一种新的LMS自适应滤波算法分析仿真研究

传统变步长最小均方(LMS)算法存在收敛速度慢、易受噪声干扰等缺点,为了提高算法的性能,通过对变步长LMS算法进行分析研究,在步长因子x(n)与误差信号e(n)的相关统计量之间建立一种新的非线性函数关系,提出了一种新的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法。该算法采用误差信号的自相关时间均值来调节步长,并用绝对估计误差的扰动量以加快自适应滤波器抽头权向量的收敛。理论分析与计算机仿真结果表明:与SVSLMS和G-SVSLMS算法比较,该算法具有较快的收敛速度、较小的稳态误差以及较强的抗干扰能力。     

一种新的变步长频域块LMS算法

针对现有直接序列扩频（DSSS）通信抗干扰系统中的传统频域块最小均方误差（FBLMS）算法在收敛速度和稳态误差之间存在矛盾的问题,提出了一种新的变步长算法--VSS-FBLMS算法,该算法通过输出信号中剩余干扰所占整体噪声信号的比例来调节变步长因子,步长因子随着干扰的被滤除而逐渐减小,使得DSSS通信抗干扰系统获得更好的抑制干扰效果。首先对传统FBLMS算法的DSSS抗干扰系统进行了介绍,然后对提出的VSS-FBLMS算法进行分析,最后将新算法和传统算法加入DSSS通信抗干扰系统中进行仿真对比。理论分析和仿真结果表明,VSS-FBLMS算法不仅可以有效滤除窄带干扰,而且抗干扰性能优于传统FBLMS算法,收敛速率和稳态误差也都优于传统FBLMS算法。     

改进的MIMO系统变步长小波常模盲均衡算法

针对传统的多用户MIMO系统常模盲均衡算法收敛速度慢,稳态误差大的缺点,提出来改进的多用户MIMO系统变步长小波常模盲均衡算法,该算法使用变步长代替固定步长来克服收敛速度与剩余误差之间的矛盾,同时利用归一化正交小波变换(WTCMA)和奇异值分解消除时延信号分量,降低接收信号的自相关性,加快收敛速度,减小稳态误差;理论分析和仿真结果表明:新算法可正确恢复出具有信号延时的MIMO系统的源信号,与变步长小波盲均衡算法与CMA算法相比,能获得更快的收敛速度及更小的均方误差。     

一种改进的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法及性能分析

针对现有LMS（Least Mean Square）算法不能同时提高收敛速度及降低稳态误差的矛盾,提出一种改进的变步长LMS算法,建立了步长参数μ(n)与误差信号e(n)之间的一种新的非线性函数关系: 与现有的算法相比,同时引入记忆因子λ和控制函数取值的参数β(n),使当前步长与上一次迭代所得步长及前M个误差的平方相关。理论分析和计算机仿真结果表明,与现有几种常见的LMS算法相比,改进的算法收敛速度和稳态误差的性能指标得到提高。     

L-DACS中的信号分离算法的研究

L波段数字航空通信系统(L-DACS)是未来20年乃至更长时间航空通信需求的航空通信系统。为了解决接收机更好地区别有用信号,通过研究固定步长EASI算法和变步长EASI(VS-EASI)算法,提出一种基于优选估计函数的EASI峭度变步长(Q-EASI)算法。该算法根据信号的分离状态与峭度方差的关系,使步长随峭度方差的变化而变化,从而使收敛速度与稳态误差之间的矛盾得以缓解,并在信号分离的不同阶段使用不同的估计函数,使稳态误差得以减小。仿真验证,新算法相对于传统算法在稳定性和收敛速度上都有较大提高。     

基于MISO均衡器的变步长修正常模算法

MIMO系统接收端信号之间的相关性严重影响了均衡效果,为此提出一种基于多输入单输出均衡器的变步长修正常模盲均衡算法(MISO-VSS-MCMA).该算法可以克服信号相位偏转,并能有效抑制用户间干扰;其中误差切换指数型变步长因子可以改善由MISO均衡器之间的信号处理过程所引起的收敛速度下降的问题.仿真表明,与传统的MIMO-MCMA算法相比,基于MISO结构的均衡算法剩余误码率大幅降低,并且变步长因子加快了算法的收敛速度,均衡效果更佳.     

