氮添加与凋落物处理对橡胶林砖红壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响

研究氮添加与凋落物处理对土壤有机碳组分及酶活性的影响对调控人工林生态系统恢复具有重要意义.于海南岛西部橡胶林地开展野外微区模拟试验,采用二因素完全随机设计,设置4个氮水平[不施氮(CK,0 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,以N计,下同),低氮(LN,50 kg·hm^-2·a^-1),中氮(MN,100 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)和高氮(HN,200 kg·hm^-2·a^-1)]以及2种凋落物处理[凋落物去除(LR),凋落物保留(L)],分析0～10 cm和10～20cm土层的土壤理化性质、总有机碳(SOC)及其组分、酶活性等指标.结果表明,土壤pH随N添加量增加以及凋落物的去除呈显著降低的趋势(P <0.05).土壤NO₃^--N和NH₄⁺-N含量随N添加的增加显著增加,N添加和凋落物处理对NO₃^-     

酸沉降对缙云山湖水化学的影响

为了解我国典型酸雨区酸沉降时间变化特征以及对水化学特征的影响,利用2001—2020年东亚酸沉降监测网(EANET)的湿沉降与湖泊监测数据,使用MK检验分析缙云山酸沉降和湖水化学长期变化特征,使用Spearman相关系数明确酸沉降对湖水化学特征的影响。结果表明：2001—2020年,缙云山酸雨问题已得到改善,但降水p H值在3.94—5.15,平均值为4.41,酸雨问题依然严峻。硫和溶解无机氮(dissolved inorganic nitrogen,DIN)沉降通量分别为32.85 kg·hm^-2·a^-1和22.55 kg·hm^-2·a^-1,酸雨类型已由“硫酸型”转变为“硫酸-硝酸混合型”。湖水pH值的范围在5.25—7.50,平均值为5.86,酸化频率为30%。湖水pH值与降水pH值之间的相关性(r=0.56,P<0.01)表明酸沉降对湖水酸化有一定作用。因此,对于酸化水体的治理须考虑大气沉降因素,只有协同治理大气污染才能根治水生生态系统的退化现象。     

河南省北部农区大气氮和硫沉降特征

人为活动导致大气氮和硫沉降的增加及其随后产生的诸多不良生态效应。定量农田大气氮和硫沉降输入可以为农田氮硫的养分管理提供参考依据。近年来,国家大气清洁行动对大气活性氮和硫的排放产生了较大影响,然而关于华北农区氮和硫的综合沉降研究并不多见。该研究在河南省北部农区采集大气NH₃、NO₂和SO₂浓度,研究大气PM_2.5中PNO₃^-、PNH₄⁺和PSO₄^2-浓度的季节变异,定量大气氮和硫干沉降量。采集大气降雨获得大气氮和硫湿沉降量。结果表明：2020年试验点大气NH₃、NO₂和SO₂月平均浓度分别为13.9μg/m³(以N计,下同)、10.38μg/m³和4.1μg/m³(以S计,下同)。大气PM_2.5浓度61.3～110.8μ...     

覆膜和有机无机配施对夏玉米农田温室气体排放及水氮利用的影响

为探究地膜覆盖和有机无机肥等氮施用对夏玉米农田土壤温室气体(N₂O、 CO₂和CH₄)排放、作物产量和水氮利用的影响,在关中地区设计了以地膜覆盖(M)和传统不覆膜为主因素,施肥为副因素的试验,副因素以不施肥(CK)为对照,设置等氮条件下有机肥替代化肥0%(T0,有机肥0.00 kg·hm^-2,化肥225.00 kg·hm^-2)、 25%(T25,有机肥56.25 kg·hm^-2,化肥168.75 kg·hm^-2)、 50%(T50,有机肥112.50 kg·hm^-2,化肥112.50 kg·hm^-2)、 75%(T75,有机肥168.75 kg·hm^-2,化肥56.25 kg·hm^-2)和100%(T100,有机肥225.00 kg·hm^-2,化肥0.00 kg·hm^-2)这5个梯度,共计12个处理.结果...     

