The Fracture Process of Tempered Soda-Lime-Silica Glass

This work presents experimental observations of the characteristic fracture process of tempered glass. Square specimens with a side length of 300 mm, various thicknesses and a residual stress state characterized by photoelastic measurements were used. Fracture was initiated using a 2.5 mm diamond drill and the fragmentation process was captured using High-Speed digital cameras. From the images, the average speed of the fracture front propagation was determined within an accuracy of 1.0%. Two characteristic fragments were found to form on each side of the initiation point and are named “Whirl-fragments” referring to the way they are generated. An earlier estimation of the in-plane shape of the fracture front is corrected and a hypothesis on the development for the fracture front is offered. The hypothesis is supported by investigations of the fragments using a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) which also revealed a micro scale crack bridging effect.     

钢丝的微动磨损及其对疲劳断裂行为的影响研究

采用自制的钢丝微动磨损试验机考察了钢丝的微动摩擦磨损性能，随后将经过一定时间微动磨损试验后的钢丝试样在液压伺服疲劳试验机上进行拉一拉疲劳试验，进而探讨了微动摩擦系数和微动磨损深度随微动磨损试验时间和接触载荷的变化关系；并利用扫描电子显微镜分析了试样磨痕和磨屑的表面形貌．结果表明，在较大的微动振幅下，钢丝的微动摩擦系数变化幅度不大，微动磨损深度随微动磨损试验时间和接触载荷的增加而增大；微动磨损试验后钢丝试样的疲劳寿命同磨损深度成反比关系；可以将疲劳断口划分为4个区域，其同钢丝试样的疲劳断裂过程相对应．     

Contact Problem for a Narrow Annular Punch. Unknown Region of Contact

The nonlinear problem of determining the contact stresses and the contact zone under the base of a narrow annular punch is studied. An asymptotic model of one–sided contact along the line is constructed by the method of matched asymptotic expansions. Explicit asymptotic formulas for the line–pressure density are obtained. The asymptotic representation of the contact arc is given.     

不均匀组织ER8车轮滚动接触疲劳性能研究

针对含不均匀组织ER8车轮服役过程中过早出现滚动接触疲劳(RCF)损伤这一实际问题,通过RCF试验,获得了车轮不均匀组织和正常组织的RCF极限;利用光学显微镜(OM)和透射电镜(TEM)重点表征了RCF裂纹萌生处的微观组织. 借助扫描电镜(SEM)和原位拉伸试验台测试了两种组织的弹、塑性能并原位观察了裂纹的扩展行为. 结果表明:车轮踏面不均匀组织的RCF极限低于轮辋正常组织,不均匀组织中除车轮正常组织应有的珠光体和先共析铁素体组织外,还存在大量的上贝氏体,上贝氏体的存在破坏了车轮正常组织的连续均匀性. RCF裂纹的萌生和扩展主要发生在上贝和正常组织的边界处,上贝氏体的硬度、弹性高于正常组织,但塑性小于正常组织,在相同接触应力作用下,两者弹-塑性变形的不协调是导致其组织边界处产生应力集中,进而诱发并促进疲劳裂纹的萌生和扩展,加速车轮RCF损伤出现的主要原因.      

酯基功能化离子液体作为钢/钢摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学性能研究

合成了含酯基官能团的咪唑类离子液体;研究了其物化性质及热稳定性;通过与非功能化的烷基咪唑离子液体对比,在SRV摩擦磨损试验机上研究了常温及高温条件下酯基功能化离子液体作为钢/钢摩擦副润滑剂的摩擦学性能;用SEM和XPS对磨斑表面进行了分析.结果表明:酯基功能化离子液体具有很高的热稳定性;酯基团的引入使得离子液体的黏度有所增加,导致其在较低载荷下的减摩性能降低,但引入的酯基官能团增强了离子液体对金属表面的化学吸附力,使其抗磨性能显著提高,在高载荷下离子液体分解所产生的活性元素氟与摩擦副表面的金属发生摩擦化学反应,生成以氟化亚铁和氧化铁为主体的边界润滑膜,从而降低了摩擦和磨损.同时发现含有TF₂N^-阴离子的功能化离子液体较含有BF^-₄阴离子的功能化离子液体具有更好的抗磨性能;含有较长N-烷基链的功能化离子液体的抗磨减摩性能较好.     

Local Interface Shear Fracture of Bonded Steel Joints with Various Bondline Thicknesses

Interfacial fracture is a critical issue for extensive applications of adhesively bonded structures to a variety of modern industries. Extensive global experimental tests have been conducted to measure the global behavior of adhesively bonded joint, such as ultimate load capacity and toughness. Recently, several studies have also been employed to characterize the local interfacial traction–separation laws. However, very few tests have investigated the dependency of the local interfacial constitutive laws on the adhesive thickness, particularly, under Mode-II loading conditions. In this work, six typical adhesive thicknesses (from 0.1 mm to 1.0 mm) are prepared for the bonded joints with a configuration of end notched flexure (ENF) specimen to realize the Mode-II fracture loading (shear fracture). With a recently developed analytical model, the global energy release rates of the ENF specimens are experimentally measured. Meanwhile, with the image analysis technique, the local slips between the two adherends are obtained. Finally, based on the J-integral theory, the local interfacial constitutive laws at different bondline thicknesses are obtained. Several experimental findings are reported in this work. This work may provide valuable baseline experimental data for the input in cohesive zone model (CZM) based analytical and numerical simulations.     

