去食用价值,为害损失率一般5%～10%,高的可达60%以上。我们于2001～2004年在毛叶枣主要种植区元江县建立桃蛀果蛾系统监测点与防治示范区的同时,…     

台湾大青枣黑斑病和灰霉病发生为害初报

台湾大青枣是我国台湾省用印度毛叶枣经多年改良选育而成的优良品种 ,长势旺盛 ,对气候适应性强。大青枣果大 ,营养高 ,口感好 ,当年种植 ,当年收获 ,并在水果淡季上市。种植台湾大青枣效益高 ,见效快。因此 ,广西将其作为重要果树品种在全区广泛推广种植。关于大青枣的病害发生情况 ,在国内迄今未见有正式报道。据我们今年春季在南宁市郊上尧乡和广西大学农场调查发现 ,台湾大青枣普遍发生两种病害 :大青枣黑斑病和大青枣灰霉病。这两种病害在阴雨天迅速蔓延 ,病重时叶落枝枯。　　大青枣黑斑病 :生于叶片上 ,初期为褐色小点 ,后扩展为圆形…     

台湾大青枣主要病虫害及防治措施

台湾青枣原称印度枣,也称毛叶枣.几年来,大陆从台湾引入的大果青枣,长势旺盛,对气候适应性强,因其速生、早实、丰产、清甜、质脆、风味佳而倍受人们青睐.当年种植,当年收获,并在水果淡季上市.因此,广西将其作为重要果树品种在全区广泛推广种植.然而,病虫害对台湾青枣的产量和品质影响很大,目前许多果农对其病虫害防治还缺少经验,造成病虫害发生严重,影响台湾青枣的品质和产量.笔者根据广西南宁生产情况,提出主要病虫害的防治方法,供大家参考.     

一种由麦根腐平脐蠕孢(Bipolaris sorokiniana)引起的柳枝稷叶斑病

<正>柳枝稷(Panicum virgatum)属禾本科(Gramineae)黍属(Panicum)是多年生C4草本植物。该植物原产于北美,环境适应性极强,具有耐旱、耐盐碱、耐贫瘠等特点。它不仅是国际上公认的作为生物燃料的能源作物,还是一种优质牧草。截止2010年,柳枝稷在我国北方种植面积已达115.8 hm~2[1]。随着种植面积的不断扩大,柳枝稷病害问题越来越严重,病害造成柳枝稷生物量下     

淳安县枣疯病的分布调查

枣疯病是枣树上一种灭毁性病害。多年来在淳安主要枣产区日趋流行,使大批枣树枯死,造成青枣减产,经济严重损失。据统计,全县枣树种植面积为20967亩,约147万多株。已投产面积为4668亩,占种植面积的22.26%。几十年来,枣树种植面积逐年扩大,但因受枣疯病危害,产量一直徘徊在500～600吨之间。为了有效地控制枣疯病流行蔓延,我们组织有关技术人员调查,摸索本县枣疯病分布     

紫穗槐豆象在山东日照的发生及鉴定

紫穗槐ＡｍｏｒｐｈａｆｒｕｔｉｃｏｓａＬ .是一种改良土壤 ,保持水土并具有多种经济价值的好树种 ,可作绿肥、饲料和蜜源植物 ,更重要的是可用作多种条编 ,具有较高的经济价值。现在我国从南到北、从东到西各省都有种植 ,是一种值得大力推广的树种。在日照境内各县区乡镇、林场、村庄普遍种植 ,特别在海岸、路基、河堤、水坝等处 ,起到了很好的防风、固沙、护堤作用 ,且具有耐旱、耐瘠、易栽培、产量高的特点 ,种植十分广泛。并已形成了一些以条编为业的专业村 ,成为农村经济的重要方面。在我国 ,危害紫穗槐种子的仅有 1种豆象 ,即紫穗槐…     

果实蝇诱捕器在柑桔小实蝇监测与防控上的应用

柑桔小实蝇Bactrocera (Bactrocera)dorsalis(Hendel)在玉林早有分布,1976年普查时,已发现有柑桔小实蝇,但直到上世纪末,造成的为害损失都不大.随着水果种植业的发展和对外交往的频繁,引进水果品种日益增多,特别是20世纪末以来,玉林市种植户从广东引进台湾珍珠番石榴、杨桃、大青枣等水果种植,柑桔小实蝇随之大量进入并扩散蔓延,加上这些水果常年开花结果,且玉林适宜的气候条件,柑桔小实蝇一年四季都可繁殖为害,因此2000年以后,发生逐渐加重,2004年已出现成灾,其中以番石榴、杨桃品种为害最重,为害率普遍达30%以上,部分果园受害率高达70%以上,损失率亦高达75%,台湾大青枣也受害.     

