氮磷限制对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒的影响

采用分批培养的方式研究了铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)在氮、磷单因子营养限制条件下的生长和产毒情况.结果表明,氮限制对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒都有明显的抑制作用,而磷限制对其生长和产毒没有明显的抑制作用.在氮限制条件下,铜绿微囊藻的生物量仅为控制组的30%～50%,产毒量也仅为控制组的10%～60%;并且氮限制会促进细胞分裂,缩短细胞的生长周期.这可能是因为氮是铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒所必需的元素,直接控制着铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒;所以若培养基中的氮浓度比较低,会直接导致微囊藻的生物量较少和产毒量比较低.磷限制甚至磷被耗尽时对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒都影响不大,这可能与铜绿微囊藻体内储存的含磷颗粒物有关.实验结果表明,在本实验条件下,水体中氮限制对铜绿微囊藻的生长和产毒影响较大.     

扰动对外源性磷在模拟水生态系统中迁移的影响

采用同位素示踪法,模拟研究不同扰动强度对外源性磷在水体、铜绿微囊藻和底泥中迁移的影响.水体中外源性磷首先由快速的物理化学分配进入铜绿微囊藻和底泥中,然后其在水体中的迁移主要受铜绿微囊藻生长状况的影响.实验表明,当扰动强度为30r/min时,铜绿微囊藻生长得最好.单位质量铜绿微囊藻中最大外源性磷含量与扰动强度无关,但扰动能加快铜绿微囊藻对外源性磷的吸收速率.水体中溶解的外源性磷含量随时间持续下降,微囊藻的衰亡能促进水体中磷向底泥中迁移.最终绝大部分外源性磷迁移到底泥中.增加扰动能有效降低水体中溶解性磷的浓度,在扰动为30r/min时,水体中外源性磷从2.183mg/mL下降到0.0180mg/mL.     

水体扰动对铜绿微囊藻生长影响的模拟实验

以铜绿微囊藻为研究对象,在恒温恒光照(27℃,3 000 lx)和模拟太湖流域夏季温度和光照变化2种培养条件下,研究了不同强度的水体扰动对微囊藻生长的影响,探讨扰动对藻类的影响机制。结果表明,不同扰动强度对微囊藻的生长影响具有一定差异,轻微的扰动(100和200 r/min)促进了铜绿微囊藻的生长,延长了对数增长期,这可能是由于微弱的扰动加速了离子向细胞表面的流动,增加了微囊藻对营养盐的吸收;较大强度的扰动(400 r/min)则能制约铜绿微囊藻生长和增殖,可能是由于扰动产生的剪切力影响了微囊藻光合作用效率。水体扰动对微囊藻的影响机制主要在于干预了藻类对生存环境中营养盐和光的吸收利用,这有助于深化水动力对藻类影响机理的认识。     

不同风等级扰动对贫富营养下铜绿微囊藻生长的影响

为了探讨不同营养水平条件下动力扰动对微囊藻生长产生的影响,在实验室中模拟了不同风浪强度,分别测定了铜绿微囊藻生长的速率.结果显示.贫营养下,对藻体有规律地施以一定的扰动有助于藻类的生长,扰动使得藻比增长率从0.1 d-1最大增加至0.3 d-1;约4.0 m/s风力最有利于铜绿微囊藻的生长,弱扰动对藻类生长促进作用不明显,强扰动对藻类生长限制作用更显著.富营养下,各风力等级下的扰动对铜绿微囊藻比增长率和最大现存量的影响均不明显,藻比增长率基本间于0.27～0.29 d-1.结果表明,水体中营养水平相差悬殊时,扰动所引起的营养物质重新分配相对于其他因子对藻生长具有更重要的影响.太湖目前的富营养化状况下,动力扰动对藻类生长的直接影响不大.     

pH值及黏土密度对壳聚糖改性絮凝剂除藻效果的影响

研究了不同pH值的改性絮凝剂对不同pH值铜绿微囊藻的絮凝除藻效果.结果表明:不论是对于室内培养的铜绿微囊藻DS,还是对于野外发生的铜绿微囊藻水华,藻液絮凝后的终点pH值均为影响絮凝效果的关键因素,伴随藻液pH值的逐步升高,需要同步调低絮凝剂的pH值并使终点pH值为7.0~7.3才最有利于形成絮凝体;对于高浮力的野生蓝藻水华,需要提高絮凝剂中黏土的密度才能使絮凝体有效沉降.上述结果说明,在使用壳聚糖改性絮凝剂控制铜绿微囊藻水华时,应根据水体pH值及藻生物量而调整絮凝剂配方,且应优先选择在水体pH值和藻生物量较低时进行控藻.     

