大鼠脑mRNA在爪蟾卵母细胞内表达的电压门控钙通道的电压箝研究

本工作用电压箝记录方法研究了爪蟾卵母细胞经注射大鼠脑mRNA后表达的电压门控钙通道。钙通道的特性由通过钙通道的钡离子流(I_(Ba))来描述。本研究采用的卵母细胞均取自被鉴定的爪蟾。这些爪蟾卵母细胞内源性I_(Ba)大多为零,或小于15nA。将从出生后10d的大鼠全脑中提取的mRNA微量注入这些卵母细胞。在注射mRNA后的5d内,I_(Ba)逐渐增大。在mRNA注射后第三天,由大鼠脑mRNA表达的电压依赖性I_(Ba)最大值一般超过100nA。作为对比,在注射从胚胎大鼠脑提取的mRNA的卵母细胞,几乎测不到电压依赖性I_(Ba)的表达。我们研究了由大鼠脑mRNA表达的I_(Ba)的电压依赖性激活及失活特性和I_(Ba)的药理。发现镧系金属离子(La~(+3),Nd~(+3),Sm~(+3),Eu~(+3),Gd~(+3),Dy~(+3),Er~(+3)在微摩尔浓度数量级即能有效抑制I_(Ba)。L-型钙通道配体nifedipine和Bay K 8644在浓度100μmmol/L时,抑制I_(Ba),而另一dihydropyridine类配体(±)-nimodipine在相同浓度却增加I_(Ba)。     

注射羊外周血淋巴细胞mRNA的爪蟾卵母细胞M型乙酰胆碱电流基本特性

将着外周血淋巴细胞ｍＲＮＡ注入非洲爪蟾卵母细胞胞乐内,借助卵母细胞折翻译系统,表达羊外周血淋巴细胞的Ｍ型乙酰胆碱受体并移植到卵母细胞膜上,用电压钳位仪检测表达受体电源。结果发现Ａｃｈ可诱发卵母细胞产生电流反应,该反应能被Ｍ型Ａｃｈ受体阻断剂硫酸阿托品阻断,但不能被Ｎ型受体阻断剂氯化筒箭毒阻断。     

萤火虫荧光素酶基因在爪蟾卵母细胞中的表达

用限制酶BamHⅠ切割质粒pDO432并经琼脂糖凝胶电泳分离,将所得荧光素酶编码序列作为插入片段。用HindⅢ和BamHⅠ切割pSVKl00去除galk基因及部分tsplice。序列作为载体,构建了一对其启动区和荧光素酶编码序列位向相反的质粒,pSV—Lucl9及pSV。Luc20。正位向的pSV—Luc20能在爪蟾卵母细胞中转录,翻译并产生活性酶蛋白。结果表明：荧光素酶基因和爪蟾卵母细胞可以构成一个监测启动子活性的有效系统。     

爪蟾卵母细胞表达体系在功能基因组学研究中的应用

非洲爪蟾卵母细胞表达体系是一种功能强大、适用范围广的表达体系,同时,也是应用最早的表达体系之一。随着分子生物学的发展,以及检测技术的进步,其应用有了进一步的扩展,不同种类、不同功能的蛋白质均可以在其中表达,同时进行功能研究。本文着重介绍爪蟾卵母细胞的生物学特性,对于不同功能的蛋白质的表达及功能的研究,以及在功能基因组研究中的应用。     

Zn2+对爪蟾卵母细胞表达鲫鱼脑GABA受体的调制作用

爪蟾卵母细胞注射鲫鱼脑ｍＲＮＡ后表达的ＧＡＢＡ受体中约８５％为ＧＡＢＡＡ受体。约１５％的成分为ＧＡＮＡＣ受体。本文利用双电极电压箝方法结合药物灌流研究了Ｚｎ６２＋对这两型受体的作用。我们观察到了Ｚｎ＾２＋对它们的调制都是可抑制性的,可逆的。     

