Effects of Alloying Elements on Microstructure and Magnetic Anisotropy of the HDDR Powder ofNd-Fe-B Alloy

ＥｆｅｃｔｓｏｆＡｌｏｙｉｎｇＥｌｅｍｅｎｔｓｏｎＭｉｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅａｎｄＭａｇｎｅｔｉｃＡｎｉｓｏｔｒｏｐｙｏｆｔｈｅＨＤＤＲＰｏｗｄｅｒｏｆＮｄＦｅＢＡｌｏｙＧａｏＪｉａｎｒｏｎｇ（高建荣），ＳｏｎｇＸｉａｏｐｉｎｇ（宋晓平），Ｗａ...     

NdFeB-CeFeB互扩散对其组织和磁性能的影响

近年来由于Ce元素的价格优势和特殊性能,Ce掺杂NdFeB永磁体受到越来越广泛的关注。通过900℃均匀化处理、真空扩散焊接和900℃扩散处理制备了NdFeB-CeFeB扩散偶,探究了NdFeB和CeFeB互扩散对各自微观结构和磁性能的影响。扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和能谱分析(EDS)结果发现,随着900℃保温处理时间增长,组织中的第二相和孔洞逐渐消失。互扩散后Ce原子不能置换Nd2Fe14B中的Nd原子,而是主要被富Nd相捕获。而Nd原子扩散后置换Ce2Fe14B中的Ce原子,形成了(Nd0.615Ce0.385)2Fe14B和(Nd0.165Ce0.835)2Fe14B两相,证明(Nd1-xCex)2Fe14B化合物存在溶解间隙。两相区(Ce,Nd)FeB样品中Ce平均原子数约占总稀土原子数的69%,饱和磁化强度μ0MS约为1.46T,各向异性场μ0HA约为7.37T,其磁性能未因高Ce含量而大幅下降主要归功于两相组织的"核壳"结构和Nd对Ce价态的影响。     

Effect of Terbium addition on the coercivity of the sintered NdFeB magnets

The effects of Tb addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties of the NdFeB magnets prepared by HD method were investigated by X-ray diffraction(XRD) and BH magnetometers.The results of the microstructure showed that both the Tb-doped and undoped permanent magnets were composed mostly of Tetragonal phase Nd2Fe14B(space group P42/mnm) and a trace amount of Nd-rich phase.Accordingly,addition of Tb led to a decrease of the pole density factor of(004),(006) and(008) crystal plane of the Nd2Fe14B phase calculated by Horta formula,but the coercivity of the magnets increased from 2038 kA/m up to 2302 kA/m as a consequence of Tb addition.The study of the Hc(T)/Ms(T) versus/Ms(T) behavior showed that the nucleation was the dominating mechanism for the magnetization reversal in both sintered magnets,and the microstructural parameters of αk and Neff were obtained also.The Kronmüller-plot showed an increase of the αk responsible for an increase of the coercivity.     

Microstructure evolution and coercivity mechanism of hydrogenation-disproportionation-desorption-recombination (HDDR) treated Nd-Fe-B strip cast alloys

In this paper, we systematically investigated the microstructure evolution and coercivity mechanism of hydrogenation-disproportionation-desorption-recombination (HDDR) treated Nd-Fe-B strip cast alloys by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and three-dimensional atom probe (3DAP) analyses. The rod-like NdH_2+x phases with diameters of 10–20 nm are embedded into α-Fe matrix, which hereditarily leads to textured grains in HDDR alloy. The migration of NdH_2+x from Nd-rich region to α-Fe matrix during hydrogen absorption process contributes to the uniform redistribution of Nd-rich phases after HDDR treatment. The HDDR alloy with single domain grain sizes of 200–300 nm exhibits relatively low coercivity of 1.01 T that arises from pinning magnetic domain motion. The weak c-axis orientation of HDDR alloy results in a lower reverse magnetic field (coercivity) to reduce remanence to 0. Moreover, the direct contact of Nd₂Fe₁₄B grains and the high concentration of ferromagnetic elements (Fe content ≈ 66.06 at%, Co content ≈ 0.91 at%) in Nd-rich grain boundary layer lead to strong magnetostatic coupling effect among Nd₂Fe₁₄B grains. The nano-sized α-Fe inside Nd₂Fe₁₄B matrix makes the magnetization reversal easily and decreases the coercivity of HDDR alloy.     

