Face recognition using a fuzzy fisherface classifier

In this study, we are concerned with face recognition using fuzzy fisherface approach and its fuzzy set based augmentation. The well-known fisherface method is relatively insensitive to substantial variations in light direction, face pose, and facial expression. This is accomplished by using both principal component analysis and Fisher's linear discriminant analysis. What makes most of the methods of face recognition (including the fisherface approach) similar is an assumption about the same level of typicality (relevance) of each face to the corresponding class (category). We propose to incorporate a gradual level of assignment to class being regarded as a membership grade with anticipation that such discrimination helps improve classification results. More specifically, when operating on feature vectors resulting from the PCA transformation we complete a Fuzzy K-nearest neighbor class assignment that produces the corresponding degrees of class membership. The comprehensive experiments completed on ORL, Yale, and CNU (Chungbuk National University) face databases show improved classification rates and reduced sensitivity to variations between face images caused by changes in illumination and viewing directions. The performance is compared vis-à-vis other commonly used methods, such as eigenface and fisherface.     

基于支持向量机的人脸识别系统的研究

首先利用PCA进行人脸图像特征提取,然后将此特征数据作为分类器的输入数据。采用的分类器是利用所谓“相似性”方法构造的多个二类SVM分类器,为了提高识别正确率,在多个SVM的输出之后又增加了一级神经网络训练器。以ORL人脸库做的实验中得到了很好的识别效果。     

多分类光滑支持向量机的人脸识别方法

提出一种新的三阶分段光滑函数,构造三阶光滑支持向量机模型( TPSSVM)。理论证明新三阶分段光滑函数对正号函数的逼近程度更高。在处理多类问题时,提出一种基于编码方式的一对多光滑支持向量机分类方法。对于人脸识别问题,通过主成分分析( PCA)进行特征提取,并利用多分类光滑支持向量机对人脸特征图像进行训练和测试。应用于ORL人脸库和FERET人脸库的测试结果表明,多分类光滑支持向量机比传统的识别方法有更高的识别率。     

An improved discriminative common vectors and support vector machine based face recognition approach

An improved discriminative common vectors and support vector machine based face recognition approach is proposed in this paper. The discriminative common vectors (DCV) algorithm is a recently addressed discriminant method, which shows better face recognition effects than some commonly used linear discriminant algorithms. The DCV is based on a variation of Fisher’s Linear Discriminant Analysis for the small sample size case. However, for multiclass problem, the Fisher criterion is clearly suboptimal. We design an improved discriminative common vector by adjustment for the Fisher criterion that can estimate the within-class and between-class scatter matrices more accurately for classification purposes. Then we employ support vector machine as the classifier due to its higher classification and higher generalization. Testing on two public large face database: ORL and AR database, the experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method is an effective face recognition approach, which outperforms several representative recognition methods.     

基于二维双向FLD的掌纹识别方法

采用二维双向Fisher线性判别分析对掌纹图像进行特征提取,即通过在水平和垂直2 个方向上各执行1 次二维Fisher线性判别分析,能消除掌纹图像行和列的相关性。运用Fisher准则选取更适合于分类的矩阵分量,将特征信息压缩到图像矩阵的左上角,缩小了特征的维数。测试结果表明,该方法具有更高的识别率和更低的计算复杂度。     

基于支持向量网络和相关反馈的人脸识别

采用了一种通过KPCA提取人脸图像特征,线性SVM对特征进行加权,用最近邻法分类人脸的识别系统.整个系统实质上构成了一个支持向量分类网络.为了自动进行网络训练和参数寻优,提出了一套自动相关反馈训练方法;并采用了图像灰度的伽马校正技术减少光照变化对识别的影响,提高了分类器的性能.基于ORL数据库的相关实验表明,在很少样本训练条件下,这样的系统能够获得较高性能.     