三峡库区大气活性氮组成及干沉降通量

为了解三峡库区腹地大气中活性氮的组成及干沉降通量,于2015年每个季节选取代表性月份在万州城区采集了气体和颗粒物样品.利用离子色谱法测定氮素浓度,同时结合大叶阻力模型模拟计算的干沉降速率值,估算了不同形态氮素的干沉降通量.结果表明,HNO₃的干沉降速率值最大,年均值为0.39cm/s,约为其它氮素的3~8倍.NO₂和NH₃是大气活性氮的主要赋存形态,年均浓度值分别为（11.7±3.9）和（11.0±5.3）μg N/m³,两者之和约占总无机氮浓度的80%.万州城区总无机氮干沉降总量为8.5kg N/（hm²·a）,其中氧化态氮（NO₂、HNO₃、颗粒态NO₃^-）和还原态氮（NH₃、颗粒态NH₄⁺）干沉降通量分别为3.5,5.0kg N/（hm²·a）,占干沉降总量的41.4%和58.6%.因此,为有效控制三峡库区腹地的氮素污染,应重点关注NH₃的减排.     

林地大气氮沉降的观测研究

2004年11月～2005年10月,以小叶栎林地为研究对象,研究了大气沉降氮通量及其3种物理形态(气态、颗粒态、雨水)4种氮化物(NH₃,NH₄⁺-N,NO₃^--N,NO₂)的相对贡献.结果表明,大气氮沉降总量为82.8kg/(hm²·a),其中干沉降占67%;NH3-N是氮沉降的主要贡献者,占干沉降的82%,占总氮沉降量的56%;还原态的氮化物(NH₃,NH₄⁺-N)占总氮沉降量65%.     

戴云山国家级自然保护区大气氮沉降特点

利用干湿沉降采集器,持续观测戴云山国家级自然保护区内大气氮素干、湿沉降,调查当地大气氮沉降的种类和沉降通量.结果表明,2015-03-27~2015-10-09观测期间,戴云山自然保护区大气氮干、湿沉降量分别为2.30 kg·hm~(-2)和14.79kg·hm~(-2),以湿沉降形式为主(87%).干沉降中可溶性有机氮的沉降量为1.21 kg·hm~(-2),占干沉降通量的53%;无机氮以硝态氮为主(0.71 kg·hm~(-2)),铵态氮相对较低(0.37 kg·hm~(-2)).湿沉降中无机氮和可溶性有机氮沉降量分别为9.41 kg·hm~(-2)和5.38 kg·hm~(-2),其中无机氮以铵态氮为主(6.07 kg·hm~(-2)).大气氮湿沉降量和当地降雨量显著正相关,降雨量越大,对应的湿沉降氮量也越大.戴云山国家级自然保护区大气氮素沉降量较高,可能会对当地生态环境产生较大的影响.     

黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区大气氮沉降特征

为了监测黑龙江凉水国家级自然保护区的大气氮沉降水平,在2015年生长季用干湿沉降采集器连续观测了大气氮湿沉降和颗粒物干沉降量,并在非生长季用自制观测桶观测了大气混合氮沉降量.结果表明:(1)该区2015~2016年度大气氮沉降总通量(生长季湿沉降+颗粒物干沉降以及非生长季混合沉降)为12.93 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),其中无机氮沉降总通量为8.27kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),NH_4~+/NO_3~-为1.3;有机氮沉降总通量为4.66 kg·(hm~2·a)~(-1),占全氮比例为36.0%.(2)生长季(湿沉降+颗粒物干沉降)和非生长季(混合沉降)氮沉降总量分别为11.42 kg·hm~(-2)和1.51 kg·hm~(-2),分别占全年氮沉降总通量的88.3%和11.7%.(3)生长季氮湿沉降总量为9.28 kg·hm~(-2),占生长季氮干湿沉降总量的81.3%,且与降水量显著正相关(R2=0.87,P0.001);生长季颗粒物干沉降总量为2.14 kg·hm~(-2),占生长季干湿沉降总量的18.7%.该区氮湿沉降量受降水量影响明显,且在全国属于中等水平,存在一定的环境风险,当地在生活生产过程中应注意环境保护与水质监测.     

