Radiation Losses of the Relativistic Charge Moving Near a Dielectric Radiator

Russian Physics Journal - The radiation losses of a relativistic charge moving in vacuum near a dielectric radiator in which Vavilov – Cherenkov radiation is generated are estimated. For a...     

Measuring the distribution of particles according to their velocity in accelerator beams on the basis of Cherenkov radiation in the optical and microwave range

Methods for measuring the energy spectra of powerful beams of charged particles and their bunches according to the dependence of the intensity of Cherenkov radiation on the refractive index of the radiator (with and without using of dispersion) are considered. The methods are practically nondestructive. In the case of special demands on the Cherenkov radiation collection system, beam spectra with unknown angular distributions can be measured. Uncharged particle spectra are determined from the secondary charged particles spectra.     

Effective stopping of relativistic composite heavy ions colliding with atoms

A nonperturbative theory of energy loss by relativistic composite heavy highly charged ions colliding with atoms is developed. A simple formula for effective stopping is derived. By composite ions, we mean partially ionized atoms of heavy elements consisting of the ion core and several bound electrons that incompletely neutralize the ion core charge. Such ions, which have, as a rule, a high charge (for example, partly stripped uranium atoms), are used in many experiments performed with modern heavy ion accelerators.     

Ionization loss of relativistic structural heavy ions in collisions with atoms

A nonperturbative theory of energy loss in collisions between structural, highly charged heavy ions moving at relativistic velocities and atoms is developed. A simple formula for effective deceleration is derived. By structural ions are meant ions containing partially filled electron shells. It is such ions characterized, as a rule, by a significant charge (for example, partially “stripped” uranium ions) that are used in numerous experiments involving the use of modern heavy-ion accelerators.     

Spatial and angular distribution of the heavy ion charge under channeling in crystals

A kinetic theory of passage of multiply charged heavy ions through crystals is developed that allows for diffusion in the transverse momentum space and ion-crystal charge exchange. The theory provides an adequate explanation for the observed angular distributions of heavy ions passing through oriented crystals, makes it possible to calculate the partial angular distributions of different charge states, and treats the discovered effects of “cooling” and “heating” of channeled ion beams in physical terms. The angular and spatial distribution of channeled ions with different energies is calculated. Whether a channeled beam of multiply charged heavy ions will be cooled or heated is related to the dependence of the electron capture and loss probabilities on the impact parameter when the ions interact with atomic chains. This interaction governs the run of the angular and spatial distribution of the channeled ion charge.     

Experimental study of coherent transition radiation from relativistic electron bunches entering a dihedral angle

The angular distributions of the intensity of transition radiation from a bunch of relativistic electrons entering a dihedral angle between two conducting planes have been measured in a millimeter wavelength range. A microtron with a particle energy of 7.4 MeV is used as a source of electrons. The effect of the particle injection direction and the magnitude of the dihedral angle on the angular distribution of the radiation intensity has been analyzed. The measurements show that the character of the distribution of radiation from a charge entering the dihedral angle significantly differs from that for a charge escaping the angle. A comparatively small change in the magnitude of the dihedral angle can lead to qualitative changes in the angular distribution of radiation from a charge entering the dihedral angle.     

Transition radiation from relativistic electrons crossing a perfectly conducting conical surface: Calculation and experiment

The angular distributions of the transition radiation intensity when a charged particle passes through the vertex of a perfectly conducting conical surface have been calculated. The radiation generated both when the particle exits the conductor and when it falls on the conductor has been considered. The angular distributions of the intensity of the transition radiation generated by a bunch of relativistic electrons have been measured in the millimeter wavelength range. A microtron with a particle energy of 7.4 MeV was the source of electrons. The influence of the particle injection direction and the conical-surface opening angle on the angular distribution of the radiation intensity has been studied. The measurements have shown that the distribution of the radiation generated by a charge when it enters the horn differs significantly in pattern from the distribution when it exits the horn.     

Correlation phenomena in the Cherenkov radiation of accelerated multiply charged ions

Correlation phenomena occurring in Cherenkov radiation are considered which are related to fluctuations of the charge states of multiply charged accelerated ions in a medium. The additional correlation contribution to the radiation is determined by the root-mean-square deviation of the ion charge from its equilibrium value and is responsible for the nonzero radiation yield in the event that the threshold condition is not fulfilled. Numerical estimates of the radiation yield of heavy ions in the optical and X-ray frequency ranges are given. Translated from Izvestiya Vysshikh Uchebnykh Zavedenii, Fizika, No. 1, pp. 41–46, January, 2009.     

