Large de novo renal cell carcinoma in a 10-year-old transplanted kidney: successful organ-preserving therapy

BACKGROUND: A recent review of the Cincinnati Transplant Tumor Registry recorded 24 de novo renal cell carcinomas developing in renal allografts. However, late development of these tumors after transplantation is very rare. Only four reports exist regarding conservative surgery on kidney transplant tumors. METHODS: This is a report on a case of a large 6-cm de novo renal cell carcinoma in a 10-year-old transplanted kidney. Optimal therapy by transplant nephrectomy or tumor enucleation was discussed. RESULTS: Partial resections or enucleations of renal cell carcinoma are still less than ideal in carcinomas larger than 3 cm considering the higher risk of local recurrence. But the recipient in this case had done so well and had had such a high quality of life after transplantation that partial nephrectomy as therapy of choice was selected. Now the patient is 2 years tumor free. CONCLUSION: The case report demonstrates that in certain select cases of large tumors, organ-preserving surgery could be an alternative approach in combining complete tumor removal with preservation of graft function.     

Nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumor: a choice of treatment in an allograft kidney

The incidence of de novo malignancies is an accepted complication of organ transplantation. Renal cell carcinoma (RCC) was 4.6% of cancers occurring de novo in organ allograft recipients compared with 3% in the general population. Less than 10% of these renal cancers affected the renal allograft. Among patients developing a renal tumor in the kidney allograft, transplant nephrectomy reduced the quality of life. For these patients for whom preservation of renal function is a relevant clinical consideration, partial nephrectomy may be considered the choice for treatment. Fifteen cases have been reported regarding conservative surgery on kidney transplant tumors. Herein we have reported three cases of renal masses in well-functioning kidney transplants that were successfully treated with nephon-sparing surgery. Our experience demonstrated that in selected patients, nephron-sparing surgery on a renal allograft represents a feasible approach for tumor removal with preservation of graft function.     

Nephron sparing surgery for central renal tumors: experience with 33 cases

PURPOSE: Nephron sparing surgery is standard treatment for small, peripherally located renal cell carcinoma. In patients with a solitary kidney, bilateral tumors or impaired renal function nephron sparing surgery provides the only option to nephrectomy and subsequent hemodialysis or transplantation. We retrospectively investigated the value of nephron sparing surgery for centrally located renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1969 and 1997, 311 renal tumor enucleations were performed at our institution. The tumor was centrally located in 33 cases. The indication for enucleation was elective in 7 cases and imperative in 26, including bilateral tumor in 16 (metachronous in 9 and synchronous in 7), chronic renal failure in 4 and solitary kidney in 6. Four patients had metastasis at enucleation. RESULTS: Convalescence was unremarkable in 28 cases. Hemorrhage occurred in 1 patient, a urinary fistula in 2 and a local abscess secondary to a urinary fistula in 1. One patient died postoperatively of heart failure. Average serum creatinine was 1.25, 1.63 and 1.33 mg./dl. preoperatively, at hospital discharge and at a mean followup of 33 months, respectively. Hemodialysis was necessary transiently during convalescence in 1 patient and permanently starting 6 years after enucleation in another. Definitive histology revealed oncocytoma in 4 cases and renal cell carcinoma in 29. Disease was stages pT1 to pT3 in 9, 18 and 2 cases, and grades 1 to 3 in 6, 18 and 5, respectively. Local recurrence developed in 2 patients. Mean followup was 5.2 years (range 0.3 to 16.7). At a mean followup of 6.2 years (range 0.7 to 16.7) 20 patients were free of disease. In addition to the patient who died postoperatively, 9 died of renal cell carcinoma at a mean of 1.6 years (range 0.3 to 5.3) and 3 died of other causes at 5, 11 and 12 years postoperatively, respectively. No patient who underwent elective enucleation died. CONCLUSIONS: Nephron sparing surgery for centrally located kidney tumors is technically feasible and associated with an acceptable complication rate. Local tumor control is excellent, and the overall prognosis depends on contralateral disease and metastasis. Benign tumors may be diagnosed and removed without loss of the kidney. By avoiding hemodialysis quality of life is improved.     

肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾细胞癌、肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤

目的探讨肾肿瘤剜除术治疗肾细胞癌及肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤的疗效。方法回顾分析15例在我院进行肾肿瘤剜除术的肾细胞癌及肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤患者的临床及病理资料。结果全部肾肿瘤均成功剜除，平均热缺血时间为15min，术中肿瘤剜除面平均出血25ml，术后无继发出血，无急性肾小管坏死、慢性肾功能不全及尿瘘等并发症发生。术后平均随访时间为2．5年，均未见肿瘤复发或转移。依据2003AJCC肾癌分期方法，所有肾癌患者均为Tla期，组织学形态为透明细胞癌。病理分级按Fuhrman标准为G1。结论肾肿瘤剜除术对有假性包膜的Tla肾细胞癌和肾血管平滑肌脂肪瘤是有效和安全的，术后并发症少，可以最大程度地保留肾脏功能。     

A Case of Renal Cell Carcinoma Associated with Synchronous Contralateral

We report a case of renal cell Carcinoma associated with synchronous contralateral renal pelvic cancer and bladder tumor. The patient underwent total nephroureterectomy for the left renal pelvic cancer with transurethral resection of the bladder tumor. After 2 courses of combination chemotherapy, we performed surgical enucleation of the right renal cell carcinoma. Although transurethral resection of the recurrent bladder tumors was undergone 17 months after the last operation, the patient retains normal renal function.     

Renal cell carcinoma in the solitary kidney: an analysis of complications and outcome after nephron sparing surgery

PURPOSE: We evaluated surgical techniques, pathological features and extended outcomes in patients with renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney treated with surgical excision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Between 1970 and 1998, 76 patients underwent nephron sparing surgery for sporadic renal cell carcinoma in a solitary kidney, including 63 with tissue specimens available for pathological review who comprised the cohort. Six (9.5%) patients had a congenitally absent kidney and 57 (90.5%) had previously undergone contralateral nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. The clinical and pathological features examined were patient age at nephron sparing surgery, sex, type of nephron sparing surgery (enucleation, partial nephrectomy or ex vivo resection), tumor size, nuclear grade, histological subtype and 1997 tumor stage. Overall cancer specific, local recurrence-free and metastasis-free survival as well as early (within 30 days of nephron sparing surgery) and late (30 days to 1 year after nephron sparing surgery) complications were assessed. Univariate and multivariate analyses were done to test for the associations of clinical and pathological features with outcome. RESULTS: Most patients were treated with enucleation (36.5%), standard partial nephrectomy (38.1%) or the 2 procedures (11.1%) and in 8 (12.7%) ex vivo tumor resection was done. The renal cell carcinoma histological subtypes were clear cell in 82.5% of cases, papillary in 15.9% and chromophobe in 1.6%. Grade was 1 to 3 in 10 (15.9%), 42 (66.7%) and 10 (15.9%) tumors, respectively. At 5 and 10 years the overall survival rate was 74.7% and 45.8%, the cancer specific survival rate was 80.7% and 63.7%, the local recurrence-free survival rate was 89.2% and 80.3%, and the metastasis-free survival rate was 69% and 50.4%, respectively. Tumor stage and nuclear grade were significantly associated with death from any cause, death from renal cell carcinoma and distant metastases on multivariate analysis. Notably no patient with papillary or chromophobe renal cell carcinoma died of renal cell carcinoma, or had recurrence or metastasis. The type of nephron sparing surgery was not significantly associated with outcome, although there were too few patients with recurrence to assess the association of the type of nephron sparing surgery with local recurrence. The most common early complication was acute renal failure in 12.7% of cases, while the most common late complications were proteinuria in 15.9% and renal insufficiency in 12.7%. CONCLUSIONS: The 1997 tumor stage and nuclear grade were significant predictors of death from any cause, death from renal cell carcinoma and distant metastases in patients treated with nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma involving a solitary kidney. Nephron sparing surgery in a solitary kidney can be performed safely and with minimal morbidity.     