鸡视网膜甘氨酸受体、乙酰胆碱受体及离子通道在两栖类卵母细胞中的表达和初步研究

利用两栖类卵母细胞表达鸡视网膜ｍＲＮＡ,借助电压箝方法研究鸡视网膜中的神经递质受体和离子通道、结果表明,鸡视网膜中存在甘氨酸受体和Ｎ型的乙酰胆碱受体。但天冬氨酸和５－ＨＴ、多巴胺未能诱导电流反应。此外还检测到电压依赖性的离子流,主要为延迟整流型的外向钾电流和快速的内向钠电流。     

鲫鱼视网膜谷氨酸受体和GABA受体在爪蟾卵母细胞中的表达

我们以两栖类卵母细胞为功能表达系统,通过注射鲫鱼（Ｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓｃａｒａｓｓｉｕｓ）视网膜ｍＲＮＡ,利用电压箝及药物灌流手段,系统地研究了鲫鱼视网膜内氨基酸受体的类型和特征,结果如下：（１）Ｇｌｕ受体：ＫＡ可以诱发明显的去极化电流,而且Ｄｉａｚｏｘｉｄｅ能增强ＫＡ诱导的反应,这提示鲫鱼视网膜内某些Ｃｌｕ受体是ＡＭＰＡ选择性亚型（ＡＭＰＡ－ｐｒｅｆｅｒｒｉｎｇｓｕｂｔｙｐｅ）。（２）ＣＡＢＡ受体：ＧＡＢＡ能诱发一个快速、光滑的内向电流,绝大部分对ＧＡＢＡ的反应可被ｂｉｃｕｃｕｌｌｉｎｅ所压抑,而ＧＡＢＡ＿Ｂ受体的激动剂ｂａｃｌｏｆｅｎ则无任何作用,这提示,鲫鱼视网膜内大部分是ＧＡＢＡ＿Ａ受体。     

卵胞内微注射mRNA后胞膜上出现的新离子流

以胞内微注射技术向爪蟾卵内注射羊气管上皮细胞抽提的Poly(A)~ mRNA,以电压钳技术观察卵膜离子流的变化。注射前卵膜上主要有Ca~(2 ),Cl~-,K~ 和Na~ 流,在高钙溶液(10Ca-ND96)中,瞬间的Ca~(2 )激活Cl~-流较大,此离子流可被9-羟蒽阻断。注射mRNA后在9-羟蒽存在的情况下,向浴槽加入1mmol/L 8-Br-cAMP后新出现一个电压敏感的离子流,使电流电压曲线的零电流电位向右移;但在注射去离子水组未见此离子流。表明羊气管上皮里含有cAMP敏感的离子通道,并可被移植到爪蟾卵膜上。     

PROPERTIES OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE FROM RAT BRAIN

—Acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) from cerebral cortex of mature rats was purified by means of affinity chromatography, to a specific activity of 4.5 mmol acetylthiocholine hydrolysed × min^?1× mg^?1 protein. The enzyme is a glycoprotein and contains a single subunit with a mol. wt of about 80,000. Electrofocusing either a pure or a crude preparation of the enzyme produces six enzymatically active bands with a range of isoelectric points from 5.04 to 5.54. Gel filtration yields oligomers with molecular weights of about 150,000, 320,000, 500,000 and 650,000, with 60 per cent of the activity in the 150,000 fraction. The gel fractions with molecular weights 150,000 and 320,000 produce the same isoelectric patterns. Different subcellular fractions of the cortex show different characteristic isoenzyme patterns.     

THE HALF-LIFE OF ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE IN MATURE RAT BRAIN

—The rate of degradation of acetylcholinesterase [EC 3.1.1.7] in mature rat cerebral cortex was determined from the time course of the label introduced into the protein by one intraventricular injection of l -leucine-l-¹⁴C. The half life of the enzyme was 2.84 ± 013 days.     

