贵阳市花溪城区PM2.5中重金属元素的污染特征、来源及健康风险评价

为研究贵阳市花溪城区大气PM_2.5中重金属元素的污染特征和健康风险，于2020年不同季节对花溪城区进行大气PM_2.5样品采集，并对大气PM_2.5中10种重金属元素的赋存特征、富集特征和健康风险进行了分析.结果表明：花溪城区大气PM_2.5中10种重金属在春、夏、秋、冬季的总平均浓度分别为(123.6±54.1)、(55.9±17.4)、(144.8±85.7)、(234.0±147.5) ng·m^-3，呈现冬季浓度水平最高、夏季最低的变化规律.每种重金属元素平均浓度呈现Zn>Pb>Cu>Mn>As>Cr>Cd>Ni>V>Co的特点，其中，Zn、Pb、Cu、Mn 4种元素占总重金属元素质量的95%.富集因子分析表明，Co、V、Mn和Ni主要来自地壳源，As受地壳和人为源共同作用，Zn、Cu、Cd、Pb主要受人为源影响.PMF源解析表明，贵阳市花溪城区PM_2.5中10种重金属元素主要来自燃烧源、交通源和工业源...     

西安大气PM2.5中金属元素特征及健康风险评价

为探究西安市大气PM_2.5载带金属元素污染特征及潜在健康风险,作者于2022年3月-2023年2月采集PM_2.5有效样品167份,采用电感耦合等离子体质谱仪对12种金属元素进行测定。结果表明,西安市PM_2.5年均质量浓度是《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)中二级浓度限值的2.01倍。As和Cr(Ⅵ)年均质量浓度分别是一级浓度限值的1.04和14.80倍。富集因子分析结果显示Se和Cd富集程度最高。主成分分析结果显示西安市重金属元素主要来源于燃煤源和交通源、自然源、工业源,贡献率分别为41.24%、21.49%、11.50%。Mn、Pb、As、Cr(Ⅵ)、Sb、Se、Cd、Ni和Hg 9种重金属总非致癌暴露风险值<1。As、Cr(Ⅵ)、Cd和Ni 4种重金属总致癌暴露风险值介于10^-6～10^-4之间,总体具有潜在致癌风险。成人和儿童As的致癌暴露风险值及成人Cr(Ⅵ)的致癌暴露风险值均介于10^-6～10^-4之间,具有...     

京津廊城市气团光化学污染潜势分析

选取京津廊三市交界处,于2019年和2021年的7月开展PAN (过氧乙酰硝酸酯)在线监测、空间来源解析与反应产率研究,以评估北京、天津、廊坊不同城市气团的光化学污染潜势及近年变化趋势.观测结果表明,三市交界处2021年夏季PAN浓度均值(0.89±0.21)×10^-9,较2019年同期(2.45±0.71)×10^-9下降63.8%.PAN在夏季大气寿命很短,其在该观测点浓度主要受周边城市气团光化学反应控制,其产率呈现明显双峰特征,峰值水平在2019年和2021年的7月分别为3.08×10^-9/h、1.75×10^-9/h,2021年较2019年下降43.18%,与PAN的年际变化趋势吻合.该观测点PAN的潜在源贡献函数(PSCF)高值区在2个观测月均出现在东南方向50km范围内,显示了天津市气团输送对该观测点PAN浓度的显著贡献.当该观测点受天津城市气团绝对影响时,PAN生成潜势和前体物NO₂均呈最高水平,约为受北京城市气团影响时的2.03倍和2.01倍,为受廊坊城市气团影响时的1.53和1.21倍.可见,天津城市气团具有最高的光化学污染潜势,其与北京气团的差异主要源自NO_x,而与廊坊气团的差异则来自NO_x和VOCs两类前体物.     

中小型城市大气挥发性有机物特征研究：以益阳为例

该文在2020年8月和10月对益阳市主城区大气挥发性有机物(VOCs)进行样品采集,对观测期间VOCs的浓度水平、组分特征、化学反应活性及来源解析进行分析。结果表明,观测期间益阳市TVOCs平均体积分数为28.67×10^-9,VOCs最大组分为烷烃,占比24.49%。VOCs 体积分数最大的 3 个物种为丙酮、乙烷和丙烷。TVOCs 的臭氧生成潜势(OFP)和等效丙烯浓度分别为 67.81×10^-9和6.76×10^-9,其中生成O₃的关键活性组分为烯烃和芳香烃,关键活性物种为乙烯、异戊二烯和间/对二甲苯。VOCs中二甲苯与乙苯的比值较低,表明主城区大气中VOCs气团是老化气团,同时受到其他区域远距离传输影响。正交矩阵因子分解(PMF)模型解析结果显示,主要有6个VOCs来源,依次为燃煤/生物质燃烧源(34%)、交通运输源(24%)、溶剂使用源(16%)、工业过程源(14%)、燃料挥发源(8%)和天然源(4%)。此外,基于 PMF 解析结果和每个 VOCs 物种的最大反应活性和二次气溶胶生产潜势(SO...     