Enucleation of renal tumor using microwave tissue coagulator: a case report

A 69-year-old man was referred to our department for a cystic tumor, 4.0 cm in diameter, in the lower portion of the right kidney, which was detected by computed tomography. The patient had been admitted to the department of surgery in our hospital for treatment of ileus caused by transverse colon cancer. With a diagnosis of cystic renal cell carcinoma. T2N0M0, in situ non-ischemic tumor enucleation was performed using a microwave tissue coagulator (Microtaze, Heiwa Electronics Industry Inc., Tokyo). The enucleation was accompanied by a defect of the renal pelvis, but it was easily repaired. The operation time was 120 minutes and blood loss was 110 cc. The histological diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma, pT2N0M0V1, expansive, alveolar type, clear cell subtype, G1 > G2. Diagnostic imaging done postoperatively showed no sign of damage to renal function. At the present time, the patient has been disease-free with interferon-alpha for 12 months and is being followed on an outpatient basis. In this report, the advantages of nephron-sparing surgery, especially in situ non-ischemic tumor enucleation using a microwave tissue coagulator for renal tumor are discussed. In particular, the technique of performing tumor enucleation with repair of the defect of renal pelvis used in this case may extend the indication of nephron-sparing surgery.     

Noninvasive therapy of incidental de novo renal cell carcinoma in a kidney allograft 12 years after transplantation: report of a case and review of literature

BACKGROUND: Immunosuppressive therapy increases the incidence of posttransplantation cancer. Primary renal cell carcinoma (RCC) represents 4.6% of all cancers in transplant recipients. The treatment options for RCC in a renal allograft include radical nephrectomy or nephron-sparing surgery. We report the case of a patient who underwent percutaneous radiofrequency ablation (RFA) of a RCC in the grafted kidney. PATIENT AND METHODS: Twelve years after undergoing heterotopic, allogenic kidney transplantation, a de novo lesion was diagnosed in the upper pole of the kidney graft in a 77-year-old patient during routine duplex ultrasonography. The magnetic resonance image showed a spherical lesion of 17 mm in diameter, which undoubtedly showed radiological signs of a RCC. After adequately informing the patient about alternative treatment strategies and the associated risks, we made an interdisciplinary decision for a percutaneous RFA of the lesion. RESULTS: After the intervention, graft function remained unchanged and is still good at 6 months with no signs of local recurrence on follow-up MRI. A small coagulation defect at the site of the former lesion was the only morphological change. There was also no evidence of distant tumor spread. CONCLUSION: Percutaneous RFA seems an acceptable, allograft-preserving treatment option associated with low morbidity and mortality for RCC in a renal allograft considering the significant risks associated with open partial nephrectomy in a kidney graft.     

肾移植术后新发宫颈癌1例报道并文献复习

目的探讨肾移植术后新发宫颈癌的诊治和筛查方法。方法 2009年11月3日,中山大学附属第一医院妇产科收治1例55岁肾移植术后4年的新发宫颈鳞癌患者,外院宫颈环形电刀锥切术病理结果示"宫颈中、低分化鳞状细胞浸润癌",B型超声(B超)示宫颈大小22mm×26mm×34mm,宫颈后壁肌层内见12mm×7mm大小的低回声区。诊断为肾移植术后新发宫颈鳞状细胞癌(国际妇产科联盟临床分期Ⅱa期)。予腹腔镜下行广泛子宫切除+盆腔淋巴结清扫术,术后补充拓扑替康单药化学药物治疗(化疗)4个疗程,第1个疗程0.75mg/m2静脉滴注,每日1次,连用4d,间隔21d,共行4个疗程,并于第2～4个疗程调整拓扑替康剂量为1.25mg/m2。术后调整免疫抑制治疗方案,停用泼尼松,环孢素改用原剂量的1/4,继续应用麦考酚吗乙酯,并嘱定期规则随访。结果患者手术顺利,对单药拓扑替康辅助化疗耐受良好,除出现Ⅲ度骨髓抑制外,未发生排斥反应及其它并发症。出院后定期随访,随访至投稿日患者已健康存活32个月,复查肾功能正常、鳞状细胞癌抗原(squamous cell carcinoma antigen,SCCA)正常,生殖道高危型人乳头瘤病毒(-),阴道细胞学涂片正常,未见肿瘤复发表现。结论肾移植术后新发宫颈癌的早期治疗以根治性手术为主,肾移植术后接受规范筛查有助于早期发现宫颈癌。     

Fluorescence In Situ Hybridization for the Origin of De Novo Renal Cell Carcinoma in a Kidney Allograft: A Case Report

BackgroundWe present a rare case of de novo renal cell carcinoma that developed in an allograft kidney 14 years after transplantation.Case reportA 39-year-old man underwent living donor kidney transplantation from his mother. After 14 years, routine screening ultrasonography revealed a solid mass of 30-mm diameter in the kidney allograft. Partial nephrectomy was performed by clamping the renal artery under in situ cooling. Tissue histology revealed clear cell carcinoma with negative surgical margins. We explored the tumor's genetic origin using fluorescence in situ hybridization to analyze the X and Y chromosomes of the tumor cells. Postoperative hemodialysis was avoided, and the patient's serum creatinine level remained stable.ConclusionsFluorescence in situ hybridization clearly indicated that the tumor originated from the donor and that the tumor vasculature originated from the recipient. The patient recovered well and remains without any tumor recurrence.     