级联SVM和分类器融合的人脸性别识别方法

传统的支持向量机（Support Vector Machines,SVM）在面对大样本训练问题时,其样本数量会受到内存的限制。因此,提出一种基于级联SVM和分类器融合的人脸图像性别识别方法。级联SVM分类器可以通过设定阈值将识别难易程度不同的样本分成若干层次来进行训练;同时,在级联的每一层上,为了降低分类器在识别过程中受各种因素的影响,对不同特征维数下得到的最优分类器进行融合,通过融合减小误差,使中性的人脸样本有更明确的分类。在同一硬件条件下的实验结果表明,单层SVM最多只能训练7万样本,而四层级联SVM训练样本数可达12万以上,相应的识别率也从单层融合前的96.7%上升至四层融合后的99.1%。     

人脸图像检测与识别方法综述

本文对人脸识别技术中的检测和识别分成两部分进行了讨论。首先,系统的整理分析了人脸检测的各种方法,其次,作为人脸识别技术的第二个环节,对人脸的各种识别方法进行了比较的论述,重点讨论了当前热点的识别算法,最后对人脸识别技术的发展方向进行了展望。     

广义并行2维复判别分析的人脸识别

目的 针对2维线性鉴别分析提取人脸特征向量稳定性较差、仅对行或列方向提取特征时容易丢失不同行或列间有助于鉴别分析的协方差信息、同时存在特征维数较高的问题,提出一种广义并行2维复判别分析的人脸识别方法。方法 首先对人脸图像进行广义并行2维线性判别分析处理,根据特征值贡献率动态选取特征向量组成正交投影矩阵,完成水平和垂直方向上的投影;其次将处理后得到的两类特征矩阵以复数的实部和虚部形式相加,对融合后的特征矩阵进行广义2维复判别分析处理得到复特征矩阵;然后以复特征矩阵的特征值大小来衡量特征矩阵分量的识别性能,对特征矩阵分量进行重新排序,选取最具鉴别力的分量形成最终表征人脸的特征;最后采用最大相似度分类器比较测试样本与训练样本特征的相似度,进行人脸图像特征的分类识别。结果 在Yale、ORL、FERET、CMU-PIE及LFW人脸数据库上进行实验测试,该方法的最优识别率分别为100%、100%、98.98%、99.76%及98.67%,特征维数在8590之间,表明该方法对复杂条件下的人脸识别有较高的准确率和较低的空间占有率。结论 该方法能够有效克服2维线性鉴别分析提取特征稳定性差、特征空间中特征重叠、存储系数多、特征维数高的缺点,表现出较高鲁棒性和准确率及较低空间复杂度的特性。     

人脸检测与识别技术综述

人脸的自动识别是模式识别、图像处理等学科的研究热点,并在商业和法律方面有广阔的应用前景(如身份证、信用卡、护照等身份认证以及智能小区管理、电视监控系统等等),近年来关于人脸自动识别的研究取得了很大的进展。但是,这些研究成果离这一问题的彻底解决还有很大的距离,这一课题仍然是当前研究的热点问题之一。本文重点对现有的人脸检测与识别的方法及研究进行总结,并比较了各种方法的优缺点。并在最后指出了进一步工作的方向。     

Application of image correction and bit-plane fusion in generalized PCA based face recognition

A novel generalized PCA based face recognition algorithm is proposed in this paper. Two approaches to improve the illumination robustness of the algorithm are presented, symmetrical image correction (SIC) and bit-plane feature fusion (BPFF). Specifically, for an assumed eudipleural face image, SIC first compares a pixel with the mean of this pixel and its symmetrical one and constructs a weight using the difference, then performs correction of the face image by adding the weight image to it to reduce bright speckles and shadows caused by over lighting. BPFF decomposes a face image into its eight bit-planes and extracts outline features and texture features respectively from them, then it constructs a new virtual face by combining those two features. Finally, Generalized PCA is applied to the virtual faces to achieve face recognition. Experimental results show that, the proposed combined approach can effectively reduce the sensitivity of face recognition algorithm to illumination variances and thus fewer projection vectors are required to achieve the same recognition rate than the comparing approaches.     

