玉米茎腐病病原研究现状

玉米茎腐病在我国已经由过去的次要病害上升为主要病害,成为生产上亟待解决的病害问题。但有关此病的病原,目前尚无统一的结论。本文就国内近１０余年来对玉变茎腐病病原研究的进展进行了综述。     

玉米茎腐病的发生与防治

本文对玉米茎腐病的危害症状、病原菌及发病规律进行描述,并从品种、管理、药剂等方面提出防治意见,为识别和防治玉米茎腐病,提高玉米产量提供依据。     

玉米茎腐病病原菌Fusarium graminearum拮抗真菌的筛选与鉴定

针对吉林省玉米茎腐病的主要优势致病菌禾谷镰孢菌进行拮抗菌株的筛选和鉴定,为玉米茎腐病生防菌剂的研制奠定基础。从300份土壤中分离出685个菌株,选取生长势较好的212个菌株,分别与禾谷镰孢菌进行平板对峙试验,筛选出拮抗效果较好的拮抗菌株5株。将这5株菌进行抑菌试验,其中M-43号菌株抑菌率最高,为75.71%,选取M-43号真菌菌株进行后续研究。基于形态学显微观察和ITS序列分析,鉴定M-43号菌株为Talaromyces pinophilus,该种菌为吉林省新纪录种。     

玉米茎腐病的综合防治措施

茎腐病防治的原则是以选育和应用抗病品种为基础,实施系列保健栽培措施为辅的综合防治措施。     

玉米茎腐病研究进展

总结前人的研究并结合笔者的试验结果 ,重点对玉米茎腐病的抗病机制、抗性遗传进行了综述。以此为基础 ,提出了防治玉米茎腐病的策略     

四种杀菌剂防治玉米茎腐病的田间药效及产量效应研究

为了筛选出高效防治玉米茎腐病的杀菌剂,选用6%戊唑醇悬浮种衣剂、350 g/L精甲霜灵种子处理乳剂、25 g/L咯菌腈悬浮种衣剂、10%嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂4种杀菌剂,采用拌种法进行防治玉米茎腐病的田间药效试验,并进行了产量比较。结果表明,4种杀菌剂在2个不同剂量下对玉米茎腐病都有明显的防治效果,但同一药剂不同剂量之间差异极显著。在推荐的高剂量下,4种杀菌剂对玉米茎腐病的防治效果均在80%以上,其中,10%嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂防治效果最高。10%嘧菌酯悬浮种衣剂以200 mL/100 kg种子处理的产量显著高于其他处理,达14 086.67 kg/hm2。在生产中建议根据戊唑醇、精甲霜灵、咯菌腈和嘧菌酯等药剂的推荐用药量,以嘧菌酯为主体,与其他3种药剂进行轮换、复配使用。     

蔗糖含量与玉米对镰刀菌茎腐病的抗病性的关系

就玉米茎秆蔗糖含量与玉米对由禾谷镰刀菌 ( Fusarium graminearum)引起的茎腐病 ( cornstalk rot)的抗性间的关系进行了研究。结果表明 ,在玉米生理成熟期地上第二茎间髓部组织内蔗糖的含量与玉米对茎腐病的抗性密切相关 ,抗病的玉米杂交种的蔗糖含量明显高于感病的玉米杂交种。蔗糖含量与茎腐病的发病率呈显著的负相关关系。研究结果表明 ,在生理成熟期地上第二茎间髓部组织内蔗糖含量可作为选育抗镰刀菌茎腐病玉米杂交种的生化指标。     

玉米对镰刀菌茎腐病抗性的生化反应

在抽雄期用禾谷镰刀菌孢子悬浮液接种抗病品种陕单931和感病品种西农11号,于接种后测定茎秆髓部组织内苯丙氨酸解氨酶、过氧化物酶活性变化、木质素和绿原酸的变化。结果表明,玉米植株受镰刀菌侵染后,抗病品种的苯丙氨酸解氨酶酶活上升快,活性强,且形成两个活性高峰,高活性时间持续长;感病品种苯丙氨酸解氨酶酶活上升慢,活性相对较弱,且只形成一个峰,高活性持续时间短。抗病品种过氧化物酶酶活峰值高,感病品种过氧化物酶酶活峰值低,且抗病品种高酶活持续的时间长,感病品种高酶活持续的短。研究还表明,植株原生的木质素对玉米的抗性贡献不大,而诱导的木质素在玉米的抗病性中起着主导作用。同时,无论抗、感品种,其组织诱导提取液对镰刀菌都有一定的抑制作用。     

