浅谈新生犊牛的饲养管理

<正>1饲喂培育哺乳犊牛应注意从单胃消化转为复胃消化,从奶的营养到饲草营养的过渡。1.1及时喂初乳母牛产后5~7d分泌的乳汁称为初乳。初乳中含有多种抵抗疾病的免疫物质和维生素。犊牛出生后1h内必须吃到初乳,没有吃到初乳的犊牛很难得到正常的生长发育。1.2哺喂常乳犊牛饲喂初乳5~7d后,即可开始哺喂常乳。因初乳、常乳、混合乳的营养成分差异很大,犊牛最好吃其母亲常乳10~15d后,再饲喂混合常乳,以免造     

防犊牛下痢“五定”措施

1.定初乳 在犊牛出生后必须尽早喂其生母初乳。一方面充分利用初乳中不同于常乳的特殊营养物质和被动免疫物质的免疫作用;另一方面起到了保护犊牛对生母初乳的母缘亲和性。如果生母产后患病,可以喂异母初乳或常乳。但必须将其乳固定下来喂犊牛,防     

初乳的化学成分与初生仔畜健康的关系

<正> 初乳要保证初生仔畜的两个重要生物学机能—营养机能和保护机能。这首先决定于初乳中能量营养和生物学活性物质的含量。初乳比常乳含有更丰富的干物质、蛋白质、脂肪和矿物质。而脂肪球通常比常乳低,这就保证了消化道对营养物质能很好地进行消化与吸收。初乳,特别是产后第一次乳中含有丰富的维生素。但维生素的含量与季节、饲养水     

天府肉羊哺乳期产奶量及乳中营养成分变化

对16只天府肉羊的哺乳期(产后60d)产奶量和乳中营养成分进行测定,并对其变化规律进行分析。结果表明:经产母羊哺乳期的泌乳量为78.99 kg±6.86 kg,极显著高于初产母羊的40.76 kg±3.08 kg(P<0.01)。产后48 h内母羊初乳中的干物质、蛋白质和灰分含量迅速下降,脂肪含量先上升后下降。初产和经产母羊初乳中的干物质含量分别较常乳中高91.6%和119.4%,脂肪含量高79.9%和61.7%,乳蛋白含量高218.7%和315.4%,灰分含量高142.3%和188.9%,乳糖含量变化不大。经产母羊初乳中的干物质、蛋白质、乳糖和灰分含量均高于初产母羊,其中产后0 h的蛋白质和灰分含量较初产母羊高30.61%和20.93%,常乳中的营养成分差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

不同月份产羔奶山羊初乳免疫球蛋白和常乳乳成分检测

从产羔母羊初乳免疫球蛋白和泌乳期常乳乳成分角度,对全年不同季节产羔母羊鲜奶质量进行评价。对1月、3月、5月、7月产羔的奶山羊,每批随机选择10只母羊,分别收集母羊产后0d、2d、5d、7d初乳和产后9d及1~6个月的常乳(每月收集一次)。采用酶联免疫吸附法(ELISA)检测初乳液中免疫球蛋白A(IgA)和免疫球蛋白G(IgG)水平,采用全自动乳样分析仪分析常乳样品中乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖、非脂固形物和总脂固形物的含量。结果表明,1月、3月、5月、7月产羔母羊产后相同泌乳阶段初乳中IgA和IgG含量无显著差异(P0.05),变化趋势一致。不同月份产羔母羊常乳中乳糖含量在相同泌乳期无显著性差异(P0.05),脂肪、蛋白质、非脂固形物和总脂固型物在部分泌乳阶段存在明显差异;在整个泌乳期间,1月、3月、5月、7月产羔母羊常乳中的乳蛋白、乳脂、乳糖、非脂固形物和总脂固形物(干物质)含量%变化趋势一致,其变化范围为3.31%~3.45%,4.91%~5.77%,4.03%~4.20%,8.48%~8.88%,13.72%~15.07%;乳脂和总脂固形物含量偏高,但没有降低羊奶的质量。通过对乳成分含量的检测,为后期调整奶山羊日粮组成以保证不同月份产羔母羊的乳品质提供数据基础。     

