Efficacy of Photobiomodulation and Metformin on Diabetic Cell Line of Human Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells through Keap1/Nrf2/Ho-1 Pathway

Background:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a metabolic disorder resulting from hyperglycemia. Hyperglycemia contributes to oxidative stress, and the release of advanced glycation end products (AGEs) further promotes disease pathogenesis. Uncontrolled diabetes reflects great oral complications and affects human oral health. So, the present study aimed to assess the effects of photobiomodulation therapy (PBMT) and Metformin on proliferation and viability of human periodontal ligament stem cells (HPDLSCs) cultured in high glucose medium.Methods:HPDLSCs were collected, isolated, and characterized and then divided into eight groups. Addition of extra glucose to diabetic groups 24 hours before cell irradiations. Metformin was added to half of the diabetic groups. Cells were irradiated with 808 nm diode laser 24, 48 hours. Cell viability was analyzed with MTT assay 24 hours post-irradiation to detect cell viability in each group. Real-time (PCR) was used to evaluate gene expression of Nrf2, Keap1, PIK3, and HO-1 and the effect of PBMT on Keap1/Nrf2/Ho-1 Pathway. ELISA reader was used to evaluating cell viability through (ROS, TNF-α, IL-10) protein levels after cell irradiation.Results:Photobiomodulation at 1, 2, and 3 J/cm2 combined with metformin significantly promoted diabetic cell lines of HPDLSCs viability (in MTT assay and ELISA reader of ROS, TNF-α, IL-10 results) and gene expression of Nrf2, Keap1, PIK3, and HO-1 levels (p< 0.05).Conclusion:photobiomodulation with 3 J/cm² combined with metformin enhanced proliferation and viability of diabetic cell lines of HPDLSCs and thus could improve differentiation and function of diabetic cell lines of HPDLSCs with minimum side effects.Key Words: Diabetes Mellitus, Metformin, Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells, Photobiomodulation     

细胞共培养在牙周膜干细胞相关研究中的应用

细胞共培养是一种将不同种类、不同来源的细胞在同一个体系中进行培养、增殖的技术,在细胞间的相互作用、细胞信号转导、细胞功能性间隙连接等方面的研究中有重要作用。近年来,随着组织工程学和干细胞技术的飞速发展,牙周膜干细胞(periodontal ligament stem cells,PDLSCs)已成为研究热点之一。将PDLSCs与不同的细胞共培养,可研究其免疫调节机制及定向分化作用;在牙周组织工程中,则可为组织修复材料的研究提供技术支持。故本文对目前细胞共培养技术在PDLSCs研究中的应用做一简要综述。     

补肾益气活血方及其单味药对人牙周膜干细胞增殖分化的影响

摘要 目的：探讨自拟补肾益气活血方及其单味药当归、补骨脂对体外培养的人牙周膜干细胞（hPDLSCs）增殖和相关成骨基因表达的影响。方法：分离培养得到hPDLSCs,选取第3代hPDLSCs,细胞增殖试剂盒（CCK-8）检测不同浓度（0 g/mL、1×10^-7 g/mL、1×10^-5 g/mL、1×10^-3 g/mL）补肾益气活血方和当归、补骨脂对hPDLSCs增殖的影响,并确定最佳作用浓度和最佳作用时间;通过定量聚合酶链式反应（qPCR）检测Runt相关转录因子2（Runx2）、碱性磷酸酶（ALP）、骨桥蛋白（OPN）、骨钙蛋白（OCN）相关成骨基因的表达水平,通过茜素红染色观察细胞成骨分化情况。结果：与0 g/mL相比,补肾益气活血方各浓度在第一天和第三天时均能显著促进细胞增殖（P<0.05）,且浓度为1×10^-5 g/mL在第三天、第五天时效果均最为显著（P<0.05）;当归同样在浓度为1×10^-5 g/mL、第三天及第五天时效果均最为显著（P<0.05）;补骨脂则仅在第一天时能显著促进细胞增殖（P<0.05）。与空白对照组比较,1×10^-5 g/mL的补肾益气活血方、当归、补骨脂均能显著提升成骨相关Runx2、OCN、OPN、ALP的表达（P<0.05）,且补肾益气活血方的上调效果最为显著。茜素红染色检测显示,补肾益气活血方可增加矿化结节,促进作用最为显著。结论：补肾益气活血方可促进hPDLSCs的增殖和骨向分化,在治疗慢性牙周炎中有望发挥更大作用。     