Prediction of residual total renal function before nephron-sparing surgery using99mTc-DMSA renal scintigraphy

Background Although radical nephrectomy is the standard treatment for renal cell carcinoma, nephron-sparing surgery is the preferred treatment in patients with a single functioning kidney. It is important before surgery to evaluate the level of residual renal function likely after the operation. In this study, we investigated the prediction of residual renal function, using technetium Tc 99m dimercaptosuccinic acid (^99mTc-DMSA) renal scintigraphy, before nephron-sparing surgery for renal tumors. Methods Preoperative and postoperative evaluation of renal function was done in 11 patients with renal cell carcinoma or renal angiomyolipoma, using^99mTc-DMSA scintigraphy. Nine patients had renal cell carcinoma and 2 had renal angiomyolipoma. Partial nephrectomy was performed in 4 patients and surgical enucleation in 7 patients. Both the predicted total DMSA renal uptake rate prior to surgery and the actual postoperative total^99mTc-DMSA renal uptake rate were obtained. Endogenous creatinine clearance and serum creatinine levels were also obtained. Results There was a good relationship between the predicted and postoperative total^99mTc-DMSA renal uptake rates. The ratio of the postoperative total DMSA renal uptake rate to the predicted total^99mTc-DMSA renal uptake rate was 85% after partial nephrectomy, and 101% after surgical enucleation. There was also a significant correlation between the postoperative total^99mTc-DMSA renal uptake rate and creatinine clearance, and postoperative total^99mTc-DMSA renal uptake rate levels above 11.4% coincided with serum creatinine levels below 2.0 mg/dL. Conclusion Preoperative assessment with^99mTc-DMSA renal scintigraphy is clinically useful for predicting residual renal function after nephron-sparing surgery.     

Renal arteriovenous fistula developing after tumor enucleation using a microwave tissue coagulator

With the increase in detection of incidental renal cell carcinoma, nephron-sparing surgery for small renal cell carcinomas is now recognized as one of the surgical options. We report a case of renal arteriovenous fistula developing after non-ischemic tumor enucleation of a small renal cell carcinoma using a microwave tissue coagulator. A 50-year-old Japanese man presented with right flank pain and gross hematuria. The patient had undergone non-ischemic tumor enucleation for right renal cell carcinoma, 2 cm in diameter, 1 month previously. Doppler ultrasound revealed the formation of an arteriovenous fistula at the enucleated portion. Transcatheter super-selective occlusion of the feeding artery was successfully performed with two metallic coils. The patient has been followed up with no sign of recanalization of the fistula. In this case, the tumor was located close to the renal hilus with thick arterial branches around the tumor. Additional microwave coagulations against arterial bleeding from the cutting surface might have been the cause of the fistula formation of this case. Non-ischemic tumor enucleation using a microwave tissue coagulator is a relatively easy and secure nephron-sparing surgical procedure. Excessive coagulation, however, should be avoided, since it might be the cause of unexpected postoperative vascular complications.     

Surgical enucleation for renal cell carcinoma. A case report

We present a case of bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma treated with surgical enucleation. Urological consultation was asked to evaluate masses of the kidneys, which were detected during a diagnostic imaging on a 58-year-old man with hepatic disorder. Excretory urograms showed definite bilateral upper pole renal masses. Bilateral selective renal angiograms disclosed neovascularity in the small masses. Surgical enucleation of the left renal tumor by a flank approach was performed. The surgical specimen being 3.5 by 2.5 by 2 cm (29 g) was pseudoencapsulated and was identified renal cell carcinoma of the clear cell type, grade 1. INF alpha, pathologically. Seven weeks after, a pseudoencapsulated tumor of 3 by 2.5 by 2 cm (16 g) in the right upper pole was removed by simple enucleation. The pathological diagnosis was renal cell carcinoma of clear cell type, grade 2, INF alpha. The patient is well without evidence of recurrent or any residual disease at 21 months after the second operation. Renal function remains with in normal limits (CCr 110 ml/min). Of our collected cases of bilateral synchronous renal carcinomas treated by bilateral conservative surgery, clinical data are available for 11. Including our case, a total of 12 cases are reviewed.     

