实时定量PCR法对牛肉中鸡源性成份的量化检测

目的实现样品中牛源性成份和鸡源性成份的量化分析。方法通过在基因组单拷贝基因上设计引物,绘制模板DNA扩增标准曲线以及确定牛肉、鸡肉质量与DNA浓度的比值常数,利用实时荧光定量PCR技术对四种不同掺混比例的牛鸡瘦肉混合样本中牛源性成份和鸡源性成份所占的质量百分比含量进行分析。结果通过荧光实时定量PCR反应的Ct值、模板DNA扩增标准曲线和质量与DNA的比值常数可以计算出样品中所含牛源性成份和鸡源性成份的质量百分比含量,检测值与理论值之间的绝对误差可控制在5%以内,量化研究结果基本准确。结论对于组织成份单一的样品,可以通过在基因组单拷贝基因上设计特异性的引物,利用PCR技术实现在质量水平上对食品中动物源性成份的量化分析,该技术方法的建立可以为肉类掺假监管工作提供有力的技术支撑。     

基于线粒体DNACOⅠ基因鉴别畜禽肉中鸡源性成分

为建立畜禽肉中鸡源性成分的快速检测方法,以线粒体DNA细胞色素C氧化酶亚基Ⅰ(COⅠ)基因序列为靶点,比较羊、牛、猪、兔、鸽、鹌鹑、鸡、鸭、鹅9种动物COⅠ基因的差异位点,设计筛选鸡特异性引物,进行常规聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)和荧光定量PCR检测。结果表明:所设计的引物仅对鸡肉DNA模板有扩增条带和典型扩增曲线,且循环阈(cycle threshold,Ct)值为21.78,对其他动物DNA模板无扩增。方法特异性较强,灵敏度较高,达pg级,可以用于畜禽肉与肉制品中鸡源性成分的快速、有效、准确检测。     

基于单拷贝核基因的数字PCR定量检测肉制品中羊源性成分

GeneBank搜索牛、绵羊、山羊、猪、马、驴、鸡、鸭、鹅、火鸡、狗、猫、鼠、兔、貂等15种动物的单拷贝核基因组序列信息,应用生物信息学分析筛选15种动物共有的种间保守区域,设计一对可同时扩增15种动物源性DNA的内参基因引物和探针;同时分析筛选绵羊和山羊共有且和其余动物种内特异性区域,设计一对只能扩增羊源性DNA的特异性基因引物和探针。基于微滴数字PCR技术,引入内参基因校正羊种属特异性基因测定方法,建立科学准确的肉制品中羊源性成分量化判定方法。结果表明,所建立方法具有良好的特异性和通用性,内参基因和羊种属特异性基因的最低检出限分别为32和26 copies/μL,模拟添加样品的正确度偏差均值为8.66%,符合数字PCR方法制定指南要求不得大于25%,说明量化判定方法结果具有较高的准确性。     

荧光PCR法检测畜禽肉中的鸡源性成分

为了建立畜禽肉中鸡源性成分荧光定量PCR检测方法,以鸡、鸭、鹅、猪、牛、羊、兔、鸽和鹌鹑等9种动物线粒体DNA 16S rRNA基因序列为靶位点,通过比对分析设计筛选出鸡特异性引物,以9种动物肌肉DNA为模板进行特异性扩增,确立荧光定量PCR扩增条件;同时将鸡DNA模板浓度进行10倍梯度稀释,一直稀释至108倍,检测所建立的荧光PCR方法的灵敏度;并用此方法对市场上样品进行随机抽检。结果显示:所设计的鸡引物仅对鸡肉DNA模板有典型扩增曲线,Ct值为22.11,对其它动物DNA模板无扩增,特异性较强;当鸡DNA模板稀释倍数达到104倍,即DNA浓度为17.5 pg/μL时,仍有典型扩增曲线,Ct值为30.37,方法灵敏度较高;市场流通环节样品抽检结果显示所抽测样品均合格。可见,建立的基于荧光定量PCR和线粒体DNA 16S rRNA基因的畜禽肉中鸡源性成分检测方法,快速而准确,实用性强。     

实时荧光PCR定量检测肉制品中猪源性成分

为了准确可靠地对肉制品中猪源性成分进行定量检测,通过生物信息学方法筛选到猪细胞核单拷贝基因(carcinoembryonic antigen-related cell adhesion molecule 2-like,CACA).以CACA基因为扩增靶标,设计了特异性引物、TaqMan探针,建立了基于实时荧光定量PCR...     