基于指数函数的归一化变步长LMS算法

在研究归一化最小均方误差(NLMS)算法的基础上,提出一种基于指数函数的变步长LMS算法。通过建立误差 和步长 的函数关系,实时调整步长,并对输入信号完成时域信号解相关,解决稳态失调系数与收敛速度的矛盾。仿真实验结果证明,该算法与传统LMS算法、SVS_LMS算法、NLMS算法以及双曲正切变步长LMS算法相比,具有更高的收敛速度和较小的稳态失调系数。     

一种改进的变步长LMS自适应滤波算法

针对最小均方算法收敛过程中收敛速度与稳态误差的矛盾,提出一种基于反正切函数的归一化最小均方算法。该算法利用反正切函数和误差自相关的时间估计建立了步长与误差之间的非线性关系,抑制环境中的非相关噪声,同时引入归一化信号功率扩大输入信号的取值。仿真结果表明,该算法具有较快的收敛速度、较低的稳态误差,同时具备较好的系统时变跟踪能力。     

基于Simulink的扩频通信系统抗干扰性能研究

介绍了扩频通信技术,在MATLAB(Simulink)平台下建立了扩频通信的仿真模型,并对各个模块的功能进行了阐述。该仿真程序由序列发生器、直接扩频通信系统和正弦波干扰三个部分组成,模拟了直接扩频通信系统遭遇正弦信号干扰的情景,用蒙特卡洛仿真证明了直接扩频通信系统的良好抗干扰性能。     

改进SVSLMS算法在系统辨识中的应用及性能分析

通过建立步长因子μ与误差信号e（n）之间的非线性函数关系,提出了一种改进的自适应可变步长最小均方（LMS）算法。该算法具有在误差e（n）接近0处缓慢变化的优点,克服了S函数变步长LMS算法在自适应稳态阶段μ取值偏大的缺点;具有初始阶段和未知系统时变阶段步长自动增大而稳态时步长很小的特点,解决了收敛时间和稳态误差的矛盾。将算法应用到系统辨识中,对比一般的变步长算法,改进的算法在平稳过程中具有更快的辨识速度和更小的稳态误差,同时还具有更好的跟踪时变系统的能力。     

European Community policy and the market

Abstract This paper starts with some reflections on the policy considerations and priorities which are shaping European Commission (EC) research programmes. Then it attempts to position the current projects which seek to capitalise on information and communications technologies for learning in relation to these priorities and the apparent realities of the marketplace. It concludes that while there are grounds to be optimistic about the contribution EC programmes can make to the efficiency and standard of education and training, they are still too technology driven.     

一种自适应子融合集成多分类器方法

融合集成方法已经广泛应用在模式识别领域,然而一些基分类器实时性能稳定性较差,导致多分类器融合性能差,针对上述问题本文提出了一种新的基于多分类器的子融合集成分类器系统。该方法考虑在度量层融合层次之上通过对各类基多分类器进行动态选择,票数最多的类别作为融合系统中对特征向量识别的类别,构成一种新的自适应子融合集成分类器方法。实验表明,该方法比传统的分类器以及分类融合方法识别准确率明显更高,具有更好的鲁棒性。     

Explanation and prediction: an architecture for default and abductive reasoning

Although there are many arguments that logic is an appropriate tool for artificial intelligence, there has been a perceived problem with the monotonicity of classical logic. This paper elaborates on the idea that reasoning should be viewed as theory formation where logic tells us the consequences of our assumptions. The two activities of predicting what is expected to be true and explaining observations are considered in a simple theory formation framework. Properties of each activity are discussed, along with a number of proposals as to what should be predicted or accepted as reasonable explanations. An architecture is proposed to combine explanation and prediction into one coherent framework. Algorithms used to implement the system as well as examples from a running implementation are given.     

Three Process Perspectives: Organizations, Teams, and People

This paper provides the author's personal views and perspectives on software process improvement. Starting with his first work on technology assessment in IBM over 20 years ago, Watts Humphrey describes the process improvement work he has been directly involved in. This includes the development of the early process assessment methods, the original design of the CMM, and the introduction of the Personal Software Process (PSP)^SM and Team Software Process (TSP){^SM}. In addition to describing the original motivation for this work, the author also reviews many of the problems he and his associates encountered and why they solved them the way they did. He also comments on the outstanding issues and likely directions for future work. Finally, this work has built on the experiences and contributions of many people. Mr. Humphrey only describes work that he was personally involved in and he names many of the key contributors. However, so many people have been involved in this work that a full list of the important participants would be impractical.     