连续水流和间歇水流对微囊藻生长的影响

为了解不同的水体流动方式对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响。实验在控制温度和光照条件下,室内采用野外原水培养基模拟连续水流和间歇水流微囊藻的生长。实验结果表明,间歇水流下微囊藻在各流速下的生长差异较小,连续扰动下微囊藻在各流速下的生长差异较大,在流速为35 cm/s时达到最大值;间歇性扰动条件下微囊藻密度较连续性水流条件下高。这可能是在间歇扰动下水流主要影响藻细胞对营养盐的吸收,连续扰动的低流速下主要是通过对营养盐的吸收对微囊藻产生影响,在高流速下是水流对藻细胞的机械破坏为主;同时培养基中藻细胞形成群体产生微环境有利于微囊藻的生长。水体流动的方式不同,水流对微囊藻细胞生长的作用将发生改变,这为扰动控制蓝藻生长提供科学依据。     

环境生物学

X171 2(X)301915扰动对外源性磷在模拟水生态系统中迁移的影响/史小丽(南京大学环境学院,污染控制与资源化研究国家重点实验室)…//中国环境科学/中国环境科学学会一2(X)2,22(6)一537一541 环图X一58 采用同位素示踪法,模拟研究不同扰动强度对外源性磷在水体、铜绿微囊藻和底泥中迁移的影响,水体中外源性磷首先由快速的物理化学分配进人铜绿微囊藻和底泥中,然后其在水体中的迁移主要受铜绿微囊藻生长状况的影响。实验表明,当扰动强度为30r/而n时,铜绿微囊藻生长得最好,单位质量铜绿微囊藻中最大外源性磷含量与扰动强度无关,但扰动能加快铜…     

不同扰动条件下微囊藻和栅藻竞争能力的比较

以扰动为主要限制因子,研究铜绿微囊藻和栅藻在纯培养和共培养情况下的生长状况,探讨了竞争和种群增长率之间的关系,以判断藻类竞争的结果。结果表明:适宜的扰动有利于微囊藻的增长和聚集,较大强度的扰动则抑制微囊藻的生长。在共培养体系中,铜绿微囊藻有更强的竞争能力和抑制其它生物生长的能力,获得最大生物量和远大于栅藻的增长率。     

无机氮和有机氮对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒影响的比较

以氯化铵和丙氨酸作为氮源,通过测定铜绿微囊藻细胞生物量、胞内藻毒素含量、基质利用率等变化情况探究并比较两种含氮化合物对铜绿微囊藻生长和产毒的影响.结果表明铵氮低浓度(10 mg·L-1)促进铜绿微囊藻生长,而高浓度(20 mg·L-1)具有抑制作用;不同浓度的丙氨酸对铜绿微囊藻的生长均具有促进作用,最适生长浓度为20 mg·L-1.铵态氮对藻毒素产生的促进作用不明显,丙氨酸则较大的促进了微囊藻产毒,是同时期对照组的6倍.     

荸荠对铜绿微囊藻的化感抑制作用研究

采取植物种植水培养、植物浸提液培养及植物共培养3种培养方式研究了荸荠对铜绿微囊藻生长的影响.结果发现:荸荠植株种植水、荸荠浸提液以及荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养均对铜绿微囊藻的生长产生了化感抑制作用.100%浓度的荸荠浸提液对铜绿微囊藻生长抑制率达到91.40%,而荸荠与铜绿微囊藻共培养时对铜绿微囊藻生长的抑制率为86.83%.这两者之间的差异并不显著,直接验证了荸荠能够通过不断地向水体中释放化感物质来长久、有效地抑制铜绿微囊藻的生长.     