不同微生物菌株及其组合处理抑制玉米秸秆霉变效果研究

试验旨在研究产几丁质酶枯草芽孢杆菌BS-1、产酸植物乳杆菌LABP及其组合处理对抑制玉米秸秆霉变效果。试验设置3组,玉米秸秆含水量依次为15%、20%、25%,每组添加BS-1、LABP及其复合菌株处理,以0.5%丙酸为阳性对照,无处理为空白对照。密闭真空保存30 d后开封有氧存放,于存放期内取样测定有氧稳定性、常规营养成分含量,检测玉米秸秆中的霉菌数量变化。结果表明,玉米秸秆霉变初期(15 d以内)DM、Starch含量显著下降,而CP、NDF含量呈上升趋势,对ADF则无显著影响。随霉变程度加重,各常规营养指标变化幅度增加,Starch相对损失率最高。三组相比,当玉米秸秆含水量为20%时,添加107cfu·g-1的BS-1、LABP复合菌液处理在一定程度上抑制玉米秸秆中霉菌生长,增加玉米秸秆有氧稳定性,降低常规营养成分损失率及霉菌总数,效果与0.5%丙酸处理相近;玉米秸秆含水量为25%时,各处理对抑制霉变均无显著效果。     

Relationship between potassium chloride suppression of corn stalk rot and soil microorganism characteristics

Observations from a site-fixed field trial of 12 years in Jilin Province show that potassium chloride (KCl) application has a significant positive influence on corn stalk rot incidence. Incubation experiments were conducted to study the effects of KCl and soil extracts on the growth of Fusarium graminearum, the most common stalk rot fungi in this area, and the population changes in rhizosphere fungi, bacteria and actinomyces at different growth stages of corn. The results show that KCl addition to the potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium could not directly suppress Fusarium graminearum development. Soil extracts from soil samples taken from the field plots with and without KCl application affected Fusarium graminearum development, with soil extracts with KCl treatments suppressing Fusarium graminearum development more significantly, compared with that from the KCl-free treatment. These results indicate that soil extracts play a role in the interaction between corn and Fusarium graminearum. Long-term KCl application may increase the populations of rhizosphere fungi and actinomyces in the early growth stages, while there is no significant difference in the number of bacteria in rhizosphere among the treatments. Also, the populations of rhizosphere fungi are negatively correlated with the incidence of stalk rot in the early growth stages of corn. The sensitive infection stages of pathogen to corn consist of the stages when there is significant difference in the populations of rhizosphere fungi and actinomyces. The change of microorganism populations (especially fungi) in soil may be associated with the incidence decrease and is one of the mechanisms of KCl suppressing corn stalk rot. Translated from Plant Nutrition and Fertilizer Science, 2007, 13(2): 279–285 [译自: 植物营养与肥料学报]     

玉米苯丙烷类次生代谢物与玉米对茎腐病抗性的关系

对抗病玉米品种陕单931和感病玉米品种西农11号在抽雄初期接种禾谷镰刀菌孢子悬浮液,于接种后测定茎秆髓部组织内苯丙烷类次生代谢物木质素和绿原酸的变化。结果表明,玉米植株原生木质素与玉米对茎腐病的抗性无关,仅诱导产生的木质素在玉米的抗病性中起作用。并证实玉米植株受到镰刀菌侵染后可产生对镰刀菌有抑制作用的物质。     

Screening of antagonistic Trichoderma strains and their application for controlling stalk rot in maize

Maize is one of the major crops in China, but maize stalk rot occurs nationwide and has become one of the major challenges in maize production in China. In order to find an environment-friendly and feasible technology to control this disease, a Trichoderma-based biocontrol agent was selected. Forty-eight strains with various inhibition activities to Fusarium graminearum, and Fusarium verticillioides were tested. A group of Trichoderma strains(DLY31, SG3403, DLY1303 and GDFS1009) were found to provide an inhibition rate to pathogen growth in vitro of over 70%. These strains also prevented pathogen infection over 65% and promoted the maize seedling growth for the main root in vivo by over 50%. Due to its advantage in antifungal activity against pathogens and promotion activity to maize, Trichoderma asperellum GDSF1009 was selected as the most promising strain of the biocontrol agent in the Trichoderma spectrum. Pot experiments showed that the Trichoderma agent at 2–3 g/pot could achieve the best control of seedling stalk rot and promotion of maize seedling growth. In the field experiments, 8–10 g/hole was able to achieve over 65% control to stalk rot, and yield increased by 2–11%. In the case of natural morbidity, the control efficiency ranged from 27.23 to 48.84%, and the rate of yield increase reached 11.70%, with a dosage of Trichoderma granules at 75 kg ha~(-1). Based on these results, we concluded that the Trichoderma agent is a promising biocontrol approach to stalk rot in maize.     

外源生物制剂对玉米秸秆青贮质量及肉羊瘤胃降解率的影响

为研究外源生物制剂对玉米秸秆青贮发酵品质、营养价值及肉羊养分瘤胃降解率的影响,筛选高效青贮生物添加剂,探索实用的玉米秸秆饲料转化方法.以粮饲兼用型玉米品种中原单32秸秆为试验材料,生物制剂分别采用酶制剂、菌制剂及酶菌复合制剂,完全随机试验设计,共15个处理.玉米秸秆切短,装入聚乙烯袋,抽真空青贮60 d后,采用实验室化...     

玉米苗期病害发生原因及防治对策

主要论述了玉米苗期茎腐病的发生种类有真菌、细菌和生理性茎腐病,并系统阐述了针对发病类型所采取的防治对策,为今后在玉米田大面积进行综合防治提供参考。