基于复小波噪声方差显著修正的SAR图像去噪

提出了一种基于复小波域统计建模与噪声方差估计显著性修正相结合的合成孔径雷达(Synthetic Aperture Radar,SAR)图像斑点噪声滤波方法。该方法首先通过对数变换将乘性噪声模型转化为加性噪声模型,然后对变换后的图像进行双树复小波变换(Dualtree Complex Wavelet Transform,DCWT),并对复数小波系数的统计分布进行建模。在此先验分布的基础上,通过运用贝叶斯估计方法从含噪系数中恢复原始系数,达到滤除噪声的目的。实验结果表明该方法在去除噪声的同时保留了图像的细节信息,取得了很好的降噪效果。     

How do children do mathematics with LOGO?

Abstract  This paper considers some results of a study designed to investigate the kinds of mathematical activity undertaken by children (aged between 8 and 11) as they learned to program in LOGO. A model of learning modes is proposed, which attempts to describe the ways in which children used and acquired understanding of the programming/mathematical concepts involved. The remainder of the paper is concerned with discussing the validity and limitations of the model, and its implications for further research and curriculum development.     

Editorial: Special issue on recent advances in hybrid control theory and applications

正The demands of a rapidly advancing technology for faster and more accurate controllers have always had a strong influence on the progress of automatic control theory.In recent years control problems have been arising with increasing frequency in widely different areas,which cannot be addressed using conventional control techniques.The principal reason for this is the fact that a highly competitive economy is forcing systems to operate in regimes where     

Information for Authors

正Aim The Journals of Zhejiang University-SCIENCE(A/B/C)areedited by the international board of distinguished Chinese andforeign scientists,and are aimed to present the latest devel-opments and achievements in scientific research in China andoverseas to the world’s scientific circles,especially to stimulateand promote academic exchange between Chinese and for-eign scientists everywhere.     

Enhancing a leaf radiative transfer model to estimate concentrations and in vivo specific absorption coefficients of total carotenoids and chlorophylls a and b from single-needle reflectance and transmittance

The relative concentrations of different pigments within a leaf have significant physiological and spectral consequences. Photosynthesis, light use efficiency, mass and energy exchange, and stress response are dependent on relationships among an ensemble of pigments. This ensemble also determines the visible characteristics of a leaf, which can be measured remotely and used to quantify leaf biochemistry and structure. But current remote sensing approaches are limited in their ability to resolve individual pigments. This paper focuses on the incorporation of three pigments—chlorophyll a, chlorophyll b, and total carotenoids—into the LIBERTY leaf radiative transfer model to better understand relationships between leaf biochemical, biophysical, and spectral properties.Pinus ponderosa and Pinus jeffreyi needles were collected from three sites in the California Sierra Nevada. Hemispheric single-leaf visible reflectance and transmittance and concentrations of chlorophylls a and b and total carotenoids of fresh needles were measured. These data were input to the enhanced LIBERTY model to estimate optical and biochemical properties of pine needles. The enhanced model successfully estimated reflectance (RMSE = 0.0255, BIAS = 0.00477, RMS%E = 16.7%), had variable success estimating transmittance (RMSE = 0.0442, BIAS = 0.0294, RMS%E = 181%), and generated very good estimates of carotenoid concentrations (RMSE = 2.48 µg/cm², BIAS = 0.143 µg/cm², RMS%E = 20.4%), good estimates of chlorophyll a concentrations (RMSE = 10.7 µg/cm², BIAS = − 0.992 µg/cm², RMS%E = 21.1%), and fair estimates of chlorophyll b concentrations (RMSE = 7.49 µg/cm², BIAS = − 2.12 µg/cm², RMS%E = 43.7%). Overall root mean squared errors of reflectance, transmittance, and pigment concentration estimates were lower for the three-pigment model than for the single-pigment model. The algorithm to estimate three in vivo specific absorption coefficients is robust, although estimated values are distorted by inconsistencies in model biophysics. The capacity to invert the model from single-leaf reflectance and transmittance was added to the model so it could be coupled with vegetation canopy models to estimate canopy biochemistry from remotely sensed data.     

Mr. Twinn’s bombes

This article discusses the history and design of the special versions of the bombe key-finding machines used by Britain’s Government Code & Cypher School (GC&CS) during World War II to attack the Enigma traffic of the Abwehr (the German military intelligence service). These special bombes were based on the design of their more numerous counterparts used against the traffic of the German armed services, but differed from them in important ways that highlight the adaptability of the British bombe design, and the power and flexibility of the diagonal board. Also discussed are the changes in the Abwehr indicating system that drove the development of these machines, the ingenious ways in which they were used, and some related developments involving the bombes used by the U.S. Navy’s cryptanalytic unit (OP-20-G).