Proteome of Human Stem Cells from Periodontal Ligament and Dental Pulp

Background

Many adult tissues contain a population of stem cells with the ability to regenerate structures similar to the microenvironments from which they are derived in vivo and represent a promising therapy for the regeneration of complex tissues in the clinical disorder. Human adult stem cells (SCs) including bone marrow stem cells (BMSCs), dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) and periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) have been characterized for their high proliferative potential, expression of characteristic SC-associated markers and for the plasticity to differentiate in different lineage in vitro.

Methodology/Principal Findings

The aim of this study is to define the molecular features of stem cells from oral tissue by comparing the proteomic profiles obtained with 2-DE followed by MALDI-TOF/TOF of ex-vivo cultured human PDLSCs, DPSCs and BMSCs. Our results showed qualitative similarities in the proteome profiles among the SCs examined including some significant quantitative differences. To enrich the knowledge of oral SCs proteome we performed an analysis in narrow range pH 4–7 and 6–9, and we found that DPSCs vs PDLSCs express differentially regulated proteins that are potentially related to growth, regulation and genesis of neuronal cells, suggesting that SCs derived from oral tissue source populations may possess the potential ability of neuronal differentiation which is very consistent with their neural crest origin.

Conclusion/Significance

This study identifies some differentially expressed proteins by using comparative analysis between DPSCs and PDLSCs and BMSCs and suggests that stem cells from oral tissue could have a different cell lineage potency compared to BMSCs.     

Mechanical regulation of the Cyr61/CCN1 and CTGF/CCN2 proteins

Cells in various anatomical locations are constantly exposed to mechanical forces from shear, tensile and compressional forces. These forces are significantly exaggerated in a number of pathological conditions arising from various etiologies e.g., hypertension, obstruction and hemodynamic overload. Increasingly persuasive evidence suggests that altered mechanical signals induce local production of soluble factors that interfere with the physiologic properties of tissues and compromise normal functioning of organ systems. Two immediate early gene-encoded members of the family of the Cyr61/CTGF/Nov proteins referred to as cysteine-rich protein 61 (Cyr61/CCN1) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF/CCN2), are highly expressed in several mechanical stress-related pathologies, which result from either increased externally applied or internally generated forces by the actin cytoskeleton. Both Cyr61 and CTGF are structurally related but functionally distinct multimodular proteins that are expressed in many organs and tissues only during specific developmental or pathological events. In vitro assessment of their biological activities revealed that Cyr61 expression induces a genetic reprogramming of angiogenic, adhesive and structural proteins while CTGF promotes distinctively extracellular matrix accumulation (i.e., type I collagen) which is the principal hallmark of fibrotic diseases. At the molecular level, expression of the Cyr61 and CTGF genes is regulated by alteration of cytoskeletal actin dynamics orchestrated by various components of the signaling machinery, i.e., small Rho GTPases, mitogen-activated protein kinases, and actin binding proteins. This review discusses the mechanical regulation of the Cyr61 and CTGF in various tissues and cell culture models with a special attention to the cytoskeletally based mechanisms involved in such regulation.     

人类胚胎干细胞系H9培养和分化中细胞异质性的发现

目的:在人类胚胎干细胞系H9培养和分化过程中探讨该细胞系的异质性。方法:对人类胚胎干细胞系H9进行体外未分化培养和诱导分化,鉴定其多潜能性和分化状态;在诱导其向拟胚体细胞的分化过程中,检测多潜能相关基因及分化特异基因的表达情况。结果:发现多潜能相关基因(Oct4、SOX2和Nanog)和种系特异性基因(Cdx2、Bachurary、SOX1、Fgf5和AFP)并不限于分别在未分化细胞和分化细胞中表达。结论:提示H9细胞系在培养过程中的非基因异质性现象,为进一步认识胚胎干细胞的自我更新和多潜能性提供了有意义的参考。     

