冲积床面形态及阻力的水槽试验研究

本文通过水槽试验,对中径为0.22mm的床沙,比较系统地研究了冲积床面形态及阻力规律.试验中观察到沙垄消亡时的床面形状比较规则,沿程分布比较均匀.试验结果表明,同一沙粒阻力条件下,沙波相对高度及陡度随水深增大而减小,床面形态过渡区,水流阻力不仅随沙粒阻力增大而减小,而且与相对水深有关.同一沙粒阻力的水流,其阻力系数随水深增大而减小,在床面形态过渡区,阻力系数相差不大,沙粒阻力是影响床沙质含沙量的主要因素.     

明渠试验加糙方法研究

在明渠水流试验中,经常需要进行不同糙率的研究.本文提出了一种采用绳索加糙的试验方法,并进行了各种水流条件和加糙绳距的试验.试验结果表明,加糙绳距对阻力系数的影响明显,绳距和流量越小,影响程度越大,随流量和绳距的加大,其作用逐渐减弱.加糙绳索的当量粗糙高度与绳距有关,各种试验条件的阻力系数与Rη遵循式(7)的变化规律.采用绳索加糙调整床面阻力的方法操作简单,调整灵活,变化范围大,为明渠阻力的试验研究提供了一种简便易行的方法.     

山区河道水流阻力研究进展

山区河道水流阻力研究对于认识山区河道中水流特性、山洪行进过程以及山区河道输沙规律都具有重要的意义.本文从4个方面总结前人关于山区河道水流阻力方面的研究进展,包括:(1)泥沙阻力;(2)河道底坡与水流阻力的关系;(3)典型形体阻力;(4)阻力划分.其中泥沙阻力是肤面阻力的主要来源,这是以往研究中涉及较多的内容;河道底坡属于关注较多的形体阻力;其它形体阻力包括床面沙石突起、漂浮的树木、阶梯—深潭构造等均是山区河道所特有的,研究成果相对较少.阻力划分思想为从整体上得到具有普遍意义的阻力计算式提供了有效途径,但由于山区河道的阻力形成机制和物理来源尚未完全理清,使其应用受到一定的限制.今后还需在深入了解山区河道水流阻力机理的基础上,采用阻力划分方法对阻力系数量化做进一步的研究.     

含植物河道等效床面阻力试验研究

植物广泛存在于滩地和河槽中,可有效改善水环境,但同时也增加了水流阻力。通常采用不同材料的棍状物或仿生植物模拟实际植物进行试验研究,将植物阻力附加于床面上与原床面阻力一起构成等效床面阻力,因模拟实际植物的不相似导致含植物河道等效床面阻力的研究不够完善。本文提出了对实际植物分区施加实际流速条件进行试验的思路,即按河道现场调研的植物密度布置,沿横向和垂向对河道横断面分区,对实际植物区域施加实际流速条件,试验研究分区水体中的植物阻力,最后换算得到表征等效床面阻力的等效床面糙率。以独流减河上游河道为对象,选用乔木、灌木和芦苇三种典型植物,考虑河道横断面不同分区的流速条件进行了试验,结果表明,当遭遇100年一遇洪水时,乔木种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.060～0.066,灌木种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.083～0.099,芦苇种植区域的等效床面糙率为0.698～0.989。研究成果可为防洪计算和水环境治理提供理论支持。     

长江三峡河道糙率的初步分析

本文对三峡奉节至香溪河段在各级流量下沿程各段的综合糙率系数进行了计算与分析.讨论了三峡河道水流阻力和综合糙率的组成.顺直河段水流阻力主要由床面阻力和边壁阻力组成,非顺直河段水流阻力由床面阻力、边壁阻力和河槽局部阻力组成.提出了山区河道顺直河段与非顺直河段糙率系数的计算方法,并用实测资料作了验证.     

动床阻力研究与应用

动床阻力随床面形态的变化而变化,而床面形态又是水流强度的函数,Simons将两者关系分为三个流区,即低水流区、过渡区和高水流区.不同流区阻力特性和规律是不相同的,正确和合理地判别流区是正确确定阻力关系的先决条件.此文在Browline研究的基础上,进一步分析了影响床面形态的基本要素,提出了在第一时间判别流区的方法,建立了各区阻力关系式,并利用长江和黄河实测资料和水槽试验资料进行了预报计算,其精度优于其它同类公式.     