Microstructure improvement related coercivity enhancement for sintered NdFeB magnets after optimized additional heat treatment

The microstructure, especially the Nd-rich phase and the grain boundary, in sintered NdFeB magnets plays an important role in magnetic reversal and coercivity mechanism. To better understand the effects of the microstructure on the coercivity, we investigated the microstructure and properties improvements of a commercial sintered NdFeB magnet after optimized additional heat treatment. The coercivity is enhanced from 1399 to 1560 kA/m. This enhancement has been explained in terms of the evolution of the grain boundary structure, and the formation of continuous thin layers of Nd-rich phase is important for high coercivity. The micromagnetic simulation together with the numerical analysis based on the nucleation model suggest that the reversed magnetic domains nucleate mainly at the interface of multi-junctions of Nd₂Fe₁₄B grains with high stray fields during the demagnetization process. Both improved anisotropy fields at grain boundaries and reduced stray fields at multi-junction Nd-rich phases contribute to the coercivity enhancement. This work has importance in understanding the crucial microstructure parameters and enhancing the obtainable properties for sintered NdFeB magnets.     

Texture of Nanocomposite Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe Melt Spun Ribbons

Highly textured nanocomposite Nd9Fe84.5Nb0.5B6 ribbons were obtained by rapid solidification at wheel speeds from 15 to 20 m·s-1.X-ray diffraction(XRD)shows that these ribbons are preferentially orientated with the c axis of Nd2Fe14B phase perpendicular to the surface of the ribbons.The texture of Nd2Fe14B phase on the free surface is stronger than that on the contact surface and decreases with increase of wheel speed.The texture of Nd2Fe14B phase seems to be caused by the preferential growth of the crystal nuclei favorable orientation with their c-axes along the temperature gradient during rapid solidification,which can be explained by a growth circular cone(GCC).The intensity of the anisotropy can be expressed by the magnitude of the cone generating angle.The supercooling velocity and wheel speed will influence the cone generating angle,which in turn influences the anisotropy.The remanence and maximum energy product in the direction perpendicular to the ribbon surface is much higher than that in the direction parallel with the ribbon surface.High remanence and maximum energy product can be obtained in the direction perpendicular to the ribbon surface.The texture of Nd2Fe14B phase decreases gradually after annealing above 600 ℃,which is mainly attributed to the precipitation of new α-Fe from Nd2Fe14B phase with super-saturated Fe.Decreasing the annealing temperature or reducing the annealing time is beneficial for preserving the anisotropy of Nd2Fe14B phase after annealing.     

Changes of Structure and Magnetic Properties during Crystallization in Cast Nd60Fe20Al8Co10B2 Alloy

The Nd60Fe20Al8Co10B2 alloy was prepared by suction casting of the molten alloy into a copper mold under argon atmosphere. The micro-structural and magnetic property changes in the Nd60Fe20Al8Co10B2 alloy during crystallization were investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), scanning electron microscope (SEM) and the vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM). The precipitation and Nd-rich and Fe-rich phases have no significant effect on the intrinsic coercitity for Nd60Fe20Al8Co10B2 alloy annealed below 723 K. However, the growth of Fe-rich phase decreases the saturate magnetization and remanence of the alloy. The hard magnetic behavior is disappeared when the alloy is fullycrystallized.     

Study on Key Techniques for Producing High Performance NdFeB Sintered Permanent Magnets

ＮｄＦｅＢｍａｇｎｅｔｓｈａｖｅｂｅｅｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｅｄｄｒａ ｍａｔｉｃａｌｌｙｓｉｎｃｅｉｔｗａｓｉｎｖｅｎｔｅｄｉｎ 1 983 .Ｔｗｏｔｙｐｅｓｏｆｓｉｎｔｅｒｅｄｍａｇｎｅｔｓ ,ｈｉｇｈｅｎｅｒｇｙｐｒｏｄ ｕｃｔｓ ((ＢＨ ) ｍａｘ)ａｎｄｄｏｕｂｌｅｈｉｇｈ (ｈｉｇｈ(ＢＨ ) ｍａｘａｎｄｈｉｇｈｃｏｅｒｃｉｖｉｔｙ (ｉＨｃ) )ａｒｅｔｈｅｔｗｏｔｅｎｄｅｎｃｉｅｓｆｏｒＮｄＦｅＢｓｉｎｔｅｒｅｄｍａｇｎｅｔｓ .Ｂｏｔｈｆａｃｔｏｒｉｅｓａｎｄｒｅｓｅａｒｃｈｉｎｓｔｉｔｕｔｅｓａｒｅｆｏｃｕｓ…     