命运决定子Numb在神经干/祖细胞不对称分裂及分化中的调控作用 

不对称分裂是干/祖细胞发育分化中的基本过程,膜相关蛋白Numb在其中发挥重要作用.Numb极性分布于细胞一侧,在干/祖细胞有丝分裂时不对等分配至两个子代细胞,使子代细胞产生不同分化命运.如一个保持在干/祖细胞状态,而另一个发育为神经元,这一过程主要通过抑制Notch信号通路发挥作用.近年在哺乳动物中的研究中发现,高强度Notch信号又能够反馈抑制Numb活性.Numb具有维持神经干/祖细胞增殖与促进分化的双重作用,Numb的命运决定作用还与Shh信号通路和p53蛋白等相关.另外,Numb参与调控细胞的粘连、迁移以及神经元轴突的分支与延长.本文主要对Numb在果蝇及哺乳动物神经干/祖细胞中的定位以及其在决定细胞命运和分化中的调控作用进行综述.     

Dosage and Cell Line Dependent Inhibitory Effect of bFGF Supplement in Human Pluripotent Stem Cell Culture on Inactivated Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells

Many different culture systems have been developed for expanding human pluripotent stem cells (hESCs and hiPSCs). In general, 4–10 ng/ml of bFGF is supplemented in culture media in feeder-dependent systems regardless of feeder cell types, whereas in feeder-free systems, up to 100 ng/ml of bFGF is required for maintaining long-term culture on various substrates. The amount of bFGF required in native hESCs growth niche is unclear. Here we report using inactivated adipose-derived human mesenchymal stem cells as feeder cells to examine long-term parallel cultures of two hESCs lines (H1 and H9) and one hiPSCs line (DF19-9-7T) in media supplemented with 0, 0.4 or 4 ng/ml of bFGF for up to 23 passages, as well as parallel cultures of H9 and DF19 in media supplemented with 4, 20 or 100 ng/ml bFGF for up to 13 passages for comparison. Across all cell lines tested, bFGF supplement demonstrated inhibitory effect over growth expansion, single cell colonization and recovery from freezing in a dosage dependent manner. In addition, bFGF exerted differential effects on different cell lines, inducing H1 and DF19 differentiation at 4 ng/ml or higher, while permitting long-term culture of H9 at the same concentrations with no apparent dosage effect. Pluripotency was confirmed for all cell lines cultured in 0, 0.4 or 4 ng/ml bFGF excluding H1-4 ng, as well as H9 cultured in 4, 20 and 100 ng/ml bFGF. However, DF19 demonstrated similar karyotypic abnormality in both 0 and 4 ng/ml bFGF media while H1 and H9 were karyotypically normal in 0 ng/ml bFGF after long-term culture. Our results indicate that exogenous bFGF exerts dosage and cell line dependent effect on human pluripotent stem cells cultured on mesenchymal stem cells, and implies optimal use of bFGF in hESCs/hiPSCs culture should be based on specific cell line and its culture system.     

复方奥硝唑-甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释制剂对人牙周膜细胞凋亡及超微结构的影响

目的：观察不同浓度复方奥硝唑．甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释制剂对人牙周膜细胞（HPDLC）凋亡与超微结构的影响。方法：用含有不同浓度复方奥硝唑一甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释制剂（0、1．25、2．5、5、10、20g／L）的培养液对人牙周膜细胞进行培养,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡指数;透射电镜下观察HPDLC超微结构的改变。结果：在1．25、2．5gm的浓度下对HPDLC的凋亡率和超微结构均与对照组无显著性差异;而5、10g/L的浓度组的细胞凋亡率较对照组小且超微结构显示细胞胞质内粗面内质网和线粒体增多,细胞突起增多;而在高浓度药物20g/L的作用下,凋亡率有所增加,细胞发生退变,溶酶体增多。结论：5、10g／L的复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释制荆对体外培养的HPDLC的生长有一定促进作用。高浓度药物20g/L则对HPDLC生长有一定的抑制作用．     

复方奥硝唑- 甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释制剂对人牙周膜细胞凋亡及超微结构 的影响

