肝肾联合移植治疗巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭

目的 总结巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭行肝肾联合移植的临床经验.方法 对8例巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭的患者进行肝肾联合移植,男性5例,女性3例;年龄41～67岁,平均52.8岁.先肝后肾采用经典非转流原位肝移植6例,先肾后肝并采用背驮式肝移植2例.术后对急性排斥反应、并发症、肝肾功能、人/肝/肾存活率等临床疗效进行长期随访.结果 随访28～65个月,8例患者均存活,肝肾功能正常.存活5年以上2例,4年以上2例,2年以上4例.围手术期并发胸腔积液2例,肺部金黄色葡萄球菌感染1例,均对症治疗后痊愈.截至随访终点,未发现移植物急性排斥反应.结论 巨大多囊肾合并多囊肝并发肝肾功能衰竭的患者,肝肾联合移植术是安全有效的治疗方法.     

巨大多囊肝多囊肾行肝肾联合移植术麻醉管理一例

患者，男，52岁，身高170cm，体重132kg，因腰酸、乏力30余年，腹部进行性增大伴腹胀、胸闷、气促半年余入院。既往有高血压史30年，右肾囊肿剥除术后4年，血肌酐逐渐升高而行血透1年。查体：BP180／110mmHg、HR125次／min、RR25次／min、SpO2 90％。患者面部潮红并毛细血管扩张，不能平卧(端坐呼吸)、呼吸浅快。腹部极度膨隆，腹围169cm，腹壁部分浅静脉显露，腹壁张力极高，双下肢及阴囊皮肤粗糙、脱屑、水肿明显并阴囊渗出。     

肝肾联合移植二例报告

目的 探讨肝肾联合移植的手术技术、治疗经验及疗效。方法 给２例肝炎后肝硬变、肝功能不全合并慢性肾功能衰竭患者施行一期肝联合移植。供体器官采用ＵＷ液原位灌洗,快速联合切取。肝移植采用原位肝移植技术,肾移植采用常规方法。术后免疫抑制治疗采用环孢素Ａ霉酚酸酯、抗淋巴细胞球蛋白和激素联合应用。分别于手术５０ｄ与４０ｄ开始服用抗乙型肝炎病毒药物拉米呋啶。结果 例１移植器官立即发挥功能,术后１１０ｄ移植肾发生     

肝肾联合移植的临床经验

目的 探讨肝肾联合移植的适应证、手术技术、治疗经验及并发症防治。方法2001年10月至2005年3月进行肝肾联合移植13例。男12例，女1例。年龄41—66岁，平均54岁。原发病：多囊肝、多囊肾并尿毒症3例，酒精性肝硬化合并尿毒症2例，乙型肝炎肝硬化合并尿毒症7例，肾移植术后14年丙型肝炎肝硬化导致肝衰竭伴移植肾功能不全尿毒症1例。肝移植采用经典非转流原位肝移植术式和背驮式肝移植术式，肾移植为常规术式。病肝切除时注意细致分离第三肝门、创面及时止血。以抗胸腺细胞球蛋白或白细胞介素-2受体单克隆抗体作为免疫诱导，术后服用他克莫司、吗替麦考酚酯及激素维持免疫抑制治疗。患者门诊随访，复查血、尿常规．肝肾功能，他克莫司血药浓度以及移植物B超等。随访时间12—53个月。结果13例手术均成功。术后发生急性排斥反应1例，继发性出血1例，心肌梗死1例（死亡），胸腔积液4例，肺部感染3例（1例死亡）。除死亡病例外，所有并发症经相应治疗后逆转治愈。11例存活者肝肾功能正常，其中存活4年5个月者1例，存活3年以上者2例，2年以上者6例，1年以上者2例。1例49岁患者术后18个月死于心肌梗死，1例52岁患者术后13个月死于肺部巨细胞病毒感染。结论 肝肾联合移植是肝肾功能衰竭的有效治疗手段。娴熟的手术技巧和并发症的及时诊治是肝肾联合移植成功的关键。     

腹腔镜手术治疗肝肾囊肿、多囊肝及多囊肾

目的 探讨腹腔镜下肝肾囊肿、多囊肝及多囊肾开窗术的方法及效果。方法 腹腔镜下行肝肾囊肿、多囊肝、多囊肾开窗术15例。结果 15例均痊愈,术后住院3—4天,无并发症。术后随访6月一4年,无复发。结论 腹腔镜肝肾囊肿、多囊肝及多囊肾开窗术创伤小、恢复快、粘连轻,对囊肿复发可再次行腹腔镜囊肿开窗术     