晶界扩散中Tb对烧结NdFeB磁体微观组织和磁性能的影响

通过晶界扩散技术提升烧结钕铁硼(NdFeB)磁体矫顽力的方法已获得广泛应用,为了研究重稀土磁粉对磁体综合磁性能的影响,本文采用喷涂扩散的方法将重稀土Tb含量为6.0%(质量分数)的磁粉作为复合扩散源的一部分进行晶界扩散并制备了高性能烧结NdFeB磁体。结果表明,当主扩散源占比为60%(质量分数)时,Nd₄₀Tb₆₀对应扩散磁体的矫顽力最高达到21.52 kOe,矫顽力增幅明显。经过微观组织结构和XRD表征分析,重稀土元素Tb沿晶界相扩散进入磁体内部的同时发生了晶格取代反应,可在晶粒表层生成磁晶各向异性场更强的(Nd,Dy/Tb)₂Fe₁₄B硬磁相,显著增强了磁体矫顽力。当主扩散源占比为20%、40%和80%(质量分数)时,Nd₈₀Tb₂₀,Nd₆₀Tb₄₀和Nd₂₀Tb₈₀对应扩散磁体的矫顽力增幅较小,其中Nd₈₀Tb₂₀扩散...     

Characterization of Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of NdFeB Magnet with Dy, Al and Cu Additions

A new alloy of Nd33.5Dy0.99Febal.Al0.52Cu0.1B1.15 (%, mass fraction) was fabricated by powder metallurgy. The effects of Dy, Al and Cu additions on the microstructure and magnetic properties of sintered NdFeB magnet were investigated. The additions of Dy, Al and Cu are effective to refine grains and improve coercivity. Moreover, suitable amounts of Dy, Al and Cu lead to a demagnetization curve with good rectangularity. It is found that the sintered NdFeB magnet has relatively high magnetic performance of Br=12.17kGs, jHc=13.52kOe and (BH)max=34.71MGOe. The sintered NdFeB sample was examined by magnetic force microscope which revealed the domain structures at the surface. It is revealed that the mean Nd2Fe14B grain size is significantly larger than the average scale of the magnetic contrast. An explanation about this is that most Nd2Fe14B grains in sintered NdFeB alloy are dominated with the muhidomain structures when the magnet is in thermally demagnetization state.     

添加Zr对NdFeB合金HDDR磁粉的磁性能及显微组织的影响

本文主要研究了合金元素 Zr对 Nd Fe B合金 HDDR磁粉的磁各向异性和显微组织结构的影响。研究结果表明 ,Nd Fe Zr B合金磁粉出现了磁各向异性 ,且其显微组织中出现了针状的富 Zr相。     

液相扩散对钕铁硼磁体性能和组织结构的影响

用双合金工艺在Nd13.05Dy0.23Fe80.12B6.5铸片主合金中分别添加质量分数为3％～20％的富稀土铸锭辅合金Nd38.2Cc11.8Fe44.88Al4.12B,研究在钕铁硼永磁体中用Ce部分地取代Nd时对永磁体的磁性能的变化规律.实验结果表明,在一定的烧结及热处理工艺条件下,辅合金加入量介于8％ ～ 12％(质量分数)时,磁体的内禀矫顽力和磁能积相对较高,对剩磁的影响不大.显微成分分析表明,采用双合金法,使组织中细小的颗粒状富稀土相增多,形成了更多的对矫顽力有贡献的富稀土相,并且富稀土相分布于晶界上.     

Coercivity enhancement of Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets through neodymium diffusion under annealing

The coercivity enhancement of ball-milled Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite magnets was investigated. It was found that the coercivity could be enhanced through mixing a small amount of Nd powder with as-milled Fe-rich Nd-Fe-B powders. The annealed samples were investigated by means of X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and magnetic measurement systems. Under annealing, some of Nd powders promoted the formation of hard magnetic phase Nd2Fe14B. On the other hand, a few of Nd would diffuse into the interface of Nd2Fe14B/α-Fe nanocomposite to compensate for the loss of the interfacial magnetic anisotropy. These two features are all beneficial to the coercivity.     

Effect of Copper and Titanium Addition on Microstructures and Magnetic Properties of Sintered Nd_(22) Fe_(71) B_7 Magnets

Ｉｔｉｓｗｅｌｌｋｎｏｗｎｔｈａｔｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｇｒａｎｕｌａｒｍｉ ｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｏｆｓｉｎｔｅｒｅｄＮｄ Ｆｅ Ｂｍａｇｎｅｔｓｐｌａｙｓａｋｅｙｒｏｌｅｉｎｄｅｔｅｒｍｉｎｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｒｃｏｅｒｃｉｖｉｔｙａｎｄｔｈｅｒｍａｌｓｔａｂｉｌｉｔｙ[1,2 ] .Ｔｈｅｒｅｆｏｒｅ ,ｉｔｉｓｉｍｐｏｒ ｔａｎｔｔｏｆｕｒｔｈｅｒｍｏｄｉｆｙｉｎｇｔｈｅｉｎｔｅｒｇｒａｎｕｌａｒｍｉ ｃｒｏｓｔｒｕｃｔｕｒｅｖｉａａｌｌｏｙｉｎｇｏｒｏｔｈｅｒｐｒｏｃｅｓｓｉｎｇｍｅｔｈｏｄｉｎｉｍｐｒｏｖｉ…     