我国寡毛实蝇属一种新记录

寡毛实蝇属Dacus Fabricius在我国华南和西南地区广泛分布,主要是为害水果,瓜类和一些蔬菜植物等。据1985年4月在海南岛三亚市郊芒果种植场内调查,发现一种在我国尚未见有分布报道的芒果实蝇Dacus(Bactrocera)occipitalis(Bezzi)。此     

我国台灣稻螟的发生情况

一、分布 台湾稻螟的学名是Chilotraea auricilia(Dudgeon),属鳞翅目螟蛾科草螟亚科。由于它的幼虫形态与二化螟极相近似,许多地区以往都将它们混同起来,影响了稻螟测报数据的科学性。 台湾稻螟在东南亚(印度、缅甸、泰国、爪哇、菲律宾等地)早有记载。我国最先记载于台湾(饭岛鼎,1936),台南、新化一带有发生(新化约位于北纬23.1°)。赵善欢等(1956)报导广东粤中、海南、粤西、粤东和粤北有发生(最北在南雄,约位于     

福寿螺配偶个体大小选择性初步观察

通过野外观察与实验研究,掌握了福寿螺的婚配体制及其配偶选择性规律。福寿螺与多数低等动物一样,其婚配属于乱交制,无固定配偶;雌螺对与其交配的雄螺个体大小没有选择性,而雄螺对雌螺的个体大小有选择性,倾向于与较大个的雌螺交配。     

厚朴病虫害种类的初步调查

采用标准地法和线路调查法,对湖北恩施市新塘乡双河厚朴基地的厚朴病虫害进行了系统调查,记录主要虫害13种,其中叶部害虫9种,枝干害虫2种,根部害虫2种。厚朴主要病害5种。藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴新丽斑蚜为湖北省首次报道,小绿叶蝉为厚朴新寄主记录种。同时记录了藤壶蚧的天敌6种,其中寄生小蜂2种,瓢虫4种;厚朴新丽斑蚜的天敌昆虫8种。对藤壶蚧、厚朴枝角叶蜂和厚朴苗木根腐病等重要病虫害的发生规律进行了初步调查,同时提出了防治建议。     

Localization of metabolic sites of action of herbicides

Time- and concentration-course studies were conducted to determine the effect of thirteen herbicides on photosynthesis, respiration, RNA synthesis, protein synthesis, and lipid synthesis using isolated single leaf cells. Each herbicide was from a different chemical class. Appropriate ¹⁴C-substrates and product purification procedures were used for each process prior to liquid scintillation counting. The most sensitive metabolic site of inhibition was photosynthesis for atrazine, bromacil, dichlobenil, monuron, and paraquat; RNA synthesis for dalapon and dinoseb; protein synthesis for chlorpropham; and lipid synthesis for CDAA, chloramben, 2,4-D, EPTC, and trifluralin. However, with several herbicides, one or more process was almost as sensitive as the one mentioned above. All herbicides inhibited more than one process, and the most sensitive site of inhibition may not be the same process that was inhibited the greatest at the maximum concentration and maximum exposure time used. Therefore, a concept of metabolic sites of action, rather than a primary site of action, appears to be more meaningful for herbicides.     

百合地下害虫主要种类调查及生物（源）农药筛选

调查了甘肃省临洮县为害百合的地下害虫种类, 并以主要发生为害种类为供试对象, 采用拌土法测定了几种生物（源）农药对主要害虫的室内毒力和致死中时。调查发现小云斑鳃金龟Polyphylla gracilicornis、棕色鳃金龟Holotrichia titanis为主要发生及为害种类, 不同时间发生种类存在差异, 9月份以小云斑鳃金龟幼虫发生为害为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的66.16%, 平均种群密度为10.48头/m2, 10月份, 则以棕色鳃金龟幼虫发生为主, 发生量占地下害虫总数的96.86%, 平均种群密度为7.79头/m2, 主要取食百合根系和鳞茎, 造成根系数量减少, 鳞茎出现不规则褐色缺口或凹陷斑。药剂筛选结果表明, 1.8%阿维菌素乳油、200亿孢子/g球孢白僵菌粉剂对两种蛴螬均具有较高的杀虫活性和速效性, 药后7 d时, 校正死亡率在82.22%以上, 对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫和棕色鳃金龟幼虫的LC50分别为0.161、0.060 mg/g和5.558×107、0.362×107孢子/g, LT50分别为2.237 d（2.2 mg/g）、1.393 d（2.2 mg/g）和6.645 d（40.0×107孢子/g）、4.940 d（2.0×107孢子/g）, 这两种生物（源）农药对两种蛴螬的LC50和LT50值均略大于两种化学农药25%二嗪磷乳油、40%辛硫磷乳油处理的, 且对小云斑鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性均低于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的杀虫活性, 致死中时则长于对棕色鳃金龟幼虫的致死中时。     

Effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on efficacy and duration of control of Fusarium wilt of tomato

The effects of timing and method of application of Penicillium oxalicum on the control of fusarium wilt of tomato were investigated. Application of P. oxalicum to tomato seedlings in seedbeds reduced disease caused by Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in a growth chamber by 45–49% and in glasshouse experiments by 22–69%. Disease suppression was maintained for 60–100 days after inoculation with the pathogen in the glasshouse. No disease reduction was observed in tomato plants where P. oxalicum was applied to seeds. Treatment with P. oxalicum did not affect the population of F. oxysporum f.sp. lycopersici in the rhizosphere.     

Systems of designation of pathotypes of plant pathogens12

A variety of systems of designation has evolved to name pathotypes of plant pathogens. The systems were evaluated to determine those best suited for particular purposes. Virulence and avirulence/virulence formulae of pathotypes have advantage over the use of consecutive numbers or letters given in chronological order of pathotype discovery. As soon as pathotype information exceeds a certain level of complexity, mathematical codes are most advantageous, in particular two codes, octal notation and coded triplets. A more universal adoption of the most appropriate codes is recommended to ease communication and comparisons of results.     

Investigation of the Mode of Action of Nematode Neuropeptides

The neuropeptide AF2 has a complex set of actions on the dorsal muscle strip of Ascaris suum, including a potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. Caffeine at 100 μm and 5 mm inhibited this potentiation, as did 100 μm theophylline in two out of six studies. The cyclic-AMP-potentiating compounds IBMX, dibutyryl cAMP and forskolin had no effect on the AF2-induced potentiation of the acetylcholine-stimulated muscle contraction. These preliminary data suggest that the potentiating action of AF2 is not mediated by a cAMP pathway.     

Mode of action of meturine

The effect of meturine on the light processes of photosynthesis was studied.Meturine is a herbicide for weed control in potato and cotton crops. It is a N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea.The experiments were carried out on isolated pea and spinach chloroplasts.When examining photosystem I, reduced DPIP was used as an electron donor, whereas methyl-viologen served as an electron acceptor. When examining photosystem II, DPIP represented the electron acceptor.The obtained experimental results have pointed to the absence of the effect of meturine upon the photoreaction I.Unlike N-phenyl—N′, N′-dimethylureas (CMU, DCMU) meturine has been a very weak inhibitor of photoreaction II.The authors explain the photoreaction II inhibition of chloroplasts from plants treated with herbicidal doses of meturine by conversion of N-phenyl—N-hydroxy—N′-methylurea into Hill reaction inhibitor(s). N-Phenyl—N′-methylurea can be one of such meturine metabolites.Meturine herbicidal action is accounted for by meturine transformation into Hill reaction inhibitor(s) in the plant tissues.     

Mode of action of etoxazole

The mode of action of the 2,4-diphenyl-1,3-oxazoline acaricide/insecticide etoxazole has been argued to be moulting inhibition, but experimental results supporting this hypothesis are lacking. This study investigated the effect of etoxazole on chitin biosynthesis in the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Etoxazole induced moulting defects in fall armyworm larvae similar, if not identical, to those caused by benzoylphenylureas, a well-known class of insecticidal chitin biosynthesis inhibitors. Furthermore, in contrast to untreated larvae, the chitin content in the integuments of larvae several days after treatment did not differ from that in freshly ecdysed individuals, thus suggesting strong chitin biosynthesis inhibition in vivo. A more detailed investigation of the inhibitory potential by incubating cultured integument pieces from larvae of S. frugiperda with [14C]N-acetyl-D-glucosamine, a radiolabelled chitin precursor, revealed I50 values of 2.95 and 0.071 microM for etoxazole and triflumuron respectively. The incorporation of radiolabel into potassium hydroxide-resistant material was inhibited by etoxazole in a dose-dependent manner. Based on these results, it is concluded that the acaricidal and insecticidal mode of action of etoxazole is chitin biosynthesis inhibition.