肝肾联合移植的适应证

肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝病合并肾功能衰竭的有效手段;合理掌握适应证,了解其预后,是肝肾联合移植的成功基础;本文就其适应证作一综述。     

罕见Schnelldorfer D型多囊肝合并多囊肾1例并文献复习

背景与目的 多囊肝（PLD）属一种罕见遗传性疾病,早期一般无特殊临床症状,随其病程进展可以导致肝肾功能衰竭。归纳PLD的病因、发病机制、临床特征,对指导PLD诊治有重要的临床参考价值。笔者报告1例Schnelldorfer D型PLD合并多囊肾（PKD）患者诊治过程,并结合文献对病例特点进行总结,以期加深对该病的认识。方法 回顾性分析川北医学院附属医院肝胆外科收治的1例PLD合并PKD患者的临床资料,总结PLD的病因、发病机制、临床特征,查阅国内外有关PLD的文献并加以整理分析。结果 患者为38岁女性,既往多次多胎妊娠史。磁共振成像（MRI）检查确诊为Schnelldorfer D型PLD合并PKD。目前认为囊肿形成原因是先天性胆管上皮过度扩增和分泌过多液体,女性、雌激素、多胎妊娠是该病进展的危险因素;计算机断层扫描（CT）和MRI影像学检查是PLD诊断和分型的主要手段;治疗方式有手术和药物治疗。患者诊断明确,因经济原因未住院继续治疗,予以保肝、对症处理。结论 PLD发病机制尚不明确,一般进展缓慢,大多数PLD患者早期无明显症状。女性、多次多胎妊娠及雌激素作用可能是其发生进展的重要危险因素。腹部彩超是首选检查方法,增强CT和增强MRI是进一步明确分型及鉴别诊断的检查方法。目前尚无相关权威指南或统一标准指导临床实践。笔者基于病例特征和文献报道总结的PLD诊疗流程可供临床医生日常工作参考,但其规范合理性有待进一步商榷。     

肝肾联合移植1例报告

笔者对1例乙肝后肝硬化（失代偿期）、慢性肾衰竭（尿毒症期）的患者施行一期肝肾联合移植。采用背驮式肝移植及常规肾移植。术后免疫抑制方案采用达利珠单抗（赛尼哌）、他克莫司（FK506）、酶酚酸酯（MMF）及激素联合用药。患者顺利渡过围手术期，移植肝肾功能良好，现已存活15个月。提示完善的手术技术，围手术期合理治疗措施是肝肾联合移植成功的关键;移植肝对肾脏具有保护作用。     

一例成功的肝肾联合移植

为了例先天性多囊肝、多囊肾患者施行了同种异体肝肾联合移植术。术后患者恢复良好，未出现排斥反应。但术后６个月，因出现胆泥形成行胆总管探查，Ｔ管引流术。现患者已存活１９５天，肝功能基本正常，生活自理认为一般宜先行肝移植术，若蚝体外静脉转流，应选择左股静脉及左腋静脉，主张术前应充分了解供、受者裼 免疫学配型情况。     

肝肾联合移植的移植部位和布局

肝肾联合移植是治疗肝功能衰竭合并不可逆肾功能衰竭的根本手段。该移植方法将供体的肝脏及一侧肾脏同时移植给受体，从而一期治愈肝肾双脏器功能衰竭，且移植肝作为免疫特惠器官，可提高移植肾的存活率，本文结合本单位1999年－2000年底5例肝肾联合移植术的经验，复习有关国外新近文献，就肝肾联合移植的手术方法和注意点、移植肝与移植肾的部位布局、术中是否切除病肾，以及移植肝肾的种植顺序等作相关论述。     