Toxic effects of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination on nifH gene in soil

Toxic effects of two agrochemicals on nifH gene in agricultural black soil were investigated using denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis （DGGE） and sequencing approaches in a microcosm experiment. Changes of soil nifH gene diversity and composition were examined following the application of acetochlor, methamidophos and their combination. Acetochlor reduced the nifH gene diversity （both in gene richness and diversity index values） and caused changes in the nifH gene composition. The effects of acetochlor on nifH gene were strengthened as the concentration of acetochlor increased. Cluster analysis of DGGE banding patterns showed that nifH gene composition which had been affected by low concentration of acetochlor （50 mg/kg） recovered firstly. Methamidophos reduced nifH gene richness that except at 4 weeks. The medium concentration of methamidophos （150 mg/kg） caused the most apparent changes in nifH gene diversity at the first week while the high concentration of methamidophos （250 mg/kg） produced prominent effects on nifH gene diversity in the following weeks. Cluster analysis showed that minimal changes of nifH gene composition were found at 1 week and maximal changes at 4 weeks. Toxic effects of acetochlor and methamidophos combination on nifH gene were also apparent. Different nifH genes （bands） responded differently to the impact of agrochemicals： four individual bands were eliminated by the application of the agrochemicals, five bands became predominant by the stimulation of the agrochemicals, and four bands showed strong resistance to the influence of the agrochemicals. Fifteen prominent bands were partially sequenced, yielding 15 different nifH sequences, which were used for phylogenetic reconstructions. All sequences were affiliated with the alpha- and beta-proteobacteria, showing higher similarity to eight different diazotrophic genera.     

Arsenic uptake by arbuscular mycorrhizal maize （Zea mays L.） grown in an arsenic-contaminated soil with added phosphorus

The effects of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungus (Glomus mosseae) and phosphorus (P) addition (100 mg/kg soil) on arsenic (As) uptake by maize plants (Zea mays L.) from an As-contaminated soil were examined in a glasshouse experiment.Non-mycorrhizal and zero-P addition controls were included.Plant biomass and concentrations and uptake of As,P,and other nutrients,AM colonization,root lengths,and hyphal length densities were determined.The results indicated that addition of P significantly inhibited root colonization and development of extraradical mycelium.Root length and dry weight both increased markedly with mycorrhizal colonization under the zero-P treatments,but shoot and root biomass of AM plants was depressed by P application.AM fungal inoculation decreased shoot As concentrations when no P was added,and shoot and root As concentrations of AM plants increased 2.6 and 1.4 times with P addition,respectively.Shoot and root uptake of P,Mn,Cu,and Zn increased,but shoot Fe uptake decreased by 44.6%,with inoculation, when P was added.P addition reduced shoot P,Fe,Mn,Cu,and Zn uptake of AM plants,but increased root Fe and Mn uptake of the nonmycorrhizal ones.AM colonization therefore appeared to enhance plant tolerance to As in low P soil,and have some potential for the phytostabilization of As-contaminated soil,however,P application may introduce additional environmental risk by increasing soil As mobility.     

Potential of plant polyphenol oxidases in the decolorization and removal of textile and non-textile dyes

In this study an effort has been made to use plant polyphenol oxidases; potato （Solanum tuberosum） and brinjal （Solanum melongena）, for the treatment of various important dyes used in textile and other industries. The ammonium sulphate fractionated enzyme preparations were used to treat a number of dyes under various experimental conditions. Majority of the treated dyes were maximally decolorized at pH 3.0. Some of the dyes were quickly decolorized whereas others were marginally decolorized. The initial first hour was sufficient for the maximum decolorization of dyes. The rate of decolorization was quite slow on long treatment of dyes. Enhancement in the dye decolorization was noticed on increasing the concentration of enzymes. The complex mixtures of dyes were treated with both preparations of polyphenol oxidases in the buffers of varying pH values. Potato polyphenol oxidase was significantly more effective in decolorizing the dyes to higher extent as compared to the enzyme obtained from brinjal polyphenol oxidase. Decolorization of dyes and their mixtures, followed by the formation of an insoluble precipitate, which could be easily removed simply by centrifugation.     