高强钢及软钢断裂失效行为表征与仿真预测

针对汽车碰撞、结构强度等分析中无法准确模拟高强钢及软钢的断裂失效,研究了高强钢及软钢的断裂失效特性以及其仿真预测方法．以宝钢高强钢HC340/590DP及软钢DC05为研究对象,首先通过不同应变率的拉伸试验和不同应力状态的断裂失效试验,来表征两种钢材的弹塑性及断裂失效行为．并从试验数据中得到LS-DYNA中的Damage Initiation and Evolution Criteria (DIEC)失效模型所需参数,建立失效模型,通过子系统试验及仿真计算对DIEC失效模型进行验证．结果表明基于准确的材料试验数据,正向建立的DIEC失效模型可以准确预测HC340/590D及DC05的断裂失效行为．本研究方法可推广到其他高强钢和软钢的断裂失效仿真预测中．     

About the Stability of Gas Balls

We prove the nonlinear stability of the motionless, spherically symmetric equilibrium states of barotropic, self-gravitating viscous fluids with respect to perturbations of zero total angular momentum. These equilibrium states as well as the non-stationary solutions occupy part of space, and a constant pressure is assumed on the free surface, but no surface tension.     

外部爆轰加载过程中金属圆管断裂实验研究

利用脉冲X光照相技术和高速摄影对HR 2抗氢钢圆管在外部爆轰加载下的压缩过程进行了动态诊断。X光照相观察到抗氢钢圆管在压缩过程中管壁内出现了宏观裂纹 ,回收破片具有显著的剪切断裂特征 ,金相分析观察到了绝热剪切带及微孔洞与微裂纹。对半圆管结构的压缩过程进行了高速摄影 ,直接观测到抗氢钢圆管内壁裂纹萌生与发展的动态过程。由两种动态诊断实验结果对比分析推断 ,抗氢钢圆管在外部爆轰加载压缩过程中 ,裂纹首先在圆管内壁生成。     

牙冠修复体受触压载荷破坏的实验研究

由于陶瓷美观且成本较低,烤瓷熔附金瓷冠和全瓷冠是临床中治疗牙体缺损与牙体缺失最为常用的修复体,但瓷层的脆裂仍然是人造牙冠破坏的主要形式.参照磨牙结构和尺寸,利用独特的工艺制作了磨牙剖面试件,设计了加载装置,利用钨钢球触压模拟了口腔中的咀嚼载荷,在微型实验机准静态触压加载的同时,用CCD电视摄像机实时采集试件受载变化过程序列图;采用了二维数字图象相关法分析了烤瓷熔附金瓷冠和全瓷冠中微裂纹产生、演化及主要的破坏过程,确定了微裂纹产生时临界载荷大小和人造冠的破坏形式.     

接触应力对FCB车轮钢组织演变与性能的影响

利用双盘滚动摩擦磨损试验机进行了贝氏体车轮钢的滚动磨损试验,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)、电子背散射衍射(EBSD)分析不同接触应力条件下贝氏体车轮钢次表层微观组织演变. 结果表明:在滚动磨损条件下,磨损机制由黏着磨损转变为疲劳磨损,增大接触应力对黏着磨损阶段的磨损量影响不大,但会显著增加疲劳磨损阶段的磨损量;贝氏体车轮钢在塑性变形的过程中,贝氏体铁素板条中位错逐渐增值、先累积形成小角度晶界,而后形成大角度晶界,使贝氏体铁素体发生细化;接触应力的大小影响表层组织的演变,当接触应力增至1 150 MPa时,晶粒细化为超细等轴晶,继续增加接触应力,组织变化并不明显. 接触应力大小会影响贝氏体车轮钢的表面硬度. 接触应力增加使贝氏体车轮钢的表面硬度增高,硬化层深度增大.      

某船用钢动态弹塑性断裂韧性的试验测试

描述了利用Hopkinson压杆技术加载三点弯曲试样测试材料动态弹塑性断裂韧性的试验方法。材料的动态应力－应变行为测试在SHPB装置上进行，试样上的动态载荷历史由Hopkinson压杆直接测得，在此基础上，利用自行编制的ANSYS宏程序计算得到J积分历史；与起裂时间相对应的J积分值，即为动态弹塑性断裂韧性。采用上述方法进行了某船用钢的动态断裂试验，首次获得了该钢的动态弹塑性断裂韧性值，为舰船的抗爆能力计算，防动态断裂设计和安全评定提供了基础数据。     