荷斯坦牛产后0～7 d乳成分变化规律探究

为探究荷斯坦牛围产后期乳成分变化规律及其影响因素,本研究采集了79头新产母牛产后0～7 d每次挤奶的牛奶样品,测定1 573份样品的乳脂率、乳蛋白率、乳糖率、牛奶尿素氮含量和乳干物质率,比较初乳和常乳在各项乳成分上的差异,并分析乳成分在母牛产后随时间的变化趋势,利用SAS 9.2软件分析胎次和挤奶时间对乳成分的影响。结果表明:与新产牛产后第1次分泌的牛奶相比,产后第2次分泌的牛奶中的乳成分已发生改变;乳脂率、乳蛋白率和乳干物质率在产后逐渐下降(P<0.05),而乳糖率和牛奶尿素氮含量在产后逐渐上升(P<0.05);除乳脂率外,其他乳成分在产后第7天尚未达到常乳水平(P<0.05);胎次对初乳的乳脂率和乳蛋白率均有显著影响,挤奶间隔时长造成早中晚所产牛奶在乳脂率、乳蛋白率和牛奶尿素氮含量上存在显著差异。因此,选择初乳及过渡乳饲喂犊牛时,应充分考虑产后时间、胎次和挤奶间隔等因素对营养成分造成的影响。     

牛初乳在犊牛生长发育中的应用

初乳是指奶牛分娩7d内,特别是分娩前3d所产生的乳汁。初乳相对于常乳更为浓稠,颜色呈现淡黄色,有苦味和异臭味。初乳内蛋白质、脂肪、无机盐及维生素含量显著高于常乳。在初乳中不仅含有多种营养物质,而且还含有大量活性物质。确保犊牛及时吃上初乳,对于犊牛及时从乳汁中获取母源抗体具有很好的作用。     

牛乳腺脂肪合成关键酶基因在乳汁体细胞中的表达研究

为了阐明乳脂合成的影响因素及其内在分子机理,为反刍动物原料乳的优化,特别是为乳脂肪的营养调控和遗传改良提供理论依据。本试验以奶牛初乳、常乳和末乳中的乳汁体细胞为研究对象,以看家基因GAPDH为内参,对初乳、常乳和末乳中LPL、CD36、VLDLR、ACSS2、ACSL1、FABP3、ACC、FASN、SCD、ADFP、XDH和BTN1A1 mRNA进行半定量RT-PCR分析。结果发现,LPL、CD36、VLDLR、ACSS2、ACSL1、FABP3、SCD、AD-FP、XDH和BTN1A1 mRNA在初乳、常乳和末乳中均有表达,而ACC和FASNmRNA只在初乳中表达,常乳和末乳中均不表达;半定量结果表明,与初乳相比,常乳和末乳中LPL、CD36、VLDLR、ACSS2、ACSL1、FABP3、SCD、ADFP、XDH和BTN1A1 mRNA转录水平显著降低(P<0.05),且常乳与末乳间差异不显著(P>0.05)。研究结果提示初乳期乳腺脂肪合成能力明显高于常乳和末乳期乳腺,且脂肪合成关键酶基因的表达与细胞内脂转运和代谢的生理变化有关。     

大足黑山羊泌乳早期乳成分动态变化分析

为了研究大足黑山羊泌乳早期乳成分动态变化,试验采集大足黑山羊母羊分娩后1~35 d的乳,测定乳成分。结果表明:乳脂、乳蛋白、乳糖、灰分和非脂物质在初乳中的含量分别为9.07%、4.90%、6.99%、0.96%和12.89%,而在常乳中的含量分别为6.98%、3.72%、5.34%、0.75%和9.81%,初乳中各成分含量都比常乳高;常乳中乳脂含量变化较大,其他各成分含量只有9~11 d内有所回升,然后趋于平稳。     