Effects of two sludge application on fractionation and phytotoxicity of zinc and copper in the soil

The potential harm of heavy metals is a primary concern in application of sludge to the agricultural land. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of two sludges on fractionation of Zn and Cu in soil and their phytotoxicity to pakchoi. The loamy soil was mixed with 0%, 20%, 40%, 60% and 80% (by weight) of digested sewage sludge (SS) and composted sludge (SC). The additions of both sludges caused a significant raise in all fractions, resulting in that exchangeable (EXCH) and organic bound (OM) became predominance of Zn and organic bound Cu occupied the largest portion. There was more available amount of Zn and Cu in SS treatments than SC treatments. During the pot experiment, the concentration of Zn in EXCH, carbonate (CAR) and OM and Cu in EXCH and OM fractions decreased in all treatments, so their bioavailability reduced. Germination rate and plant biomass decreased when the addition rate was high and the best yield appeared in 20% mixtures at the harvest of pakchoi. The two sludges increased tissue contents of Zn and Cu especially in the SS treatments. Zn in pakchoi was not only in relationship to ΔEXCH and ΔCAR forms but also in ΔOM forms in the sludge-soil mixtures. Tissue content of Cu in pakchoi grown on SC-soils could not be predicted by ΔEXCH. These correlation rates between Zn and Cu accumulation in pakchoi and variation of different fractions increased with time, which might indicate that sludges represented stronger impacts on the plant in long-term land application.     

Intraspecific differences in effects of co-contamination of cadmium and

A hydroponic experiment was carried out to study intraspecific differences in the effects of different concentrations of cadmium (Cd)(0-10 mg/L) and arsenate (As(V)) (0-8 mg/L) on the growth parameters and accumulation of Cd and As in six wheat varieties Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11, Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8. The endpoints of wheat seedlings, including seed germination,biomass, root length and shoot height, decreased with increasing the Cd and As concentrations. Significant differences in seed germination, biomass, root length, shoot height and the accumulation of Cd and As were observed between the treatments and among the varieties (p ＜ 0.05). The lethal dosage 50% were about 20, 80, 60, 60, 80 and 20 mg As/L for Jing-9428, Duokang-1, Jingdong-11,Jing-411, Jingdong-8 and Zhongmai-8, respectively, and the corresponding values for Cd were about 30, 80, 20, 40, 60 and 10 mg Cd/L, respectively. Among the six varieties, Duokang-1 was found to be the most resistant to Cd and As toxicity, and Zhongmai-8 was the most sensitive to Cd and As co-contamination. The resistance of the six varieties was found dependant on the seedling uptake of Cd and As. Duokang-1 was the most suitable for cultivation in Cd and As co-contaminated soils.     

Removal of heavy metals from sewage sludge by low costing chemical method and recycling in agriculture

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Single and joint effects of pesticides and mercury on soil urease

The influence of two pesticides including chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan and mercury （Hg） on urease activity in 4 soils （meadow burozem and phaeozem） was investigated. The soils were exposed to various concentrations of the two pesticides and Hg individually and simultaneously. Results showed that there was a close relationship between urease activity and organic matter content in soil. Chlorimuron-ethyl and furadan could both activate urease in the 4 soils. The maximum increment of urease activity by chlorimuronethyl was up to 14%-18%. There was almost an equal increase （up to 13%-21%） in the urease activity by furadan. On the contrary, Hg markedly inhibited soil urease activity. A logarithmic equation was used to describe the relationship （P〈0.05） between the concentration of Hg and the activity of soil urease in the 4 tested soils. Semi-effect dose （ED50） values by the stress of Hg based on the inhibition of soil urease in the 4 soils were 88, 5.5, 24 and 20 mg/kg, respectively, according to the calculation of the corresponding equations. The interactive effect of chlorimuron-ethyl or furadan with metal Hg on soil urease was mainly synergic at the highest tested concentrations.     