基于支持向量机的车辆牌照识别的研究

将支持向量机（SVM）引入到复杂条件下运动车辆牌照字符的识别中。回顾了车牌识别研究的现状,简要介绍了SVM的基本原理,比较了SVM算法和神经网络算法在车牌字符识别上的优劣;提出了采用基于先验知识的二叉树结构组合多个二值分类支持向量机来解决车牌字符的多类识别问题。在实验中采用了LibSVM训练软件,针对车牌汉字的小字符集进行了仿真,同时与神经网络分类方法进行了比较。实验结果表明该方法的汉字识别率较高,在小字符集车牌汉字识别中具有较强的实用性。     

基于2D-PCA和2D-LDA的人脸识别方法

提出了基于2D-PCA、2D-LDA两种特征采用融合分类器的人脸识别方法.首先提取人脸图像的2D-PCA和2D-LDA特征,对不同特征在决策层对分类器进行融合.在ORL人脸库上的试验结果表明,分类器决策层融合方法在识别性能上优于2D-PCA和2D-LDA,更具有鲁棒性.     

An analytical algorithm for determining the generalized optimal set of discriminant vectors

Generalized linear discriminant analysis has been successfully used as a dimensionality reduction technique in many classification tasks. An analytical method for finding the optimal set of generalized discriminant vectors is proposed in this paper. Compared with other methods, the proposed method has the advantage of requiring less computational time and achieving higher recognition rates. The results of experiments conducted on the Olivetti Research Lab facial database show the effectiveness of the proposed method.     

An improved protein fold recognition with support vector machines

Predicting the three‐dimensional structure (fold) of a protein is a key problem in molecular biology. It is also interesting issue for statistical methods recognition. In this paper a multi‐class support vector machine (SVM) classifier is used on a real world data set. The SVM is a binary classifier, but protein fold recognition is a multi‐class problem. So several new approaches to deal with this issue are presented including a modification of the well‐known one‐versus‐one strategy. However, in this strategy the number of different binary classifiers that must be trained is quickly increasing with the number of classes. The methods proposed in this paper show how this problem can be overcome.     

FS_SFS: A novel feature selection method for support vector machines

In many pattern recognition applications, high-dimensional feature vectors impose a high computational cost as well as the risk of “overfitting”. Feature Selection addresses the dimensionality reduction problem by determining a subset of available features which is most essential for classification. This paper presents a novel feature selection method named filtered and supported sequential forward search (FS_SFS) in the context of support vector machines (SVM). In comparison with conventional wrapper methods that employ the SFS strategy, FS_SFS has two important properties to reduce the time of computation. First, it dynamically maintains a subset of samples for the training of SVM. Because not all the available samples participate in the training process, the computational cost to obtain a single SVM classifier is decreased. Secondly, a new criterion, which takes into consideration both the discriminant ability of individual features and the correlation between them, is proposed to effectively filter out nonessential features. As a result, the total number of training is significantly reduced and the overfitting problem is alleviated. The proposed approach is tested on both synthetic and real data to demonstrate its effectiveness and efficiency.     

基于2D-DWT与FLD的人脸识别算法

基于加权二维离散小波变换(2D-DWT)与Fisher线性判别(FLD),提出一种人脸识别算法。利用db2小波对人脸图像进行2层小波分解,对于分解图像利用FLD法进行特征提取,运用最近邻分类法对提取的特征进行分类识别。在ORL标准人脸图像库上的实验结果证明,该算法能取得较好的识别率。     

基于Bit平面和广义PCA的人脸识别

提出了一种结合Bit平面信息和广义PCA进行人脸识别的新算法。利用人脸图像的Bit平面信息，经特征融合来构造新的人脸，在此基础上再进行广义PCA分析。实验表明，该文提出的方法不仅能提高人脸的识别率，而且在人脸特征空间的维数较低时，识别率已经达到稳定。     

Two-dimensional discriminant transform for face recognition

This paper develops a new image feature extraction and recognition method coined two-dimensional linear discriminant analysis (2DLDA). 2DLDA provides a sequentially optimal image compression mechanism, making the discriminant information compact into the up-left corner of the image. Also, 2DLDA suggests a feature selection strategy to select the most discriminative features from the corner. 2DLDA is tested and evaluated using the AT&T face database. The experimental results show 2DLDA is more effective and computationally more efficient than the current LDA algorithms for face feature extraction and recognition.