水牛初乳和常乳中锌、铁、铜含量的动态变化

 采用火焰原子吸收分光光度法对摩本杂水牛（摩拉水牛×德宏水牛）初乳和常乳中Zn、Fe、Cu等三种微量元素含量进行测定。结果表明,在第1 、2 d的初乳中Zn含量显著高于其余几天的初乳和常乳（P<0.05）,第3 d开始Zn含量接近常乳,在3 d至90 d之间稍有波动,但差异不显著（P>0.05）。Fe和Cu含量随泌乳进行逐渐降低,其在初乳中的含量均高于常乳,常乳之间差异不显著（P>0.05）。其中第1 d初乳中Fe含量显著高于第7 d （P<0.05）,而与其余几天初乳相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,第1、2 d初乳中Fe含量均显著或极显著高于常乳（P<0.05）;第1 d初乳中Cu含量显著高于第3、5 d的初乳（P<0.05）,与第2、7 d相比差异不显著（P>0.05）,第1、2 d初乳中Cu含量极显著高于常乳（P<0.01）。研究显示水牛初乳中Zn、Fe、Cu等三种微量元素的含量大都高于常乳,反映了乳腺在初乳期矿物质的分泌特点。     

Colostral growth factors. Possible role in bovine udder epithelial cell regeneration.

Growth of the secretory epithelium during prepartum time, and for a short period after calving, is under hormonal control by estrogen, progesterone and prolactin. The mechanism(s) by which these hormones act is not known but colostrum and milk have been shown to contain different growth promoting substances. In an attempt to unravel these relationships the effect of bovine colostrum on cellular proliferation in vitro have been characterized. Colostral thermostable factors not present in milk nor associated with fat, potently induce the proliferation associated enzyme, ornithine decarboxylase, in fibroblast cell lines. However, mammary epithelial cells appear to proliferate in response to different colostral heat sensitive factor(s) that await further characterization.     

Inhibition of lacteal leukocyte phagocytosis by colostrum, nonlactating secretion, and mastitic milk

The Fc receptors on leukocytes obtained from normal milk, colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion, and mastitic milk were detected by rosette formation, using sensitized erythrocytes. The percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors from normal milk was significantly (P less than 0.01) greater than that from other secretions. Fc receptors were found primarily on polymorphonuclear leukocytes from normal milk, mastitic milk, and colostrum. However, in nonlactating gland secretion obtained 6 weeks after milking was completed, Fc receptors were predominantly on macrophages. The low percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors obtained from colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion obtained 7 days after milking was completed, and mastitic milk was associated with the presence of a blocking factor in these secretions, which specifically attached to Fc receptors. These secretions significantly (P less than 0.01) blocked the Fc receptors on leukocytes from normal milk and on other cells bearing FC receptors. The presence of Fc receptors on leukocytes obtained from normal milk was related to a high percentage of phagocytizing leukocytes through Fc receptors and a large number of phagocytized bacteria (phagocytic activities). In contrast, the low percentage of leukocytes bearing Fc receptors from colostrum, from nonlactating gland secretion (7 days after milking), and from mastitic milk was associated with depressed phagocytic activities. Preincubation of leukocytes from normal milk with whey from colostrum, nonlactating gland secretion (7 days after milking), and mastitic milk significantly (P less than 0.01) inhibited phagocytosis. This effect was associated with the blocking of Fc receptors by these secretions. Possible mechanisms for and implications of these findings are discussed.     

家兔初乳免疫球蛋白和补体含量测定

用琼脂单项免疫扩散法测定家兔初乳免疫球蛋白和补体含量。结果表明,初乳中免疫球蛋白和补体Ｃ３的含量极显著高于常乳（Ｐ＜０．０１）,补体Ｃ４的含量显著高于常乳（Ｐ＜０．０５）;初乳中免疫球蛋白和补体含量于产后２天达到高峰。     

猪乳中常规成分、胰鸟素和表皮生长因子浓度的动态变化

选择8头3～4胎、产仔9～13头的健康大长北(大约克×长白×北京黑猪)母猪，对其分娩后35d泌乳期内初乳和常乳中的常规成分、胰岛素和表皮生长因子进行了动态分析。结果表明，母猪刚分娩时其初乳中乳蛋白、总固型物、胰岛素和表皮生长因子的浓度均高于常乳(P<0.05)，乳糖和乳脂则随泌乳期延长而增加，分娩后3d内这种变化显著(P<0.05)，而常乳中则变化不明显。     