利用荧光定量PCR技术鉴别畜禽肉中猪源性成分

以猪特异性基因序列为靶位点设计特异性引物,以常见畜禽肉包括猪肉、羊肉、兔肉、牛肉、鸽肉、鹌鹑肉、鸡肉、鸭肉、鹅肉等参考动物肌肉DNA为模板,进行荧光定量PCR扩增,建立猪源性成分荧光定量PCR检测方法;并将猪肉DNA模板浓度进行8个梯度稀释,检测其灵敏度。结果显示,该方法能够有效对猪源性成分进行快速检测,具有较强的特异性,灵敏度较高,可快速准确地鉴别畜禽肉中猪源性成分。     

应用通用引物量化检测鲜肉及其制品中羊源性成分

分别以牛、羊、猪、鸡、鸭、马线粒体细胞色素b基因为研究对象,设计羊源性成分特异性引物和探针,同时结合实时荧光定量PCR技术,引入16SrDNA内参基因校正羊种属特异性基因测定方法,建立快速、高通量的鲜肉及鲜肉制品中羊源性成分确证方法,实现科学准确的食品掺假量化判定技术体系。通过特异性、通用性及模拟混合样品的检测,对所建立方法进行验证。结果表明:建立的羊源性成分含量测定方法具有良好的特异性和通用性,且通过标准曲线的构建,呈现良好的线性关系均达0.996以上;通过羊种属特异性基因与16SrDNA内参基因Quantity值及校正系数,可以计算出样品中所含羊源性成份的质量百分比含量,经模拟混合样品的检测,回收率平均值到达96.25%,说明量化研究结果具有较高的准确性。     

肉制品中羊源性成分的定性和定量检测

通过检测肉制品中DNA的来源进行动物源性检测是打击鲜肉及加工肉制品制假掺假的重要技术手段。依据GB/T 25165—2010《明胶中牛、羊、猪源性成分定性检测方法 实时荧光PCR法》合成用于TaqMan 实时荧光聚合酶链式反应的引物和探针,利用鲜肉及加工肉制品进行羊源性成分定性和定量检测方法研究。首先利用12 种不同动物鲜肉组织的DNA检测方法的特异性,然后以羊源DNA梯度稀释液为模板进行灵敏度实验,最后在加工肉制品中检测方法的适用性和定量检测能力。结果表明：此方法具有羊源性成分检测特异性,对其他动物来源的鲜肉DNA均无扩增信号,可以检出羊肉和猪肉混合样品中0.1%的羊肉;方法灵敏度高,可以检出10 pg的羊源DNA;方法适用性广,可以对加工肉制品（羊肉干）进行羊源性成分的定性和定量检测。     

PCR法检测鱼及其制品中的鱼源性成分

目的:建立一种快速、特异、灵敏的鱼源性成分聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)检测方法。方法:根据鱼线粒体基因组12S r RNA中的保守序列设计鱼源性特异性引物,进行PCR扩增,建立鱼源性成分检测方法;对24种鱼及鸡、牛、羊、猪、鸭、虾6种常见的易混于鱼制品的动物源性成分进行特异性检测;将草鱼肉混入其他动物肉中,混合均匀后提取DNA进行PCR扩增,确定肉样水平的检测灵敏度;将草鱼DNA混入其他动物DNA中,以混合后的DNA为模板进行PCR扩增,确定DNA水平的检测灵敏度。结果:该方法能特异性的对鱼源性成分进行快速检测,检测灵敏度达0.5%。结论:该方法能对食品中是否含有鱼源性成分进行初筛,到达快速检测的目的,对防止食品掺假、维护消费者利益、规范市场秩序有重要意义。     