天津降水季节特征及不同气团来向离子来源分析

基于天津2019年3月～2022年2月的大气降水样品,分析降水季节性变化及无机离子和有机酸来源,降水pH值均值为6.68,电导率均值为46.8μS/cm,总离子浓度均值为726μeq/L,降水离子整体呈现“冬高夏低”的季节特征,SO₄^2-和NO₃^-对总自由酸度(TFA)的贡献率为89.6%,是主要致酸离子.基于HYSPLIT模型得出降水主要受5个来向气团影响,春冬季以离子浓度较高的北部气团和西北部气团来向为主,占比60.0%～62.5%,夏秋季离子浓度较低的南部气团、东部气团和东南部气团占比较大,达到60.0%～97.8%.富集因子分析表明Ca²⁺、Mg²⁺和K⁺主要来源于土壤;Cl^-的主要来源为海洋;Na⁺的来源包括土壤;SO₄^2-和NO₃^-主要来自人为源.根据有机酸来源判定,植物生长和土壤释放等直接来...     

天津市采暖季不同气团来向PM2.5中重金属污染特征及健康风险评价

为了解天津市采暖季PM_2.5中重金属的污染特征及健康风险,使用Xact-625重金属在线分析仪于2020年11月至2021年3月对PM_2.5中的重金属元素进行连续采样,分析10种重金属元素(Pb、 Cd、 Cr、 As、 Zn、 Mn、 Co、 Ni、 Cu和V)的污染特征,利用HYSPLIT模型分析重金属元素的时空分布特征,并结合美国EPA健康风险评价模型对重金属健康风险展开研究.结果表明,采样期间天津市10种重金属元素的总浓度平均值为(261.56±241.74)ng·m^-3,Cr[折算Cr(Ⅵ)]和As元素高于《环境空气质量标准》(GB 3095-2012)的年平均限值.后向轨迹分析表明,天津市主要受到来自西北部中距离气团(1号)、西北部长距离气团(2号)、西南部气团(3号)和东北部气团(4号)的影响.不同气团来向重金属元素呈现不同的污染特征和健康风险,3号气团PM_2.5浓度、10种重金属元素总浓度和5种重金属元素经呼吸途径暴露的终身致癌风险值之和均最高,2号气团10种重金属元素经呼吸途径暴露...     

川南城市群冬季大气细颗粒物中金属元素特征及其来源解析

为探究川南城市群（自贡、泸州、内江和宜宾）冬季大气重污染过程中PM_2.5 中金属元素的浓度特征和来源,在2018年12月30日至2019年1月14日,使用膜采样方法对PM_2.5 中的金属元素进行测定,并运用富集因子法（EF）和正定矩阵因子分解法（PMF）对金属元素来源进行解析.同时采用自贡市在2015年同期金属元素观测数据,探究自贡市在“大气十条”实施中期与实施结束后的金属元素污染与富集程度变化情况.结果表明:①不同城市细颗粒物中各金属元素浓度与占比差异不大,4个城市中浓度与占比较高的元素呈现相似性,Al、Sb和Fe元素占比位于前列.从自贡市不同观测期对比来看,除Tl外各元素浓度均有变化.②富集因子计算结果表明,城市群中Cr（自贡与宜宾）、Ni、Cu、As、Se、Ag、Cd、Sb、Tl和Pb元素的富集程度较高.自贡市不同观测期的元素富集程度对比显示,除Cu元素外,2018年冬季观测期各元素富集程度均有减小趋势.③PMF源解析结果表明,各城市中金属元素主要来源为扬尘源、燃煤源、工业源与交通源,同时各污染源之间存在混合贡献.各城市主要污染源贡献不同,自贡以交通扬尘源与混合源为主;泸州以工业源为主;内江市各污染源贡献占比相近;而宜宾市则以交通源为主导.     