Effect of crushing methods on morphology and magnetic properties of anisotropic NdFeB powders

Crushing is a critical factor for the anisotropic Nd Fe B powders with high magnetic properties. However, the traditional crushing methods of disk-milling(DM) or impact crushing(IC), are difficult to obtain high-performance powders. Herein, a new method of preparing anisotropic powders with high performance was reported, which was through crushing the hot-deformed magnets perpendicular to c-axis direction(shear crushing, SC). The microstructure and alignment of the magnets were examined by scanning electron microscopy(SEM) and X-ray diffraction(XRD), respectively. The results indicated that the cracks mainly extended along the Nd-rich grain boundary phase and/or the binding interface of ribbons. It not only could protect the magnetic phase from being damaged, but also could keep the grains integrated. Therefore, shear crushing was an effective method for the preparation of highperformance anisotropic powders and then to fabricate the bonded magnets with B_r=9.0 kGs, H_(ci)=10.48 kOe and(BH)_(max)=17.7 MGOe.     

Dependence of Effective Anisotropy on Grain Size in Nanocrystalline Nd2 Fe14 B Hard Magnetic Material

Anisotropy of material is the key factor determin ing coercivity and anisotropy of nano grain is dramati cally influenced by grain size[1~2]. So the coercivityof nano magnetic material with different grain sizeswould have obvious difference.…     

α-Fe/Nd2Fe14B稀土永磁合金定量相分析

通过对Ｎｄ２Ｆｅ１４Ｂ四方相单胞分析,确定其结构因数,进而建立了稀土永磁合金直接比较法定量相分析计算程序。在对单相计算结果与实验值取得一致的基础上,对α－Ｆｅ／Ｎｄ２Ｆｅ１４Ｂ双相稀土永磁合金进行了定量相含量测算和分析。     

Influence of Zr Additions on Microstructure and Magnetic Properties of Nanocomposite Nd10.5Fe78-xCo5ZrxB6.5 (x=0～5) Alloys

The influence of Zr addition on the microstructure and magnetic properties of nanocomposite Nd10.5Fe78-xCo5ZrxB6.5 (x=0～5) alloys was investigated. It was found that the intrinsic coercivity could be significantly improved by the addition of 2% (atom fraction) Zr. The presence of small amount of amorphous phase is responsible for the low intrinsic coercivity for Zr-free alloy. The small amount addition of Zr may suppress the growth of grains of α-Fe and Nd2Fe14B phases. The more homogeneous microstructure with an average grain size of 20 nm can be obtained for Nd10.5Fe76Co5Zr2B6.5 alloy.     

Differences of element distribution between free and wheel side surface of NdFeB/α-Fe ribbons

The ribbons of NdFeB/α-Fe composite alloy were prepared by melt spinning and post crystallizing technique.The element distri-butions and phase component of both surfaces of as-spun ribbons were measured by energy dispersive spectrometry (EDS) and X-ray diffrac-tion (XRD).Because of the centrifugation,a segregation of B,Fe,and Nd concentrations was observed at the cross section.After crystallizing annealing,the element concentration segregation still existed in the as-crystallized ribbons.Due to the segregation of B,Fe,and Nd,the B-rich phase was observed near the wheel side surface.The B-rich phase may deteriorate the magnetic property of NdFeB/α-Fe composite alloy.     

Influence of Heat Treatment on Microstructures and Properties of Nd8Fe78B6Co4 Alloy

Melt-spun Nd8Fe78B6Co4 magnetic powders and their bonded magnets were prepared with the optimization of compositions and preparation techniques. The microstructure change of alloy NdFeB and the relation between microstructure and heat-treatment were studied. The heat-treatment temperature is 200～700 ℃. The as-cast structure of the alloy is typically amorphous. Different melt-spun speed and different heat treatment could result in different magnetic properties of NdFeB magnets. Magnetic properties of NdFeB increase with the addition of element Co. The magnetic properties of magnet alloy get the best when the melt-spun speed reaches 23～26 m·s-1, heat treatment temperature is 690 ℃ and time is 30 min.