饲粮钙磷水平对伊犁马初乳成分、乳脂脂肪酸组成、产后血液钙磷及激素的影响

旨在研究妊娠后期饲喂不同钙磷水平饲粮对产后伊犁马初乳成分、乳脂脂肪酸组成、血液钙磷及钙磷代谢激素、繁殖及生长代谢激素等生理生化指标的影响，为明确伊犁马在妊娠后期对钙磷的适宜需要量提供参考。本试验选取健康、无亲缘关系、12~13周岁、体重为（380±32）kg、胎次为4~5胎、处于第10妊娠月左右的伊犁马25匹，随机分为5组，每组5个重复。各组饲粮钙饲喂水平分别为36.00、39.00、42.00、45.00和48.00 g·d^-1，磷饲喂水平分别为26.30、28.30、30.30、32.30和34.30 g·d^-1。试验预试期10 d，正试期从第11天至母马分娩后第2天结束。母马分娩后12 h内采集初乳用于测定乳成分和乳脂脂肪酸含量，空腹血液用于测定Ca、P、甲状旁腺素（PTH）、降钙素（CT）、骨钙素（OC）、胎盘催乳素（PL）、垂体催乳素（PRL）、雌酮（E₁）、雌二醇（E₂）、血清孕酮（PROG）、甲状腺素（T₄）、三碘甲状腺原氨酸（T₃）、生长激素（GH）、胰岛素样生长因子-Ⅰ（IGF-1）等激素浓度。结果表明：1）饲粮钙磷水平对初乳中钙、磷、乳脂率、乳糖率均无显著影响，组间乳蛋白率、总固形物、体细胞数、乳脂中饱和脂肪酸（SFA）和不饱和脂肪酸（UFA）比例存在显著差异（P<0.05）。随着饲粮钙、磷水平的增加，乳磷浓度、乳蛋白率和UFA比例呈显著线性增加（P<0.05），总固形物呈显著二次增加（P<0.05），而乳糖率、SFA及肉豆蔻酸比例呈显著线性降低（P<0.05）。2）饲粮钙磷水平显著影响血液中OC和PROG浓度（P<0.05），随着饲粮钙磷水平的增加，血液中离子钙、CT和OC浓度呈显著的线性降低（P<0.05），而PTH和PROG水平呈显著的线性升高（P<0.05）。饲粮钙、磷水平对PL、PRL、E₁、E₂等生殖激素以及T₃、T₄、GH和IGF-1等生长代谢激素浓度均无显著影响。由此可见，在本试验条件下，饲粮钙磷通过提高初乳中乳蛋白率和总固形物来改变乳脂中饱和脂肪酸含量和不饱和脂肪酸比例影响初乳成分；通过降低血液中OC浓度影响钙磷代谢；通过提高血液中PROG浓度影响繁殖状况。     

中国荷斯坦牛初乳、常乳与乳房炎乳乳成分及理化性质的比较研究

本文旨在研究中国荷斯坦牛初乳、常乳及乳房炎乳乳成分及理化性质的差异。对扬州大学试验农牧场36头中国荷斯坦牛乳常规成分、乳密度和导电率进行了测定（其中初乳牛6头,产奶时间为产犊后1h到第8天,正常乳16头（无隐性乳房炎）,患不同程度隐性乳房炎奶牛14头）。结果表明,初乳随着泌乳时间的延长,乳蛋白率、SNF含量、密度和滴定酸度逐渐下降,乳脂率在波动中下降,导电率无明显变化规律;正常乳与隐性乳房炎乳乳脂率差异不显著（P〉0.05）,导电率差异显著（P〈0.05）,蛋白率、SNF、密度差异极显著（P〈0.01）。结果提示,随泌乳时间的延长,初乳中的理化指标的测量值呈下降趋势;乳汁导电率、SNF、密度、乳蛋白率和酸度可作为鉴别常乳和隐性乳房炎乳的指标。     

Effects on the oestrous cycle of dairy cows of the administration of colostrum in the mid-luteal phase

A group of 13 cows were dosed orally nine or 10 days after a normal oestrous cycle; six animals received colostrum, five animals received milk containing varying amounts of oestrone sulphate, and two cows were given milk containing a low level of oestrone sulphate. Measurements of milk progesterone levels after dosing showed that colostrum had an apparent luteolytic effect, milk containing oestrone sulphate at a level of 2000 pg/ml had a less marked effect on milk progesterone and those animals receiving milk showed no reduction in milk progesterone. These results show that there is a physiological basis for the practice of inducing overt oestrus in cows showing no visible oestrus, by dosing them with colostrum.     