黄铜/钢摩擦副接触面积对磨损的影响研究

本文对不同直径铜销与钢盘的摩擦磨损进行了研究,研究结果表明：在相同正压力条件下,不同直径销的磨损率随销直径的增大有降低趋势,并且这种降低趋势随销直径的增大逐渐趋于平缓,当接触面积增大到一定尺寸后,其磨损率不再变化,趋于恒定值,由此建立了相同正压力条件下磨损率与接触面积的变化规律数学模型。根据该模型可确定摩擦副的设计尺寸或预测摩擦副的使用寿命;在正压强和其他试验条件相同的条件下,不同直径铜销在单位时间单位面积上的磨损量随着销直径的增大有降低的趋势,并且这种降低趋势随销直径的增大逐渐趋于平缓,本文从铜销直径变化而导致的摩擦副接触表面生热和铜销表面散热等方面对这种现象进行了论述。     

润滑油中微细碳粉颗粒对45~#钢接触疲劳寿命影响的研究

在20~#机械油中添加适量的微细碳粉硬质颗粒可以提高45~#钢(调质处理,HB=300)的接触疲劳寿命。含碳粉油样的调配比例(wt)有两种,即碳粉:分散剂:纯20~#机械油=1:1:100和2:1:100。研究结果表明,在给定的试验条件下,45~#钢于这两种油样中的接触疲劳寿命分别为纯20~#机械油中的2.6倍和5.0倍。作者还就碳粉的作用机理进行了考察,指出添加碳粉之所以能够提高试件的接触疲劳寿命,原因在于它使润滑油的粘度增大及其渗入到疲劳裂纹中减缓了裂纹的扩展     

Stability Balls in the Rotating Bénard System

Nonlinear stability in the standard rotating Bénard system with free boundaries is investigated. The perturbations are assumed to be three-dimensional and to be periodic in the horizontal directions. Below the critical value of the Rayleigh numberRa there is conditional stability, i.e. there are nonvanishing stability balls such that perturbations with initial values (measured in a suitable norm) in these balls decay exponentially in time. We give here explicit bounds to these stability balls from below in terms of the parameters of the system, i.e.Ra, the Taylor numberT and the Prandtl numberPr as well as the size of the periodicity cell of the perturbation. The bounds are valid in the entire parameter space; in particular, forPr<1 and for arbitrarily large values ofT. They provide a qualitative explanation for the experimental observation of subcritical instabilities in the rangePr<1. The method is based on a mode expansion of the perturbation equations and explicit estimates of the semigroup operator as well as of the nonlinearity.     

On One Contact Problem in Fracture Mechanics for a Normally Incident Tension–Compression Wave

The contact interaction of the faces of a penny-shaped crack in a three-dimensional space is studied for the case of normal incidence of a harmonic tension–compression wave. The problem is solved by the method of boundary integral equations. The dependence of the mode I stress intensity factor on the wave number is studied. The solution is compared with the results obtained for a penny-shaped crack when the contact interaction is neglected.     

接触爆炸作用下钢板钢纤维钢筋混凝土遮弹层设计方法(II)

在试验分析基础上 ,采用单自由度体系模型 ,此模型考虑了在钢纤维钢筋混凝土组合板局部破坏时 ,钢纤维的抗拔作用、钢筋的抗剪、钢板薄膜力作用和柔性土介质的耗能等主要影响因素。给出了能够用于钢板 钢纤维钢筋混凝土遮弹板接触爆炸下的极限设计分析的实用方法。     

船用921A钢动态断裂韧性测试研究

本文利用示波冲击试验,对船用９２１Ａ钢动态断裂韧性的测试方法进行了研究。     

碱性腐蚀环境下接触载荷对钢丝微动疲劳行为的影响

以矿用钢丝为研究对象,在自制的钢丝微动疲劳试验机上开展钢丝在碱性腐蚀环境下的微动疲劳试验,考察钢丝在应变比为0.8时不同接触载荷下钢丝的微动运行特性,并用光学显微镜和扫描电子显微镜观察钢丝的磨痕和断口形貌,分析其微动磨损和疲劳断裂机理.结果表明:不同接触载荷下钢丝的摩擦系数具有相同的变化趋势,均可以分为4个阶段:跑合期、上升期、下降期和稳定期;4种不同接触载荷下钢丝摩擦副均运行于滑移状态,磨损机制以腐蚀磨损、磨粒磨损、疲劳磨损和塑性变形为主;钢丝疲劳寿命与磨损量成反比,疲劳断口可分为3个区:疲劳源区、扩展区和瞬断区.     

厚钢板焊缝断裂试样疲劳裂纹预制的"高K比法"

提出了预制厚钢板焊缝断裂韧度试样疲劳裂纹的“高K比法”。用“高K比法”预制疲劳裂纹,不需要对焊缝试样进行局部韧带压缩或反向弯曲等预处理,简化了焊接接头断裂韧度试验方法,而且此法不改变原焊缝残余应力,所得到的焊缝断裂韧度值更准确,有效地解决了厚钢板焊接接头韧度评定技术的关键问题。“高K比法”可以缩短断裂韧度试验所需的时间、减少备用试样、节约人力物力。介绍了“高K比法”的试验原理、试验方法、工程应用和意义。