双肾癌诊断和治疗策略

目的探讨双肾癌诊断和治疗策略。方法回顾分析22例双肾癌患者的临床资料。男15例，女7例；年龄32-69岁；同时性12例，异时性10例。3例有家族史。结果22例患者行保留肾单位的手术或肾癌根治术。随访18-91个月，5例肿瘤复发，1例死于尿毒症，1例死于肿瘤转移，10例无瘤生存，3例非癌死亡，2例失访。结论双肾癌多见于遗传性肾癌，保留肾单位手术是治疗双肾癌的首选方法，CT血管造影及三维重建有助于制定手术方案，异时性双肾癌预后较同时性双肾癌差。     

Pretransplant Interferon Prevents Hepatitis C Virus-Associated Glomerulonephritis in Renal Allografts by HCV-RNA Clearance

The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of pretransplant interferon administration on the occurrence of post-transplant de novo glomerulonephritis in hepatitis C virus (HCV)-positive renal allografts. From December 1992 to December 2000, 78 HCV-positive patients received a renal allograft in our unit. Fifteen out of 78 received pretransplant interferon for 1 year. Hepatitis C virus was investigated by serology and qualitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Hepatitis C virus-related de novo glomerulonephritis (membranoproliferative or membranous) was suggested by proteinuria (>1.5 g/24 h) and/or microhematuria and always diagnosed by renal biopsy. Of 15 HCV-positive recipients who received pretransplant interferon, 10 (67%) became HCV-RNA negative at the time of transplantation and only one out of the 15 (6.7%) developed de novo glomerulonephritis (this patient was HCV-RNA positive at transplantation). Among non-interferon-treated allograft recipients, 28.7% had negative HCV-RNA and 12 out of 63 (19%) developed de novo glomerulonephritis (9, membranoproliferative; 3 membranous), all 12 having positive HCV-RNA at transplantation (p < 0.0001). In conclusion, pretransplant interferon may reduce the occurrence of post-transplant HCV-related de novo glomerulonephritis. Our results suggest that the indication for pretransplant interferon should be extended to treat all HCV-RNA positive candidates for renal transplantation.     

Treatment of asynchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma. On our experience of enucleation for two cases

In patients with either bilateral renal malignancies or with carcinoma occurring in a solitary kidney, the principle of en bloc removal of the tumor-bearing kidney cannot be applied. Recently we have performed surgical enucleation in two cases of asynchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma. Case 1. A 60-year-old woman was hospitalized with diagnosis of left renal tumor 10 years tumor 10 years after right nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma. The tumor was enucleated while occluding the renal vessels. Pathological examination revealed that the tumor (a nodule of 35 g) was renal cell carcinoma of grade I and perfectly covered by pseudocapsule. Hemodialysis was not required. The patient has been well for more than 11 months postoperatively and Ccr is 65 ml/min. Case 2. A 62-year-old man with slight elevation of serum GOT and GPT level was examined by CT, which revealed a space occupying lesion in the left kidney. He had undergone nephrectomy for renal cell carcinoma of right kidney 11 years ago. Three nodules of 56 g, 6 g and 3 g were removed by in situ enucleation. They were renal cell carcinoma of grade II and there was no malignant penetration of the pseudocapsule pathologically. After surgery hemodialysis was required 10 times for 21 days. Renal function has been refined gradually and the patient is well with 47.3 ml/min of Ccr at 4 months postoperatively. Before this report of 2 cases there were 22 cases of asynchronous bilateral renal cell carcinoma in Japanese literature.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 250 WORDS)     

Lymphangioma of the kidney

Lymphangiomas are rare benign tumors that are congenital malformations of the lymphatic system. Most cases present in children as a soft, cystic mass in the neck and the axilla. Primary renal lymphangioma is exceedingly rare, with only 35 cases reported so far. We report a case of primary lymphangioma arising from the kidney. A 59-year-old man was referred for evaluation of a right renal mass found in an abdominal ultrasonography during a health checkup. Abdominal ultrasonography and computed tomography (CT) revealed a 3.2 x 2.9 cm multiloculated cystic mass in the upper pole of the right kidney. We could not deny malignant disease such as cystic renal cell carcinoma with any diagnostic modalities. The patient was brought to surgery. During the surgical procedure, the tumor was suspected to be lymphangioma of the kidney as a result of a frozen- section histopathological evaluation. Therefore enucleation of the tumor was performed. Pathological evaluation of the specimen revealed lymphangioma arising from the kidney. The patient is free of disease after a 3-month follow-up period.     