巨大多囊肾尿毒症患者摘除一侧囊肾同期同侧肾移植

目的 探讨巨大多囊肾尿毒症患者同期囊肾摘除同侧肾移植手术的安全性及临床疗效. 方法对45例终末期多囊肾尿毒症患者应用2种术式行.肾移植:腹膜外囊肾摘除同期同侧髂窝植肾23例(A组),保留囊肾常规植肾22例(B组),观察2组平均术后住院时间、术后2周血压、腹围、肺活量,肺总量、1 s用力呼吸容积占用力肺活量比值(FEV1.0/FVC)、肾功能延迟恢复(DGF)发生率、1年人/肾存活率. 结果 A组术后住院(14.5±2.6)d、术后血压较术前下降(30.0±0.7)/(13.3±8.4)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa)、腹围缩小(11.0士6.3)cm、肺活量增加(1.4土0.3)L、肺总量增加(2.0±1.0)L、FEV1.0/FVC增加(5.3±1.0)%、DGF发生率8.7%(2/23)、1年人/肾存活率100.0%/95.7%.B组术后住院(28.4±7.9)d、术后血压较术前下降(3.9±11.2)/(2.9±12.0)mm Hg、腹围缩小(3.3±2.2)cm、肺活量增加(0.4±0.3)L、肺总量增加(0.8±0.2)L、FEV1.0/FVC增加(2.0±0.9)%、DGF发生率9.1%(2/22)、1年人/肾存活率100.0%/95.5%.2组间DGF发生率、1年人/肾存活率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),其余数据2组间比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05). 结论 多囊肾尿毒症患者摘除一侧囊肾同期同侧肾移植安全、便利,适合于囊肾巨大妨碍植肾操作的患者,能明显改善患者高血压、腹胀、呼吸不畅等症状.     

Prevalence of diverticulosis and incidence of bowel perforation after kidney transplantation in patients with polycystic kidney disease

Sigmoid perforation due to diverticulitis is a life-threatening complication in the postoperative course of allogenic kidney transplantation. The incidence of diverticulosis is especially high among patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD). Thus, those who undergo allogenic kidney transplantation represent a high-risk group. The aim of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of diverticulosis in ADPKD patients awaiting renal transplantation and the incidence of bowel perforation following allogenic kidney transplantation due to ADPKD. Within the group of 1128 patients who underwent transplantation between January 1974 and January 1990, there were 46 patients (4.07 %) whose indication for transplantation was ADPKD. There was one patient who developed a sigmoid perforation under postoperative immunosuppression. Surgical treatment was a discontinuity resection of the sigmoid (Hartmann's procedure). The postoperative course was favorable, the bowel continuity has already been restored, and the graft is still functioning well. Fifteen of the 28 (53.5 %) ADPKD patients awaiting transplantation had colon diverticulosis (12 male and 3 female patients). No case of bowel perforation has thus far been observed in 15 of these patients who have undergone transplantation. A sigmoid resection was necessary in one patient due to diverticulitis without perforation. We did not find a higher prevalence of diverticulosis in patients with ADPKD, nor did we see a higher incidence of sigmoid perforation during post-transplant immunosuppression in this study. Received: 30 January 1997 Received after revision: 15 July 1997 Accepted: 19 August 1997     

End stage polycystic kidney disease: indications and timing of native nephrectomy relative to kidney transplantation

PURPOSE: We evaluated the indications for and outcome of pre-transplant, concomitant and post-transplant native nephrectomy in patients with end stage polycystic kidney disease (PCKD). MATERIALS AND METHODS: The records of 32 patients were retrospectively reviewed using the electronic database at our institution. RESULTS: Between January 1992 and December 2002, 171 patients with end stage PCKD received a kidney transplant at University of California-San Francisco. A total of 32 patients (18.7%) underwent pre-transplant (7, group 1), concomitant (16, group 2) or post-transplant (9, group 3) native nephrectomy. Of these patients 25 underwent bilateral nephrectomy. Median followup was 18 months. Indications for nephrectomy were hematuria, a renal mass and chronic pain in group 1, lack of space in group 2 and urinary tract infection in group 3. Mean operative time +/- SEM was 231 +/- 14, 370 +/- 24 and 208 +/- 14 minutes in groups 1 to 3, respectively (p = 0.001). Mean intraoperative blood loss was 533 +/- 105, 573 +/- 155 and 522 +/- 181 ml in groups 1 to 3, respectively (p not significant). Two group 2 patients required blood transfusions. Postoperative complications requiring surgical intervention included wound dehiscence in group 1 and abdominal bleeding in group 3. Mean hospital stay was comparable among groups 1 to 3 at 7 +/- 0.7, 8.6 +/- 1.2 and 6.3 +/- 0.6 days, respectively (p not significant). At 3 months mean serum creatinine was not significantly different between groups 2 and 3 at 1.3 +/- 0.1 and 1.5 +/- 0.2 mg/dl, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Unilateral or bilateral nephrectomy for PCKD at transplantation is safe in terms of postoperative patient morbidity and graft function. We perform concomitant native nephrectomy when indicated, preferably in recipients of living donor kidney transplants.     