施肥和秸秆覆盖对成都平原区农田氮和磷流失的影响

近年来由于氮、磷肥料过量施用造成了严重的污染问题和富营养化现象,而且这种污染问题在稻田区域更加明显.因此,采用田间小区试验方法,通过对2018年和2019年田间实地监测,在自然降雨条件下,对成都平原区不同施肥量以及秸秆覆盖对湿沉降和地表径流氮和磷的影响进行研究.结果表明,湿沉降氮养分主要以铵态氮存在,磷养分主要以可溶性总磷存在,氮和磷沉降主要发生在6～8月这3个月.地表径流量与降雨量呈正比,而地表径流氮养分浓度与降雨量呈反比.在2018年和2019年,增氮处理TR3总氮流失量分别为4.75 kg·hm^-2和2.68 kg·hm^-2,比常规处理TR1流失量增加26.73%和43.32%,是流失量最高的处理;减氮处理TR4总氮流失量分别为2.91 kg·hm^-2和1.37 kg·hm^-2,比常规处理TR1流失量降低了36.33%和26.74%,是流失量最小的处理.优化施肥处理TR2和减氮处理TR4能够有效降低地表径流磷素的流失,集中高强度降雨会降低地表径流总磷中颗粒态磷的含量.氮养分的流失主要集中于7～...     

用离子交换树脂柱法观测长春市大气氮沉降

为了解城市环境中大气氮沉降的特点,于2008年9月—2009年9月,使用离子交换树脂柱法对长春市大气氮沉降进行了观测. 结果表明:观测期间,长春市大气硝态氮沉降量月均值为5.33 mg/m2>/sup>,亚硝态氮沉降量月均值为1.67 mg/m2>/sup>. 大气硝态氮和亚硝态氮沉降量有明显的局部分异特点,沉降量大的地点主要分布在交通干线和热电厂周边地区,显示了大气硝态氮的点源和线源特征. 大气氨氮沉降量月均值为3.10 mg/m2>/sup>; 各观测点间大气氨氮沉降量变化明显小于硝态氮和亚硝态氮,显示了大气氨氮的面源特征.      

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.     

Alterations of organ histopathology and metallolhionein mRNA expression in silver barb, Puntius gonionotus during subchronic cadmium exposure

Common silver barb,Puntius gonionotus,exposed to the nominal concentration of 0.06 mg/L Cd for 60 d,were assessed for histopathological alterations(gills,liver and kidney),metal accumulation,and metallothionein(MT)mRNA expression.Fish exhibited pathological symptoms such as hypertrophy and hyperplasia of primary and secondary gill lamellae,vacuolization in hepatocytes,and prominent tubular and glomerular damage in the kidney.In addition,kidney accumulated the highest content of cadmium,more than gills and liver.Expression of MT mRNA was increased in both liver and kidney of treated fish.Hepatic MT levels remained high after fish were removed to Cd-free water.In contrast,MT expression in kidney was peaked after 28 d of treatment and drastically dropped when fish were removed to Cd-free water.The high concentrations of Cd in hepatic tissues indicated an accumulation site or permanent damage on this tissue.     

Seed selections for crystallization of calcium phosphate for phosphorus recovery

Seed induces and promotes the crystallization of calcium phosphate, and acts as carrier of the recovered phosphorus （P）. In order to select suitable seed for P recovery from wastewater, three seeds including Apatite （AP）, Juraperle （JP） and phosphate-modified Juraperle （M-JP） were tested and compared. Batch and fixed-bed column experiments of seeded crystallization of calcium phosphate were undertaken by using synthetic wastewater with 10 mg/L P phosphate. It shows that AP has bad enduring property in the crystallization process, while JP has better performance for multiple uses, and M-JP is a hopeful seed for P recovery by crystallization of calcium phosphate.