Long-term followup after nephron sparing surgery for renal cell carcinoma in von Hippel-Lindau disease.

We reviewed the long-term outcome of nephron sparing surgery in 9 patients with localized bilateral renal cell carcinoma and von Hippel-Lindau disease. One patient died of metastatic renal cell carcinoma 43 months postoperatively. One patient has not had recurrent tumor and was alive at 74 months postoperatively. The remaining 7 patients (mean followup 88 months) had local recurrence of tumor in the operated kidney and a secondary renal operation was done in 6 of them. Overall, 6 patients are free of tumor but only 3 of them retain functioning native renal parenchyma. We conclude that the results of nephron sparing surgery in patients with renal cell carcinoma and von Hippel-Lindau disease are less satisfactory than in patients with sporadic renal cell carcinoma.     

The effect of bilaterality,pathological features and surgical outcome in nonhereditary renal cell carcinoma

PURPOSE: We evaluated the differences in cancer specific, distant metastasis-free and local recurrence-free survival in patients with sporadic subtype concordant bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma and those with unilateral renal cell carcinoma, controlling for the covariates of subtype, stage, tumor size, grade and necrosis. We also analyzed early surgical complications and long-term renal function in patients who underwent staged surgery and those who underwent a single operation for bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We retrospectively evaluated 44 patients with sporadic subtype concordant bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma treated at our institution between 1970 and 1998. There were 32 patients with bilateral synchronous clear cell renal cell carcinoma and 12 with bilateral synchronous papillary renal cell carcinoma. These patients were compared with 1,714 with sporadic unilateral clear cell renal cell carcinoma and 322 with sporadic unilateral papillary renal cell carcinoma treated with partial or radical nephrectomy during that period. Outcomes were estimated using the Kaplan-Meier method and Cox proportional hazard models were used to test associations with outcome. RESULTS: Clinicopathological features were similar for patients with bilateral synchronous and unilateral renal cell carcinoma except for the incidence of multifocality, which was 28% and 33% for bilateral synchronous clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma compared with 2% and 7% for unilateral clear cell and papillary renal cell carcinoma, respectively. Cancer specific survival and distant metastasis-free survival in patients with bilateral synchronous disease was similar to that in those with unilateral disease when controlling for subtype, stage, tumor size, grade and tumor necrosis. However, patients with bilateral synchronous clear cell renal cell carcinoma were more likely to experience local recurrence even after controlling for these covariates. The majority of patients (84%) with bilateral synchronous disease underwent bilateral surgery at a single operation. The incidence of early surgical complications was low, in that only 2 patients had urinary extravasation, 3 had acute renal failure and 1 was ultimately rendered anephric and required hemodialysis. CONCLUSIONS: The incidence of multifocality was greater in patients with bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma than in those with unilateral renal cell carcinoma. There were no statistically significant differences in cancer specific and distant metastasis-free survival in patients with bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma and unilateral renal cell carcinoma of the same histological subtype. These results suggest that subtype concordant bilateral renal cell carcinoma is a result of multiple de novo primary events rather than primary renal cell carcinoma with contralateral renal metastasis. A surgical approach is appropriate for bilateral synchronous renal cell carcinoma and most cases can be approached at a single surgical procedure with acceptable morbidity.     

Two cases of renal cell carcinoma that underwent radical nephrectomy subsequent to complete tumor enucleation]

We have reported the favorable therapeutic results of non-ischemic complete enucleation using a microwave tissue coagulator as a method of nephron-sparing surgery for small renal cell carcinoma (RCC). We experienced two elective cases that underwent translumbar nephrectomy subsequent to the tumor enucleation. The first case showed another RCC in a cyst, concomitant with the enucleated RCC. The second case was a pT3a spindle cell carcinoma with high-grade malignancy. We decided to nephrectomize these enucleated kidney after obtaining well-informed consent. Here we report these controversial cases and discuss about the indication and outcomes of complete tumor enucleation for small RCC.