肾移植治疗常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病患者的临床效果分析（附43例报告）

目的探讨肾移植治疗常染色体显性遗传性多囊肾病（多囊肾）患者的疗效。方法多囊肾患者43例（多囊肾组）,在不切除原双侧肾脏的前提下,进行肾移植,以同期50例原发病为非多囊肾的肾移植患者作为对照组,进行随访研究。比较两组的术后1、3、5年人、肾存活率及排斥反应发生情况,通过肾脏B超检查多囊肾组患者术前与术后移植肾的体积变化,记录多囊肾组的并发症发生情况。结果多囊肾组肾移植术后1、3、5年人存活率分别为95.3%、90.6%、90.6%,术后1、3、5年肾存活率分别为95.3%、88.3%、83.7%。对照组相应为96.0%、92.0%、90.0%,94.0%、92.0%、88.0%,两组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。两组的急性排斥反应发生率比较差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0.05）。多囊肾组术后3～6个月原肾明显缩小,1年后体积基本稳定,跟踪观察1～15年肾脏体积变化不明显。移植后血尿逐渐减轻,7～10d后消失。12例在移植后5～10周反复出现肉眼血尿,均经抗感染治疗后消失。多囊肾患者移植后仍需要应用药物控制血压。多囊肾组尿路感染发生率高达40%。32例多囊肾合并多囊肝,术后发生肝功能损害7例。结论多囊肾患者采用不切除原肾的肾移植效果满意,移植后应严密观察患者移植物肾功能、血尿和感染情况,及时对症处理。     

多囊肾患者保留原肾的肾移植疗效分析

目的探讨多囊肾患者保留原肾的肾移植特点、手术方式及疗效。方法回顾性分析25例多囊肾患者肾移植前后原双侧肾脏体积变化以及移植肾功能恢复情况,以25例原发病为慢性肾小球肾炎肾移植患者为对照组。结果25例患者1年人/肾存活率分别为96.0%/92.0%,3年人/肾存活率为90.0%/90.0%;发生急性排斥反应7例(28.0%),移植肾失功2例(8.0%),死亡1例(4.0%);23例患者原肾脏逐渐缩小,左肾长、宽、厚由术前(20.72±4.40)cm、(14.11±2.45)cm、(9.01±1.05)cm缩小至(14.70±2.00)cm、(10.30±1.49)cm、(6.87±0.94)cm,右肾长、宽、厚由术前(20.11±2.64)cm、(15.10±2.14)cm、(9.18±0.96)cm缩小至(15.00±1.84)cm、(10.45±1.28)cm、(6.80±1.15)cm(P<0.05);23例患者移植肾功能稳定,血尿逐渐消失,术前血压(134.20±3.12)/(95.23±2.49)mm Hg(1 mm Hg=0.133 kPa),术后(128.58±2.59)/(92.34±3.40)mm Hg(P>0.05)。对照组1年人/肾存活率分别为100.0%/100.0%,3年人/肾存活率为96.0%/96.0%;发生急性排斥反应6例(24.0%),移植肾失功1例(4.0%),死亡1例(4.0%),与多囊肾组比较均P>0.05,差异无统计学意义。结论多囊肾患者肾移植,不切除原病变肾脏移植效果满意,移植后应严密观察患者移植肾功能、血尿和感染情况。     

胰肾联合移植治疗肝移植后糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭二例

目的 总结肝移植后再行胰肾联合移植治疗糖尿病合并肾功能衰竭的临床处理经验.方法 2例肝移植受者术前合并有2型糖尿病,分别于肝移植后7年余和4年余发生肾功能衰竭,遂行胰肾联合移植,2例的移植肝功能均正常.采取腹部器官联合快速切取技术整块切取双肾、全胰及十二指肠节段,先行肾移植,再行胰腺移植,供肾移植于左侧髂窝,供胰移植于右侧髂窝,供者的十二指肠与受者的空肠侧侧吻合,供者的十二指肠内置管,通过受者的空肠引流出体外.例1采用抗白细胞介素受体单克隆抗体诱导的四联免疫抑制方案预防排斥反应;例2术中给予抗胸腺细胞球蛋白和甲泼尼龙,术后继续使用2d,采用他克莫司+吗替麦考酚酯+皮质激素预防排斥反应.结果 2例手术过程顺利,术后移植胰腺功能正常,血糖均于术后10d左右恢复正常,无需胰岛素治疗,移植肾功能1周时恢复正常,第2例1周后血清肌酐渐进性升高,经验性抗排斥反应治疗效果不明显,移植肾活组织检查未见明显排斥反应征象,遂将他克莫司替换为西罗莫司,之后受者的肾功能逐渐恢复正常.目前2例受者已分别随访36个月及9个月,移植肝、肾及胰腺功能均正常.结论 肝移植后合并糖尿病、肾功能衰竭时可考虑行胰肾联合移植,但术后免疫反应复杂,需严密监测移植物功能.     

肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植三例报告

目的 探讨肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植的手术适应证、术后并发症及存活情况.方法 对2003年10月至2008年12月施行的3例肝或肾移植术后再次行一期肝肾联合移植的受者进行随访,并进行文献复习.对其围手术期死亡率、术后并发症及存活情况进行总结.结果 围手术期死亡率为33.3%(1/3).术后并发症:1例因腹腔出血术后第29天死于肺部感染、急性移植肾功能衰竭和多器官功能衰竭;3例患者均发生了肺部感染;无急性排斥反应发生.2例存活患者,从首次移植计算,已经分别存活56个月和228个月;从一期肝肾联合移植计算,已经分别存活40个月和48个月.结论 肝肾联合移植是治疗终末期肝肾疾病的有效方法.肝或肾移植术后受者再次行一期肝肾联合移植是可行的.     

Simultaneous liver-kidney versus liver transplantation alone in patients with end-stage liver disease and kidney dysfunction not on dialysis

Background

Since implementation of the Model for End-stage Liver Disease (MELD), the number of simultaneous liver-kidney transplantations (SLKT) has increased in the United States. However, predictors and survival benefit of SLKT compared to liver transplantation alone (LTA) are not well defined.

Methods

Organ Procurement and Transplantation Network data of patients with end-stage liver disease (ESLD) with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) <60 mL/min/1.73 m² who had not been on dialysis while on the waiting list and underwent liver transplantation between 2002 and 2008 were analyzed. To identify predictors of undergoing SLKT versus LTA, multiple logistic regression analysis was performed. Cox proportional hazards regression analysis was used to assess the association between SLKT and post–liver transplant patient and graft survival.

Results

The study cohort comprised 5443 patients; 262 (5%) underwent SLKT and 5181 (95%) underwent LTA. Adjusting for potential confounders, patients who underwent SLKT were 34% less likely to die after liver transplantation than those who underwent LTA (hazard ratio [HR] = 0.66, P = .012) and 33% less likely to have liver graft failure than those who underwent LTA (HR = 0.67, P = .010). Among those who underwent SLKT, 1-, 3-, and 5-year kidney graft survival probabilities were 88%, 80%, and 77%, respectively. Black race and diabetes were associated with a higher likelihood of SLKT versus LTA; female sex, a higher eGFR, and higher MELD score reduced the likelihood of SLKT.

Conclusions

Among those with ESLD and kidney dysfunction not on dialysis, post–liver transplant patient and liver graft survivals of patients who underwent SLKT were superior to those of patients who underwent LTA. Whether this reflects differences in the two groups that could not be adjusted in survival models or a specific effect of kidney dysfunction cannot be established.     

Selective, concurrent bilateral nephrectomies at renal transplantation for autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease

PURPOSE: An algorithm was developed for performing bilateral nephrectomies for specific indications before or at renal transplantation in patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease. Outcomes for the living donor arm of the algorithm are reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease and end stage renal disease were evaluated for transplantation. Patients with recurrent pyelonephritis, hemorrhage, pain, early satiety or kidneys that extended into the true pelvis underwent bilateral nephrectomies. Bilateral nephrectomies with concurrent renal transplantation were performed if a living renal donor was identified. If no living donor was identified, pre-transplantation bilateral nephrectomies were done and the patients were listed for cadaveric donor renal transplantation. The living renal donor arm of the algorithm was evaluated by comparing certain parameters for 15 and 17 patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease who underwent pre-transplantation and concurrent bilateral nephrectomies, respectively, including patient and graft survival, delayed graft function, graft function, length of stay for each surgery, transfusions and complications. RESULTS: No deaths, graft failures or delayed graft function occurred. In the delayed renal transplant group median time from nephrectomy to living donor transplantation was 124 days. Serum creatinine at discharge home and 1 year after transplantation for the pre-transplantation nephrectomy cohort was 2.0 and 1.3 mg/dl, respectively. Seven of the 17 patients with concurrent nephrectomy underwent transplantation before starting renal replacement therapy. A longer mean total hospital stay in the pre-transplantation nephrectomy cohort was the only statistically significance outcome variable. CONCLUSIONS: Selective bilateral nephrectomies at living donor renal transplantation results in decreased total length of stay without compromising patient or graft outcomes and it allows preemptive renal transplantation. Concurrent nephrectomy is safe and it further validates the algorithm for selective, concurrent bilateral nephrectomies for patients with autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease who undergo living donor renal transplantation.