Effect of heavy ion charge fluctuations on Cherenkov radiation

Correlation effects in the Cherenkov radiation due to ions charge fluctuations in the matter are considered. Stochastic process of charge exchange leads to the washout of a radiation wave front and to the transformation of spectral-angular density. The effect is determined by a root-mean-square deviation of an ion charge. The additional radiation yield gives the nonzero contribution at the violation of the Cherenkov threshold condition. The interference of an electromagnetic field generated in the matter by the different ion's charge states along the trajectory is the cause of the additional radiation.     

Resonant diffusive radiation in random multilayered systems

We have theoretically shown that the yield of diffuse radiation generated by relativistic electrons passing random multilayered systems can be increased when a resonant condition is met. The resonant condition can be satisfied for the wavelength region representing visible light as well as soft X rays. The intensity of diffusive soft X rays for specific multilayered systems consisting of two components is compared with the intensity of Cherenkov radiation. For radiation at a photon energy of 99.4 eV, the intensity of resonant diffusive radiation (RDR) generated by 5-MeV electrons passing a Be/Si multilayer exceeds the intensity of Cherenkov radiation by a factor of ≈60 for electrons with the same energy passing a Si foil. For a photon energy of 453 eV and 13 MeV, electrons passing a Be/Ti multilayer generate RDR exceeding the Cherenkov radiation generated by electrons passing Ti foils by a factor ≈130.     

Excitation of a wake field by a relativistic electron bunch in a semi-infinite dielectric waveguide

A wake field excited by a relativistic electron bunch in a semi-infinite metal waveguide filled with a dielectric consists of the Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation, the “quenching”-wave field, and transient radiation, which interfere with each other. An exact analytic expression for the transient component of the field of a thin relativistic annular bunch is derived for the first time. The evolution of the space distribution of a field excited by a finite-size electron bunch is numerically calculated. The excitation of the wake field by a periodic train of electron bunches in a finite-length waveguide is studied.     

Transition radiation from an extended bunch of charged particles

The spatial distribution of the transition radiation generated by an extended system of charges is studied. The charges sequentially cross the interface at equispaced points. Also, the transition from a spherical bunch with the uniform charge distribution is considered. The radiation patterns produced by the point charge and by the bunch of the charges are shown to differ significantly at certain sizes of the bunch expressed in terms of the wavelength. Charge distributions such that the transition radiation exhibits the properties typical of the Doppler effect or of Vavilov-Cherenkov radiation are found to be possible.     

Comparison study of the charge density distribution induced by heavy ions and pulsed lasers in silicon

Heavy ions and pulsed lasers are important means to simulate the ionization damage effects on semiconductor materials. The analytic solution of high-energy heavy ion energy loss in silicon has been obtained using the Bethe-Bloch formula and the Kobetich-Katz theory, and some ionization damage parameters of Fe ions in silicon, such as the track structure and ionized charge density distribution, have been calculated and analyzed according to the theoretical calculation results. Using the Gaussian function and Beer＇s law, the parameters of the track structure and charge density distribution induced by a pulsed laser in silicon have also been calculated and compared with those of Fe ions in silicon, which provides a theoretical basis for ionization damage effect modeling.     

Angular distribution of ejected electrons at the laser-cluster interactions

The histograms of deflection angles of electrons ejected from Xe clusters irradiated by femtosecond super-intense laser pulses are presented. The dependence of the angular distribution on the peak laser intensity, the pulse duration, and the cluster position is considered. A clear relationship between the final electron energy and the deflection angle is shown. The deflection angles are calculated by solving the relativistic equation of motion taking into account the Lorentz force and the Coulomb field of the ionized cluster. The ions in the cluster undergo sequential multiple ionization up to charge multiplicity Z = 26. The measurements of the electron angular distributions allow us to reproduce the imaging dynamics of outer ionization of the cluster at the leading edge of the relativistic femtosecond laser pulse.     