妊娠后期补充β-胡萝卜素对母猪乳成分和肠道菌群的影响

试验旨在探究妊娠后期饲粮中添加β-胡萝卜素对母猪初乳、常乳成分及肠道菌群的影响,并揭示肠道菌群与乳成分之间的相关性。选取胎次相近的妊娠后期二元杂交母猪48头,随机分为3组,每组16个重复,分别饲喂添加0、30和90 mg/kg β-胡萝卜素的饲粮,试验从妊娠第90天开始到分娩后第14天结束。分娩当天采集母猪初乳和粪便样品,哺乳第14天采集母猪常乳样品。对初乳中免疫球蛋白（Ig）水平以及常乳中乳成分进行测定,粪便样品通过16S rRNA测序技术进行分析。结果显示：与对照组相比,饲粮添加β-胡萝卜素有提高母猪初乳中IgM的趋势（P=0.173）,降低IgG的趋势（P=0.155）;添加30 mg/kg β-胡萝卜素显著提高了常乳中乳蛋白和尿素氮含量（P<0.05）,同时降低了乳糖含量（P<0.05）,而添加90 mg/kg β-胡萝卜素降低了常乳中总固体含量（P<0.05）。对粪便菌群进行分析发现,β-胡萝卜素上调了Eubacterium brachy group、Ruminococcaceae UCG009、Ruminococcaceae UCG014等菌群的丰度,下调了Candidatus Soleaferrea、Coprococcus 3、Lachnospiraceae NK4B4 group等菌群的丰度。相关性分析表明,Coprococcus 3与初乳中IgM水平呈显著负相关（P<0.05）,Fibrobacter与初乳中IgG、IgM水平呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;Lachnospiraceae NK4B4与常乳中乳蛋白和总固体含量呈显著正相关（P<0.05）;Ruminococcaceae UCG009与初乳中IgG水平呈显著负相关（P<0.05）。以上结果表明,β-胡萝卜素可通过调节肠道菌群影响母猪初乳及常乳的成分组成。     

Iodine Content in Colostrum and Milk of Cows and Sows

The concentration of total iodine in colostrum and normal milk of cows and sows has been determined using a Technicon Autoanalyzer. In cows as well as in sows a lowering of the level of iodine in milk was observed during the first few days after parturition. At the first sampling within 8 hrs. after parturition the concentration of iodine in colostrum of cows from 2 herds was on average 3.4 and 2.4 μg/100 ml, respectively. Corresponding value for colostrum of the sows was 67 μg/100 ml. Based on informations about the composition of the food and daily food consumption it could be estimated that 0.5–1 and 20–45 % of the daily intake of iodine were secreted per 1 milk or colostrum of cows and sows, respectively. It can be concluded that the mammary gland of the sow has a considerably higher ability to concentrate iodine than that of the cow. Furthermore the concentration mechanism is more efficient immediately after parturition than at later stages of lactation.     

Shotgun proteomic analysis of porcine colostrum and mature milk

The epitheliochorial nature of the porcine placenta prevents the transfer of maternal immunity. Therefore, ingestion of the colostrum immediately after birth is crucial for neonatal piglets to acquire passive immunity from the sow. We performed a shotgun proteomic analysis of porcine milk to reveal in detail the protein composition of porcine milk. On the basis of the Swiss‐Prot database, 113 and 118 proteins were identified in the porcine colostrum and mature milk, respectively, and 50 of these proteins were common to both samples. Some immune‐related proteins, including interleukin‐18 (IL‐18), were unique to the colostrum. The IL‐18 concentration in the colostrum and mature milk of four sows was measured to validate the proteomic analysis, and IL‐18 was only detected in the colostrum (191.0 ± 53.9 pg/mL) and not in mature milk. In addition, some proteins involved in primary defense, such as azurocidin, which has never been detected in any other mammal's milk, were also identified in the colostrum.