利用实时荧光定量PCR法检测食品中鹌鹑源性成分

为建立基于TaqMan实时荧光聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术在食品中的鹌鹑源性成分的定量检测方法,根据现行检验检疫标准(SN/T 2727-2010)合成引物及探针。首先对13种不同动物鲜肉组织的DNA进行鹌鹑源性成分特异性检测,然后对鹌鹑源性DNA模板原液进行梯度稀释,检测方法灵敏度,最后在加工制品中检测方法的适用性。研究结果表明:建立的方法特异性强,除鹌鹑肉外,牛、羊、猪、马、驴、狗、兔子、鸡、鸭、鸽子、火鸡、鱼12种动物鲜肉组织均无特异性扩增;方法的灵敏度较高,鹌鹑组分DNA的检出限可达10 fg/mL,灵敏度可达0.001%;方法的适用性较广,可以用于加工制品中鹌鹑源性成分的检测。     

基于实时荧光定量PCR和数字PCR的肉制品中牛源性成分检测

为了能够快速有效的检测出肉制品中牛源性成分,采用实时荧光定量PCR和数字PCR检测方法,检测肉制品中牛源成分。先依据牛肉单复制基因组特异区域,通过多序列比对设计特异性引物与探针,再利用苯酚-氯仿法提取标准品基因组DNA,确立实时荧光定量PCR和数字PCR两种方法的反应条件,测定DNA模版纯度及浓度可得实验提取的DNA溶液不含杂质,在此基础上构建牛源性成分荧光定量PCR标准曲线,检测两种方法的特异性、抗干扰性与肉制品中牛源性成分。分析实验结果可知,引物与探针在两种方法中均对牛肉有荧光信号显示,两种方法具有牛源性特异性,检测数值与实际样品数值基本一致,且两种方法抗干扰性较好,当存在其他肉类干扰时,仍可准确监测出牛源性,两种方法的最大误差分别为3.8%和4.0%;可定量检测不同肉制品中牛源性成分,两种方法均未检测出样品10牛肉丸中牛源性成分,验证了市面上确实存在假肉情况。说明所用方法能够准确、快速地检测出肉制品中的牛源性成分,适用于市场中肉制品的检测,对保障消费者的权益和健康具有十分重要的意义。     

Identification of meat species by TaqMan-based real-time PCR assay

In this study, a convenient, sensitive and specific real-time PCR assay was described for the species identification and their quantification in raw and cooked meat products. Specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed on the mitochondrial ND2, ND5 and ATP 6-8 genes for donkey, pork and horse, respectively, and the performance of the method was tested. In the results, no cross-reaction was observed between the donkey and pork species specific primer-probe systems and non-target species (bovine, ovine, chicken and turkey). Only one cross reaction was observed between the horse species specific primer-probe set and 100 ng pork DNA at the ct 33.01 level (corresponding to 0.01 ng horse DNA). The real-time quantitative assay used in this study allowed the detection of as little as 0.0001 ng template DNA from pure meat for each species investigated and experimental meat mixtures. In conclusion, it can be suggested that the TaqMan probe assay used in this research might be a rapid and sensitive method for the routine meat species identifications studies in raw or cooked meat products.     