目的:观察不同浓度复方奥硝唑-甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释制剂对人牙周膜细胞(HPDLC)凋亡与超微结构的影响。方法:用含有不同浓度复方奥硝唑-甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释制剂(0、1.25、2.5、5、10、20g/L)的培养液对人牙周膜细胞进行培养,流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡指数;透射电镜下观察HPDLC超微结构的改变。结果:在1.25、2.5 g/L的浓度下对HPDLC的凋亡率和超微结构均与对照组无显著性差异;而5、10 g/L的浓度组的细胞凋亡率较对照组小且超微结构显示细胞胞质内粗面内质网和线粒体增多,细胞突起增多;而在高浓度药物20 g/L的作用下,凋亡率有所增加,细胞发生退变,溶酶体增多。结论:5、10 g/L的复方奥硝唑甲磺酸培氟沙星缓释制剂对体外培养的HPDLC的生长有一定促进作用,高浓度药物20g/L则对HPDLC生长有一定的抑制作用。     

Differentiation of a Human Neural Stem Cell Line on Three Dimensional Cultures,Analysis of MicroRNA and Putative Target Genes

Neural stem cells (NSCs) are capable of self-renewal and differentiation into neurons, astrocytes and oligodendrocytes under specific local microenvironments. In here, we present a set of methods used for three dimensional (3D) differentiation and miRNA analysis of a clonal human neural stem cell (hNSC) line, currently in clinical trials for stroke disability ({"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT01151124","term_id":"NCT01151124"}}NCT01151124 and {"type":"clinical-trial","attrs":{"text":"NCT02117635","term_id":"NCT02117635"}}NCT02117635, Clinicaltrials.gov). HNSCs were derived from an ethical approved first trimester human fetal cortex and conditionally immortalized using retroviral integration of a single copy of the c-mycER^TAMconstruct. We describe how to measure axon process outgrowth of hNSCs differentiated on 3D scaffolds and how to quantify associated changes in miRNA expression using PCR array. Furthermore we exemplify computational analysis with the aim of selecting miRNA putative targets. SOX5 and NR4A3 were identified as suitable miRNA putative target of selected significantly down-regulated miRNAs in differentiated hNSC. MiRNA target validation was performed on SOX5 and NR4A3 3’UTRs by dual reporter plasmid transfection and dual luciferase assay.     

miR-26a修饰的人牙周膜干细胞成骨分化能力的研究

目的:研究人牙周膜干细胞(hPDLSCs)在转染miR-26a后成骨分化的促进效果。方法:从因正畸拔除的无龋坏、无牙周疾病离体牙的牙根中部牙周膜组织中分离、胶原酶消化,进行人牙周膜干细胞的体外培养。使用脂质体2000进行miRNA转染,采用激光共聚焦观察转染效果;MTT方法检测转染后的细胞活力;成骨诱导后使用实时定量PCR技术检测miRNA修饰的hPDLSCs成骨分化相关基因的表达;采用BCIP/NBT、天狼星红、茜素红S分别对碱性磷酸酶、胶原以及钙化进行染色观察。结果:采用脂质体2000能够成功转染hPDLSCs,且转染效率较高;转染后的细胞活力有所下降,但仍在80%以上;转染后的细胞在经成骨诱导分化过程中骨钙素(OCN)和骨桥蛋白(OPN)基因表达显著上调,同时碱性磷酸酶活性、胶原分泌以及钙化能力均得到显著提升。结论:miR-26a可以用于修饰hPDLSCs以提高其成骨分化能力。     

Asymmetric Cell Divisions of Human Hematopoietic Stem and Progenitor Cells Meet Endosomes

Hematopoietic stem cells (HSC) are undifferentiated cells, which self-renew over a long period of time and give rise to committed hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPC) containing the capability to replenish the whole blood system. Since both uncontrolled expansion as well as loss of HSC would be fatal, the decision of self-renewal versus differentiation needs to be tightly controlled. There is good evidence that both HSC niches as well as asymmetric cell divisions are involved in controlling whether HSC self-renew or become committed to differentiate. In this context, we recently identified four proteins which frequently segregate asymmetrically in dividing HSC/HPC. Remarkably, three of these proteins, the tetraspanins CD53 and CD63, and the transferrin receptor are endosome-associated proteins. Here, we highlight these observations in conjunction with recent findings in model organisms which show that components of the endosomal machinery are involved in cell-fate specification processes.