Isolation and preliminary characterization of a 3-chlorobenzoate degrading bacteria

A study was conducted to compare the diversity of 2-, 3-, and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders in two pristine soils and one contaminated sewage sludge. These samples contained strikingly different populations of mono-chlorobenzoate degraders. Although fewer cultures were isolated in the uncontaminated soils than contaminated one, the ability of microbial populations to mineralize chlorobenzoate was widespread. The 3- and 4-chlorobenzoate degraders were more diverse than the 2-chlorobenzoate degraders. One of the strains isolated from the sewage sludge was obtained. Based on its phenotype, chemotaxonomic properties and 16S rRNA gene, the organism S-7 was classified as Rhodococcus erythropolis. The strain can grow at temperature from 4 to 37℃. It can utilize several （halo）aromatic compounds. Moreover, strain S-7 can grow and use 3-chlorobenzoate as sole carbon source in a temperatures range of 10-30℃ with stoichiometric release of chloride ions. The psychrotolerant ability was significant for bioremediation in low temperature regions. Catechol and chlorocatechol 1,2-dioxygenase activities were present in cell free extracts of the strain, but no （chloro）catechol 2,3- dioxygenase activities was detected. Spectral conversion assays with extracts from R. erythropolis S-7 showed accumulation of a compound with a similar UV spectrum as chloro-cis,cis-muconate from 3-chlorobenzoate. On the basis of these results, we proposed that S-7 degraded 3-chlorobenzoate through the modified ortho-cleave pathway.     

Organochlorine pesticides in soils under different land usage in the Taihu Lake region, China

A field study was conducted in the Taihu Lake region, China in 2004 to reveal the organochlorine pesticide concentrations in soils after the ban of these substances in the year 1983. Thirteen organochlorine pesticides (OCPs) were analyzed in soils from paddy field, tree land and fallow land. Total organochlorine pesticide residues were higher in agricultural soils than in uncultivated fallow land soils. Among all the pesticides, ΣDDX (DDD, DDE and DDT) had the highest concentration for all the soil samples, ranging from 3.10 ng/g to 166.55 ng/g with a mean value of 57.04 ng/g and followed by ΣHCH, ranging from 0.73 ng/g to 60.97 ng/g with a mean value of 24.06 ng/g. Dieldrin, endrin, HCB and α-endosulfan were also found in soils with less than 15 ng/g. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT in soils under three land usages were: paddy field ＞ tree land ＞ fallow land, indicating that land usage inlfuenced the degradation of DDT in soils. Ratios of p,p'-(DDD DDE)/DDT ＞1, showing aged residues of DDTs in soils of the Taihu Lake region. The results were discussed with data from a former study that showed very low actual concentrations of HCH and DDT in soils in the Taihu Lake region, but according to the chemical half-lives and their concentrations in soils in 1980s, the concentration of DDT in soils seemed to be underestimated. In any case our data show that the ban on the use of HCH and DDT resulted in a tremendous reduction of these pesticide residues in soils, but there are still high amounts of pesticide residues in soils, which need more remediation processes.     

Sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions

The contribution of aliphatic-rich plant biopolymer to sorption of hydrophobic organic compounds is significantly important because of their preservation and accumulation in the soil environment,but sorption mechanism is still not fully understood.In this study, sorption of 1-naphthol by plant cuticular fractions was examined to better understand the contributions of respective fraction.Toward this end,cuticular materials were isolated from the fruits of tomato by chemical method.The tomato cuticle sheet consisted of waxes (6.5 wt%),cuticular monomer (69.5 wt%),and polysaccharide (24.0 wt%).Isotherms of l-naphthol to the cuticular fractions were nonlinear (N value (0.82-0.90)) at the whole tested concentration ranges.The KodKow ratios for bulk cuticle (TC1),dewaxed cuticle (TC2),cutin (TC4),and desugared cuticle (TC5) were larger than unity,suggested that tomato bulk cuticle and cutin are much powerful solption medium.Sorption capability of cutin (TC4) was 2.4 times higher than the nonsaponifiable fraction (TC3).The 1-naphthol interactions with tomato cuticular materials were governed by both hydrophobic-type interactions and polar (H-bonding) interactions. Removal of the wax and polysaccharide materials from the bulk tomato cuticle caused a significant increase in the sorption ability of the cuticular material.There was a linear negative trend between K_(oc) values and the amount of polysaccharides or fraction's polarities ((N O)/C);while a linear positive relationship between K_(oc) values and the content of cutin monomer (linear R~2=0.993) was observed for present in the cuticular fractions.Predominant sorbent of the hydrophobic organic compounds (HOCs) in the plant cuticular fraction was the cutin monomer,contributing to 91.7% of the total sorption of tomato bulk cuticle.