基于阻力规律的床面形态判别方法

床面形态变化是河床演变的重要方面。如何根据水流和泥沙条件,预测床面可能出现的形态,一直是航道整治与泥沙研究所关心的实际问题。水流阻力规律是水流流动及床面形态等综合特征的反映,反演适当的阻力规律表达式,应能够区分出不同的床面形态。本文正是基于这一理念,通过建立包含床面形态参数的河流水流阻力规律表达形式,并结合水槽试验,得到了确定床面形态的无量纲特征参数,以此对不同床面形态进行区分,绘制出相应床面形态划分图,进而得到了高、低能态时不同床面形态间的分界线方程。该方程可用于对河床形态进行判别与预测,对河流整治具有指导作用。     

浮帘群水流阻力特性试验研究

为探明含浮帘群水流的阻力特性和各阻力参数计算方法,对不同间距、不同高度浮帘群在不同恒定均匀明渠流中的阻力特性开展了92组水槽试验。通过拟合水面线获得水力坡降,探讨浮帘拖曳力系数、曼宁糙率和达西韦斯巴赫阻力系数的变化规律。研究结果表明:浮帘群布置存在临界间距,此时浮帘间的相互干扰作用几乎消失;浮帘群消能增阻作用明显,其拖曳力系数在不同水流条件下变化较小,取值介于1.60~2.05之间;曼宁糙率主要与浮帘相对高度及浮帘分布密度有关,并获得了曼宁糙率的修正计算方法;达西韦斯巴赫阻力系数可由浮帘相对高度、浮帘分布密度及浮帘雷诺数组成的拟合公式获得。     

动床水流卡门常数变化规律的研究

本文初步分析了动床水流速分布与卡门常数x值的关系,指出在主流区仍遵循对数定律.但x值常常偏离0.4.动床水流流速分布是含沙量及其分布、推移质运动强度、沙波发育、消长、床面糙度、紊流涡体尺寸、强度及其分布等诸因素综合作用的结果.在相同的U值下.可以有不同形状的流速分布.x值可以远大于0.4,也可以远小于0.4.x=0.4只代表一种平均分布. 卡门常数x值实质上是反映流速分布变化的一个参数.流速分布越均匀,du/dy就越小,x值大于0.4越多.流速分布越不均匀,du/dy就越大,x值小于0.4越多.平均x值将因采用的理论参考平面不同而有不同的变化.不能简单地取K=D_65和x=0.4.初步分布认为,x值与水流相对强度参数F_rU/W_50有关.根据不同的情况可用式(12)～(16)或式(17)～(18)来描述K值和x值的变化规律.     

封冻河道的阻力研究

冰盖引起的流动阻力是研究河冰生消演变及其运动规律的关键问题之一。封冻阻力使河流水位壅高、过流能力降低、水位流量关系改变。本文应用 Prandtl半经验紊流理论，推导得到封冻河道水力要素间的理论关系表达式，并对冰盖影响区与床面影响区的交界位置进行了分析讨论；对由流速分布推算冰盖及河床糙率的计算方法进行了研究，并与现场实测资料进行了验证。     

地下厂房施工过程的三维非线性数值模拟分析

根据冗各电站地下厂房开挖支护的施工顺序,以隐式杆单元模拟锚杆,以壳单元模拟混凝土喷层,采用三维非线性有限元技术,对洞室群的开挖支护动态过程进行了模拟计算。通过三维非线性有限元计算分析得到:洞室群动态开挖过程中围岩应力变形的分布规律,围岩塑性区的发展规律,锚杆受力变化情况。计算结果表明:整个开挖过程中,洞周围岩位移变化规律正常,量值较小,塑性区主要分布在洞室周边,围岩稳定性较好;但在洞室交叉口处围岩的变形较大,出现较大范围的塑性区,在此基础上提出了支护措施优化方案,并对优化方案的效果进行了评价。     

Evaluation of freshwater mussel relocation as a conservation and management strategy

The relocation of unionacean mussels is commonly used as a conservation and management tool in large rivers and streams. Relocation has been used to recolonize areas where mussel populations have been eliminated by prior pollution events, to remove mussels from construction zones and to re-establish populations of endangered species. More recently, relocation has been used to protect native freshwater mussels from colonization by the exotic zebra mussel Dreissena polymorpha. We conducted a literature review of mussel relocations and evaluated their relative success as a conservation and management strategy. We found that 43% of all relocations were conducted because of construction projects that were forced to comply with the Endangered Species Act 1973 and that only 16% were monitored for five or more consecutive years. Most (43%) relocation projects were conducted from July to September, presumably a period when reproductive stress is relatively low for most species and the metabolic rate is sufficient for reburrowing in the substrate. The mortality of relocated mussels was unreported in 27% of projects; reported mortality varied widely among projects and species and was difficult to assess. The mean mortality of relocated mussels was 49% based on an average recovery rate of 43%. There is little guidance on the methods for relocation or for monitoring the subsequent long-term status of relocated mussels. Based on this evaluation, research is needed to develop criteria for selecting a suitable relocation site and to establish appropriate methods and guidelines for conducting relocation projects.     

