基于基因表达式编程的频繁函数集挖掘

函数挖掘旨在从观测数据中发现有效的函数关系,传统的函数挖掘以发现单个函数为挖掘目标,难以处理复杂数据集．为解决上述问题,作者做了如下工作：（1）提出了描述能力更强的频繁函数集FFS概念;（2）提出并实现了基于基因表达式编程的频繁函数集挖掘算法FFSM（3）在GEP中采用了精度阈值队列策略PTQ,有效地提高了FFSM的成功率;（4）用实验证实了FFS更强的描述能力和PTQ的有效性,其中,在挖掘高精度复杂函数时PTQ使FFSM的成功率提高了55倍．     

基于动态种群的GEP函数挖掘算法研究

对样本数据进行函数挖掘是GEP研究的一个重要内容.传统的GEP算法往往容易陷入局部最优,为了解决这个问题,本文在动态种群生成策略的基础上,提出了基于动态种群的GEP函数挖掘算法(FMGEP-DP).实验表明,无论是在噪声数据不大的情况下,还是对于函数类型未知且复杂的数据,与传统的GEP和GP相比,FMGEP-DP的收敛速度要快,函数挖掘成功率要高.     

基于网格服务的GEP分布式函数挖掘算法

提出了一种基于网格服务的GEP分布式函数挖掘算法(DFMGEP-GS),它将网格服务与GEP算法相结合,既成功地实现了在网格平台下的GEP函数挖掘,又提高了每个网格节点上GEP算法的全局寻优性;同时证明了在网格环境下由局部数据模型生成全局数据模型的方法.仿真实验结果表明,对于函数类型已知的数据,随着数据集的增大,在成功挖掘到目标函数的情况下,DFMGEP-GS算法的平均耗时最少,而且随着网格节点的增加,DFMGEP-GS的收敛速度最大提高了约17倍;对于函数类型未知的复杂数据集,DFMGEP-GS算法挖掘所得到的模型的误差最小.     

基于GEP的多因子曲线拟合

本文融合了基于数据点拟合的公式发现和因式分解技术,提出并实现了基于基因表达式编程(Gene Expression Programming ,GEP)的多因子曲线拟合MFF（Multiple Factor Fitting）。利用MFF算法能够直接由客观数据挖掘出多个多项式乘积形式的函数关系公式以拟合原始数据集所表示的曲线。MFF中采用了有特色的概率相关系数对GEP中的适应度函数进行优化,使得精度提高了27%。同时采用阈值递减序列TDQ（Threshold Degression Queue）使得GEP成功率比传统技术提高了最大58倍。     

基于基因表达式编程的知识发现--沿革、成果和发展方向

综述了基于基因表达式编程(Gene Expression Programming，GEP)的知识发现技术的沿革、特色和成果。剖析了GEP中通过简单编码解决复杂问题的关键技术。特别介绍了在这一领域的工作成果，如基于GEP的多项式因式分解，频繁函数挖掘，抗噪声数据的函数挖掘，太阳黑子预测等。对进一步开展基于GEP的知识发现技术的发展策略提出了自己的见解。     

一个保护隐私信息挖掘算法的错误率分析

对文献[1]中影响保护隐私挖掘算法准确率的变换概率进行分析，并给出变换概率与挖掘算法准确性之间的关系式。计算表明，从10000个事务的数据集中，选取样本的数据量超过数据集10％所产生的关系式，其相对误差，即用该关系式算出变换概率代人基于随机响应技术的挖掘算法产生的误差与希望达到的误差相比，不超过6％；并通过计笋表明关系式的相对误差，随数据集规模的增加而减少。因此，该挖掘算法能适用于实际问题的需要。     

新型ε-不敏感损失函数支持向量诱导回归算法及售后服务数据模型预测系统

对含有噪声的数据序列根据预测置信度进行去噪处理,将训练集和测试集及预测数据共同作为训练向量集,以此建立新型支持向量诱导回归算法。本文利用该算法对实时售后服务的“千车故障数”进行了时间序列分析,并建立了新型的ε-不敏感损失函数小样本模型预测系统。预测显示误差小于5．3％的值占了总体的98．1％,其预测置信度达到0．983,与二次和Huber损失函数相比其MAPE值只有2．3％。用计算机模拟仿真单批次预测显,当时间参量t→＋∞,“千车故障数”将收敛于定值74．0601,这和实际相当吻合,表明所建预测模型的有效性。文章最后还和传统神经网络模型作了比较,说明新型SVM机比神经网络处理小样本能力更强。     

四维飞行轨迹预测方法的研究

通过对空中交通运输管理中目前常用的轨迹预测算法的研究比较和分析,提出了利用遗传算法的从历史数据中进行函数挖掘的思想.针对四维轨迹数据特征的分析和传统的单一函数挖掘的局限性,提出了基于基因表达式编程的频繁函数集挖掘的建模方法.该模型方法通过对历史飞行数据进行遗传算法的操作挖掘出数据集中对应的函数关系集合,用较好的函数模型预测未来航迹.以某一航班雷达数据为训练集做实验,结果表明了应用该方法的准确性和可用性.     

DC-GEP:基因表达式编程早熟预警——多样性贡献策略

基因表达式编程(gene expression programming,GEP)是函数发现的有力工具,但传统的GEP存在早熟缺陷,为了解决这一问题,已有的研究方法均是在早熟发生后采取补救的措施,导致效率的降低。采用了预警思路来防止GEP早熟现象的发生。主要工作如下:(1)通过对种群个体多样性的评价,提出基于多样性贡献的最优个体选择机制,设计了基于融合适应度和多样性贡献的GEP进化算法diversity contribution-GEP(DC-GEP);(2)提出了一种进化辈数自动确定的方法,实现了自适应的DC-GEP进化算法;(3)实验表明,DC-GEP对于复杂函数挖掘的算法性能比标准GEP在进化效率上平均提高了70%。     

基于基因表达式编程挖掘函数关系

在许多科学研究中，人们希望揭示隐藏在现象背后的规律，并用函数关系来表示．分析了函数关系表达式挖掘技术的特点点，提出了一种基于基因表达式编程的函数关系发现方法．MEM 方法能处理具有一致表达式的关系和具有不同分城表达式的复杂函数关系．论文对该方法的复杂度和性能做了评价，论证了 MEM 方法具有对数微量级的复杂度．实验结果显示，基于GEP的函数关系发现方法在采用较高变异概率时有很好的性能，对于不同的目标函数，挖掘成功率可以达到20％～80％，且运行时间较短，成功挖掘平均耗时在10秒以内．     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).