郑州市金水区冬季大气PM2.5污染特征及来源解析

为探究郑州市金水区冬季PM_2.5污染特征及来源贡献,采用离线采样法对金水区大气中银行学校和郑纺机两站点的PM_2.5进行了采集,通过颗粒物分析仪解析PM_2.5的组分构成,并重点采用正交矩阵因子(PMF)模型和多尺度空气质量(CMAQ)模型分析评估了PM_2.5的来源及输送贡献。结果表明,银行学校和郑纺机站点中水溶性离子(WSIIs)浓度分别占PM_2.5浓度的46.4%和44.8%,金属元素组分浓度分别占17.2%和14.3%。富集因子(EF)及比值分析显示,两站点需重点关注燃煤源和机动车源的影响。PMF源解析显示,金水区两站点中对PM_2.5的浓度贡献污染源主要是机动车源、扬尘源及燃煤源。CMAQ模型模拟结果显示,金水区两站点中PM_2.5的主要来自金水区自身的排放,贡献占比高达43%以上,其次为金水区的北部、西部和南部区域。研究显示,在加强本地PM_2.5污染管控的同时,需要考虑北部、西部及南部区域以及郑州市周边地区的区...     

郑州市典型污染过程PM1中重金属浓度、来源及健康风险评估

颗粒物中重金属元素可对人体健康造成不利影响,粒径越小危害越大.利用在线重金属观测仪于2021年1月7～25日在郑州市连续测定PM₁中Al、 Si、 K、 Ca、 V、 Cr、 Mn、 Fe、 Ni、 Cu、 Zn、 As、 Se、 Ba、 Pb和Cd共16种重金属元素.结果表明,观测期间ρ（K）的浓度最高(0.62μg·m^-3).根据污染物浓度和气象特征,将观测期间划分为清洁日、沙尘日和霾日.大气PM₁中重金属污染特征和健康风险评价在不同污染过程下的贡献不同.利用美国EPA健康风险评价法评估重金属的健康风险,采用富集因子法和正定矩阵因子模型（PMF）解析重金属来源,并利用浓度权重轨迹分析法（CWT）和后向轨迹法对传输的影响进行评估.结果表明在不同污染过程下Zn、 As、 Se、 Pb和Cd的富集因子超过100,均受人类活动影响较大.在观测期间重金属主要来源为工业源、燃煤/生物质源、机动车源和扬尘源.将健康风险结果代入PMF分析发现,在清洁日、沙尘日和霾日期间工业源是致癌与非致癌健康风险的主要贡献源,且本地区PM_...     

天津不同气团来向PM2.5中组分和污染源贡献的季节变化

利用基于新型多点位三维受体模型和后轨迹所构建的来向解析技术（SDA）,探讨了天津市内陆和近海点位的不同季节不同来向气团载带的颗粒物浓度、组分和源分担率特征,并定量计算了不同来向污染源对受体点位的贡献大小.整体上,渤海来向的气团相对清洁（97.1μg/m³）,气团占比较大（23.7%）;内蒙-河北-北京-天津来向气团载带的PM_2.5浓度高（197μg/m³）,但气团占比小（内陆点位春冬季分别为12.5%,11.9%,近海点位春冬季分别为8.6%,10.7%）,对PM_2.5的综合影响较小.近海点位春夏秋冬季对PM_2.5分担率最大的污染源分别为：SSW来向地壳源（12.8%）、SE来向硫酸盐+SOC（二次有机碳）（9.8%）、WSW来向燃煤源（10.3%）、WNW来向硫酸盐+SOC（12.1%）.内陆点位分别为SSW来向地壳源（14.5%）、S来向硫酸盐+SOC（13.5%）、SSW来向机动车源（8.9%）、WNW来向硫酸盐+SOC（9.5%）.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

ＲｅｍｏｖａｌｏｆｈｅａｖｙｍｅｔａｌｓｆｒｏｍｓｅｗａｇｅｓｌｕｄｇｅｂｙｌｏｗｃｏｓｔｉｎｇｃｈｅｍｉｃａｌｍｅｔｈｏｄａｎｄｒｅｃｙｃｌｉｎｇｉｎａｇｒｉｃｕｌｔｕｒｅＷｕＱｉｔａｎｇ，ＮｙｉｒａｎｄｅｇｅＰａｓｃａｓｉｅ，ＭｏＣｅｈｕｉＦ...     

Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.