Tungsten ions produced by infrared pulsed laser irradiation

Energetic ions have been obtained irradiating a tungsten target with a Q-switched Nd:Yag laser, 1064?nm wavelength, 9?ns pulse width, 900?mJ maximum pulse energy and power density of the order of 10¹⁰?W/cm². The laser-target interaction induces a strong metal etching with production of plasma in front of the target. The plasma contains neutrals and ions with high charge state. Time-of-flight measurements are presented for qualitative analysis of the ion production. A cylindrical electrostatic ion analyzer permits measuring of the yield of emitted ions, the charge state of detected ions and the ion energy distribution. Measurements indicate that, at a laser fluence of the order of 100?J/cm², the charge state may reach 9+ and the ion energy reaches about 5?keV. The ion energy distribution is given as a function of the charge state. Experimental results indicate that an electrical field is developed along the normal to the plane of the target surface, which accelerates the ions up to high velocity. The ion velocity distributions follow a “shifted Maxwellian distribution”, which the author has corrected for the Coulomb interactions occurring inside the plasma.     

Coherent photon-photon interactions in very peripheral relativistic heavy ion collisions

Heavy ions at high velocities provide very strong electromagnetic fields for a very short time. The main characteristics of ultraperipheral relativistic heavy ion collisions are reviewed, characteristic parameters are identified. The main interest in ultraperipheral heavy ion collisions at relativistic ion colliders like the LHC is the interactions of very high energy (equivalent) photons with the countermoving (equivalent) photons and hadrons (protons/ions). The physics of these interactions is quite different from and complementary to the physics of the strong fields achieved with current and future lasers.     

Formation of the charge and energy distributions of heavy ions in a material in the diffusion model

We investigate the formation of the charge and energy distributions of ions that slow down and randomly change their charges in collisions with particles of the medium. We study the influence that the spread of ions in charge has on the shape of the Bragg curve. The suggested diffusion approximation for the kinetic equation of heavy ions allows the parameters of the ion charge and energy distributions to be easily determined in the entire ion path. The parameters of the ion charge distribution are shown to be related to the ionization-recombination cross sections. The ion distributions calculated in the suggested analytical model are compared with the results of numerical calculations. We have obtained good agreement between the analytical, numerical, and experimental results.     

相对论重离子碰撞手征电荷分离效应的研究

相对论重离子碰撞的拓扑荷作用破坏作用平面两侧不同手征性的夸克数目的平衡,从而引起P和CP破坏特征。本工作主要分析RHIC和LHC能区的手征电荷分离作用,分析手征电荷分离随碰撞中心度、碰撞能量和核屏蔽等依赖关系。并未发现手征电荷分离效应与碰撞能量大小有非常紧密的依赖关系,但发现核屏蔽效应对手征电荷分离有重要的影响,与不考虑屏蔽效应相比,考虑屏蔽效应会使手征分离效应明显压低,由于屏蔽效应出现,使得a₊₊（a_--）的分布与a_+-（a_-+）分布并不对称。并且还发现手征分离效应主要发生在碰撞参量较大的周边碰撞,越接近中心碰撞,手征分离效应几乎可以忽略。The topological charge interactions in relativistic heavy ion collisions cause quark chirality imbalance, resulting in charge separation under the strong magnetic field and local P and CP violation. In this paper, the chiral charge separation at RHIC and LHC energies is systematically analyzed as functions of the collision centrality, the collision energy and the nuclear shielding factor. It is found that there is not a very close dependence of the chiral charge separation effect on the collision energies, but that has an important dependence on nuclear shielding factor. Compared with the non-shielding effect, the shielding effect can reduce the chiral separation effect obviously. Due to the shielding effect, the distribution of a₊₊(a_--) and the distribution of a_+-(a_-+) are asymmetric. One also finds that chiral separation effect, which is almost negligible when more close to the central collision, occurs mainly in the peripheral collision for larger impact parameter.     

Guided transmission of oxygen ions through Al2O3 nanocapillaries

The transmissions of oxygen ions through Al2O3 nanocapillaries each 50 nm in diameter and 10 μm in length at a series of different tilt angles are measured,where the ions with energies ranging from 10 to 60 keV and charge states from 1 up to 6 are involved.The angular distribution and the transmission yields of transported ions are investigated.Our results indicate both the existence of a guiding effect when ions pass through the capillary and a significant dependence of the ion transmission on the energy and the charge state of the ions.The guiding effects are observed to be enhanced at lower projectile energies and higher charge states.Meanwhile,the results also exhibit that the transmission yields increase as the tilt angle decreases at a given energy and charge state.