大鼠脑内小胶质细胞神经营养素受体的表达

神经营养素在神经元的生长、发育中的重要作用已有许多报道,但对神经胶质细胞的作用及其作用机制却知之甚少。在本研究中,我们着重对体外培养的小胶质细胞所表达的神经营养素受体进行了分析。首先,利用酚-氯仿法提取了总的细胞RNA,然后通过特异引物采用反转录多聚酶链式反应(RT-PCR)扩增得到cDNA,再用琼脂糖凝胶电泳、DNA印迹法和免疫细胞化学染色法对神经营养素受体(Trks)进行了测定。实验结果表明:体外培养的大鼠脑小胶质细胞表达高亲和力神经营养素受体TrkA、TrkB和TrkC,以及低亲和力NGF受体LNGFRp75。因此推断,神经营养素对小胶质细胞的生理及调节作用可能是通过它们相应的受体(Trks和LNGFRp75)介导的。这些结果为进一步研究神经营养素在神经系统中的作用机制及小胶质细胞的生理功能提供了资料。     

PARTIAL CHARACTERIZATION OF SOLUBLE ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE ISOENZYMES OF THE RAT BRAIN

(1) The 105,000 g supernatant fluid obtained from rat brain was separated by agar-gel electrophoresis. (2) Three isoenzymes, capable of hydrolysing acetylthiocholine, one of them also hydrolysing butyrylthiocholine, were detected. (3) The pH optima and K_m for hydrolysis of acetyl- and butyrylthiocholine by the supernatant fluid were determined. (4) After extraction of acetylcholinesterase isoenzymes from the gel, individual isoenzymes were characterized by pH optima and K_m values. (5) Two of the enzymes were characterized as acetylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.7) and one as butyrylcholinesterase (EC 3.1.1.8).     

STUDIES ON ACETYLCHOLINESTERASE OF RAT BRAIN SYNAPTOSOMAL PLASMA MEMBRANES

Abstract— A fluorimetric assay has been used to examine some kinetic properties of AChE from synaptosomal plasma membranes prepared from rat brain. The AChE bound to the plasma membranes was compared to that solubilized with Triton X-100 and found to be essentially the same with respect to Michaelis constant and inhibitor constants for several AChE inhibitors. The two forms of the enzyme had slightly different pH optima. The kinetic studies revealed no evidence that synaptosomal plasma membrane AChE has allosteric properties. The solubilized enzyme was further purified by affinity chromatography.     

FORMATION OF ASPARAGINE FROM ASPARTIC ACID IN RAT BRAIN

The synthesis of asparagine in rat brain was studied both in vitro and in vivo. A conversion in vitro of about 2 per cent of the added l -[¹⁴C]aspartic acid into asparagine was found after a 2 h incubation with the 100,000 g supernatant fraction from brain. This corresponded to a formation of 4·8 nmol of asparagine/mg of protein/h. The reaction required ATP and glutamine, and was linear with time during the 2 h incubation. When the crude mitochondrial fraction was added to the incubation mixture the reaction was inhibited, probably because of the presence of ATPase activity in the mitochondrial preparation. Inhibition by the reaction product seemed unlikely since removal of endogenous asparagine did not stimulate the reaction; only when asparagine was added at levels of 0·5 or 1·0 mm was significant inhibition found. Ammonium chloride was less effective than glutamine as an amide donor. Endogenous asparaginase (EC 3.5.1.1.) activity was low in the in vitro preparation and did not significantly affect the conversion. Synthesis of asparagine from aspartic acid did not occur in slices of brain nor was there a significant conversion of aspartic acid or glucose to asparagine after their intracerebral administration in vivo.     

胎脑黑质脑内移植矫正PD鼠纹状体内脑啡肽mRNA过度表达

用６－ＯＨＤＡ损毁大鼠一侧黑质—纹状体通路可引起ＰＤ模型鼠脑纹状体内多巴胺匿乏．同时,亦可导致脑啡肽ｍＲＮＡ过度表达。我们用地高辛标记的ｃＲＮＡ探针对纹状体内脑啡肽ｍＲＮＡ含量进行了斑点杂交定量研究,发现损伤侧脑啡肽ｍＲＮＡ含量较健侧增高８０％,胎中脑移植到失神经支配的纹状体内,脑啡肽ｍＲＮＡ过度表达得以矫正至正常水平,说明胎多巴胺能神经元脑内移植能够调节脑啡肽基因表达,提供了移植物能与宿主发生神经整合、建立突触联系的间接证据。