Detection of chicken and turkey meat in meat mixtures by using real-time PCR assays

In this study, TaqMan-based real-time Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) techniques were developed for the detection of chicken and turkey meat in raw and heat-treated meat mixtures. Primers and TaqMan probe sets were designed to amplify 86 bp and 136 bp fragments for the chicken and turkey species, respectively, on the mitochondrial NADH dehydrogenase subunit 2 gene. In the results, it was possible to detect each species at the level of 0.1 pg template DNA with the TaqMan probe technique without any cross-reactivity with nontarget species (bovine, ovine, donkey, pork, and horse) while the detection level was 1 pg template DNA using conventional PCR. The TaqMan probe assays used in this study allowed the detection of as little as 0.001% level of both species in the experimental meat mixtures, prepared by mixing chicken and turkey meat with beef at different levels (0.001% to 10%). In conclusion, TaqMan probe assays developed in this research are promising tools in the specific identification and sensitive quantification of meat species even in the case of heat-treated meat products, and suitable for a rapid, automated, and routine analysis.     

A robotic DNA purification protocol and real-time PCR for the detection of Campylobacter jejuni in foods

Primers designed to amplify a Campylobacter jejuni cadF gene sequence were used in an SYBR Green I real-time PCR assay as an alternative to conventional bacteriological methods for the rapid detection of C. jejuni in foods. Twenty-five grams of chicken skin (breast and thigh) was contaminated by adding approximately 1, 10, or 50 CFU of C. jejuni ATCC 35560. Twenty-five grams of pork and 25-ml aliquots of milk were also inoculated with 1 and 10 CFU of the pathogen. The samples were incubated in Bolton broth for different periods at 37 and 42 degrees C under microaerophilic conditions. Using a commercial robotic DNA purification system, DNA was extracted and purified from 1-ml aliquots of the enrichment cultures before and after centrifugation of the 250-ml enrichment broth at 15,900 x g for 10 min at 4 degrees C. The DNA was used as the template in a real-time PCR assay. C. jejuni was detected after 12 h of enrichment from samples inoculated with about 50 CFU/25-g sample. After centrifugation, an enrichment step of 8 h was sufficient to allow detection of pathogen in samples inoculated with 10 CFU/25 g. However, 24 h of enrichment was necessary to detect pathogen in samples inoculated with approximately 1 CFU/25 g. The real-time PCR protocol developed in this study significantly reduced the detection time of C. jejuni in foods.     

Roundup Ready® soybean event-specific real-time quantitative PCR assay and estimation of the practical detection and quantification limits in GMO analyses

An event-specific real-time PCR method for detection and quantification of genetically modified Roundup Ready soybean with TaqMan chemistry on the LightCycler, targeting the nopaline synthase terminator (3') junction between recombinant and host plant DNA is described. We distinguish between three types of detection and quantification limits: the absolute limits (referring to the initial number of template copies in the PCR), the relative limits (referring to the relative percentage of initial template copies of the recombinant sequence to copies of the haploid soybean genome that is detected), and the practical limits (referring to what is applicable in the PCR with the DNA that is being analysed). The absolute detection limit was determined to be a single initial template copy, while the absolute quantification limit was determined to be approximately 30 initial template copies. We discuss the relative and practical limits, and provide guidelines to estimating the practical limits.     

Application of quantitative real-time PCR in the detection of prion-protein gene species-specific DNA sequences in animal meals and feedstuffs

This study describes a method for quantitative and species-specific detection of animal DNA from different species (cattle, sheep, goat, swine, and chicken) in animal feed and feed ingredients, including fish meals. A quantitative real-time PCR approach was carried out to characterize species-specific sequences based on the amplification of prion-protein sequence. Prion-protein species-specific primers and TaqMan probes were designed, and amplification protocols were optimized in order to discriminate the different species with short PCR amplicons. The real-time quantitative PCR approach was also compared to conventional species-specific PCR assays. The real-time quantitative assay allowed the detection of 10 pg of ruminant, swine, and poultry DNA extracted from meat samples processed at 130 degrees C for 40 min, 200 kPa. The origin of analyzed animal meals was characterized by the quantitative estimation of ruminant, swine, and poultry DNA. The TaqMan assay was used to quantify ruminant DNA in feedstuffs with 0.1% of meat and bone meal. In conclusion, the proposed molecular approach allowed the detection of species-specific DNA in animal meals and feedstuffs.     

Quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni on fresh chicken carcasses by real-time PCR.