基于模型试验的河床砂砾石层基本特性研究

为了经济可靠地确定深厚覆盖层的基本特性参数,以大渡河双江口水电站坝基河床砂砾石层基本特性研究为工程背景,进行大尺寸模型试验,研究河床砂砾石层的旁压模量和动探击数随密度、级配以及上覆压力的变化规律。根据室内模型试验结果,结合现场旁压试验及钻孔试验成果,推断出坝址区河床砂砾石相关层位的密度,并依此进行砂砾石室内力学试验,获得设计所需力学参数。研究成果可为深厚覆盖层基本特性测试提供新的方法。     

基于BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型的隧道围岩位移预测

在隧道工程施工中,围岩位移预测起着很重要的作用。将BP神经网络-马尔科夫链模型引入到隧道围岩位移预测中来,通过对训练样本的学习,利用BP神经网络实现了对位移时间序列的滚动预测,同时得到了实测值与预测值的相对误差;在此基础上利用马尔科夫链对相对误差进行修正,有效地提高了预测结果的精度。并将该模型应用于某公路隧道拱顶下沉位移时序预测中,结果表明该模型具有精度高、科学可靠的特点,为隧道围岩变形的预测提供了新的途径。     

Short communication. Pipelines as a refuge for freshwater snails

In the lower River Murray, Australia, populations of gastropods have declined markedly over the past 40 years. Of the native fauna of about 18 species, only the ancylid Ferrissia petterdi remains common (but in patches), and another five species feature in sporadic local resurgences. Until recently the viviparid Notopala was thought to be extinct. The introduced physid Physa acuta is widespread, but in low numbers. The decline probably is associated with flow regulation, high turbidity and the introduction of common carp. Snail populations have persisted, however, in irrigation pipelines fed from the river, where they periodically cause blockages. This paper reports the discovery of the only known populaion of Notopala hanleyi in a pipeline where the inner wall accumulates microbial and other organic matter, providing high quality food for snails. In the Murray before regulation most of the periphytic biomass was probably microbial, as fluctuating water levels would have maintained littoral communities in a highly productive, early state of succession his postulated that, by stabilizing seasonal water levels, regulation has promoted the production of filamentous green algae, an inferior food source, and so displaced snail populations from the open aquatic environment.     

浙江省水域调查录入系统的设计和应用

浙江省水域调查录入系统将调查数据与电子地图相整合,对分类水域数据进行统计计算,并对输入数据进行合理性和完整性检查,得到调查范围内现有水域的详细数据,实现了水域调查数据输入、计算、统计和查询的数字化管理,提高了工作效率和工作质量,为各地下阶段水域保护规划编制和水域管理工作提供了数据支持。对该系统的设计原则、功能和技术设计等作了介绍。     

基于CT-连续加荷水泥乳化沥青混凝土细观损伤规律研究

利用CT技术对水泥乳化沥青混凝土的细观损伤过程进行实时扫描观测,获得了混凝土试件在连续加荷下的CT图像。通过采用直观分析法、CT数分析法、CT数与损伤变量关系3种方法分析表明,水泥乳化沥青混凝土的破坏过程可分为压密、扩容、裂纹扩展、破坏4个阶段,同时混凝土在受压过程中具有韧性,在极限荷载之前各断面处于压密和微扩容的强化阶段,极限荷载之后混凝土从损伤到破坏发展比较平稳。     

浅谈天湖水电站水轮机运行故障及处理措施

简述天湖水电站投运以来各种故障的表现形式，分析其原因，提出了相应的处理方法及措施，并对合理利用国内外设备提出建议。     

Fish assemblage response to recent mitigation of a channelized warmwater stream

Various designs of low‐head dams are used to rehabilitate streams or forestall upstream channel incision after channelization. We report on the efficacy of using notched sills and grade control structures (GCS) to restore the fish assemblage in Luxapallila Creek, Mississippi. We tested the null hypotheses that habitat variables and species richness, evenness, and assemblage structure would not differ among: (1) a channelized segment with no modifications; (2) a channelized segment mitigated by the installation of sills and GCS; (3) a segment upstream of the installations and undergoing channel incision; and (4) an unaltered segment. Although habitat variables changed, neither species richness, evenness, nor fish assemblage structure differed between mitigated and channelized segments with both exhibiting less richness and different assemblage structures than the unaltered segment. Lack of differences in species richness between the incised and unaltered segments suggest that the GCS may have halted the negative effects of upstream channel incision before species were extirpated. Conspicuous habitat differences between the altered (channelized and mitigated) and unaltered segments were lack of backwaters and canopy coverage and finer substrates in the altered segments. Our results suggest a more comprehensive rehabilitation strategy is required in Luxapallila Creek. Published in 2003 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

NUMERICAL STUDY OF WAVE EFFECTS ON SURFACE WIND STRESS AND SURFACE MIXING LENGTH BY THREE-DIMENSIONAL CIRCULATION MODELING

1. INTRODUCTION Coastal and continental shelf regions are characterized by intensive interaction between wave and current. These regions are of great economic significance to mankind. Therefore, the modeling of wave and current as well as their mutual int…