Campylobacter jejuni infection is a significant cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Consumption and handling of poultry products is believed to be the primary risk factor for campylobacteriosis. Risk assessments require quantitative data, and C. jejuni is enumerated usually by direct plating, which sometimes allows growth of non-Campylobacter bacteria. The objective of the present study was to develop a quantitative real-time PCR method (q-PCR) for enumerating C. jejuni in chicken rinse without a culturing step. The procedure to obtain the template for the PCR assay involved (i) filtration of 10 ml of chicken rinse, (ii) centrifugation of the sample, and (iii) total DNA extraction from the pellet obtained using a commercial DNA extraction kit. The detection limit of the method was comparable to that for plating 100 microl of chicken rinse on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar, and the detection limit could be further improved 10-fold by concentrating the DNA eluate by ethanol precipitation. A close correlation for spiked chicken rinse was obtained for the results of the quantitative real-time PCR method and direct plating (r = 0.99). The coefficient of correlation for the methods was 0.87 when samples from chicken carcasses on the slaughter line were analyzed, whereas a lower correlation (r = 0.76) was obtained when samples from retail carcasses were analyzed. Greater variation in the proportion of dead and/or viable but not culturable Campylobacter types in the retail samples may explain the decreased correlation between the methods. Overall, the new method is simple and fast and the results obtained are closely correlated with those for direct plating for samples containing a low proportion of dead Campylobacter cells.     

Quantitative detection of Campylobacter jejuni on fresh chicken carcasses by real-time PCR.

Campylobacter jejuni infection is a significant cause of foodborne gastroenteritis worldwide. Consumption and handling of poultry products is believed to be the primary risk factor for campylobacteriosis. Risk assessments require quantitative data, and C. jejuni is enumerated usually by direct plating, which sometimes allows growth of non-Campylobacter bacteria. The objective of the present study was to develop a quantitative real-time PCR method (q-PCR) for enumerating C. jejuni in chicken rinse without a culturing step. The procedure to obtain the template for the PCR assay involved (i) filtration of 10 ml of chicken rinse, (ii) centrifugation of the sample, and (iii) total DNA extraction from the pellet obtained using a commercial DNA extraction kit. The detection limit of the method was comparable to that for plating 100 microl of chicken rinse on modified charcoal cefoperazone deoxycholate agar, and the detection limit could be further improved 10-fold by concentrating the DNA eluate by ethanol precipitation. A close correlation for spiked chicken rinse was obtained for the results of the quantitative real-time PCR method and direct plating (r = 0.99). The coefficient of correlation for the methods was 0.87 when samples from chicken carcasses on the slaughter line were analyzed, whereas a lower correlation (r = 0.76) was obtained when samples from retail carcasses were analyzed. Greater variation in the proportion of dead and/or viable but not culturable Campylobacter types in the retail samples may explain the decreased correlation between the methods. Overall, the new method is simple and fast and the results obtained are closely correlated with those for direct plating for samples containing a low proportion of dead Campylobacter cells.     

Rapid detection of Campylobacter jejuni in chicken rinse water by melting-peak analysis of amplicons in real-time polymerase chain reaction

Five DNA extraction protocols for the detection of Campylobacter spp. by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were compared. A method involving Triton X-100 produced template DNA of sufficient quality to allow the detection of Campylobacter jejuni at levels of 100 CFU/ml in pure culture. Primers were designed on the basis of the cadF gene sequence. With a SYBR Green I real-time PCR assay, these primers amplified only sequences present in C. jejuni to produce a product with a melting temperature of 81.5 degrees C. None of the strains of Campylobacter coli, Campylobacter lari, or Campylobacter fetus tested produced this product during the PCR assay. Other noncampylobacter species tested were shown not to possess the cadF sequence. The real-time PCR combined with a rapid, simple Triton X-100 DNA extraction protocol made it possible to detect < 10 CFU of C. jejuni per ml of chicken rinse within 14 h.