食管平滑肌瘤10例临床治疗体会

我院１９７５年６月～１９９０年７月共收治食管平滑肌瘤１０例，占同期食管肿瘤总数的０．１９２％（１０／１０９２）。位于食管上段２例，中段５例，下段３例。Ｘ线食管钡餐造影是诊断本病的主要方法。行食管粘膜外肿瘤摘除９例，食管部分切除１例，效果良好。本文就其诊断与手术治疗进行了讨论。     

胰头癌手术切除可能性的术前评价

目的通过总结胰头癌病人的临床表现和影象学检查结果来评价手术切除的可能性。方法总结32例胰头癌病人的临床表现和CT、磁共振（MRI）检查结果,判断肿瘤是否已发生邻近浸润或远处转移,以此来评价其手术切除的可能性。结果在22例作CT检查的病例中,判断正确的为17例,准确率为77．3%。作MR检查9例,全部判断正确,准确率为100%。结论某些特殊的临床表现和CT、MR检查对判断肿瘤是否发生邻近浸润或转移有较大价值,为术前评价手术切除的可能性提供依据。     

Am Autopsy Study of Some Routes of Dissemination of Cancer of the Breast

Autopsy records based on 647 primary carcinomata of the breast provided the data to describe a few possible routes of dissemination of cancer of the breast. Calculations were made to test whether the hypothesis of a multistep dissemination of the tumour from the primary site was likely. A multistep dissemination means that the presence of metastases at peripheral sites is influenced by the presence of the tumour in 3 organs, i.e. lungs, liver and bones, very often seeded by the primary cancer.     

The results of treatment of perineal recurrence of cancer of the rectum.

A study of 36 patients with adenocarcinoma of the rectum recurrent in the perineum after Miles abdominoperineal resection defined a subgroup of 21 patients in whom curative re-excision of the perineum, with or without associated resection of viscera as warranted by operative findings, was performed. Recurrence without palpable disease was disclosed microscopically in seven patients (33%). None of the 21 patients had clinical or laboratory evidence of dissemination at the time of re-excision. Mortality and morbidity were low and yield in terms of pain control was excellent. Results achieved in patients treated with pre- and/or postoperative radiotherapy did not differ quantitatively or qualitatively from those treated by operation alone. Survival free of disease proved to be disappointing and underlines at present the palliative nature of this approach when the primary operation has been an adequate standard abdominoperineal operation. This report provides further evidence as to the value of the better definition of high risk primary rectal cancers and the need for continuing refinement of the follow-up and retreatment process.     

Outcome of surgical treatment of carcinoma of the pancreas

AIMS AND BACKGROUND: Pancreatic resections for neoplastic diseases have a high risk of severe intra- and postoperative complications and are associated with high mortality rates. They should be performed as a rule in centers specializing in this type of surgery. However, it is becoming increasingly likely that such tumors may have to be treated in surgery units which are not specifically dedicated to pancreatic surgery. The aim of this study was to assess the improvements in clinical results in a non-specialized general surgery setting in the light of the most recent progress in surgical techniques, drug treatments and nutritional support. METHODS AND STUDY DESIGN: We analyzed 48 patients with pancreatic cancer treated in our institution over the period from 1980 to 1998: 36 had cancer of the head of the pancreas, 5 of the ampulla, 1 in the second duodenal portion, and 6 of the body-tail. The operations performed consisted of 13 Whipple pancreaticoduodenectomies with cutting and stapling of the distal pancreatic stump at the level of the isthmus, 4 left pancreasectomies, 2 local resections of the ampulla, 21 palliative operations, and 2 exploratory laparotomies. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS: The patients were submitted to follow-up including clinical examinations, blood-chemistry tests, and instrumental investigations. The mean survival was 18 months in the cases where radical surgery was performed, compared to 11 months after palliative surgery. We conclude that an improved prognosis can obtain after pancreatic resection. This is attributable to a more accurate preoperative staging and to the aid of the various forms of nutritional support and pharmacological prophylaxis currently available.     

仙人掌原液毒性的初步研究

背景与目的： 研究仙人掌原液的毒性。 材料与方法： 小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30 d喂养试验。 结果： 仙人掌原液雌、雄小鼠LD50均大于20.0 g/kg,属无毒物质;Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;大鼠30 d喂养试验结果显示该样品30 d喂养对大鼠各项观察指标未见毒性作用。结论： 在本次实验条件下,仙人掌原液为无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性作用。     

Management of carcinoma of the base of the tongue

Carcinoma of the base of the tongue is a challenging problem for the head and neck surgeon. One hundred and twentysix patients of squamous cell carcinoma of the base of the tongue; were treated between 1983–1986. As many as 94.4% patients presented with stage III or IV. Only 65 (51.58%) patients were suitable for curative treatment, whereas 61 (48.42%) could be offered only palliation. Of the 65 (51.58%) cases managed with curative therapy, 20 (31%) are surviving disease-free.     

仙人掌原毒性的初步研究

背景与目的:研究仙人掌原液的毒性。材料与方法:小鼠急性毒性试验、Ames试验、小鼠骨髓嗜多染红细胞微核试验、小鼠精子畸形试验、大鼠30 d喂养试验。结果:仙人掌原液雌、雄小鼠LD50均大于20.0 g／kg,属无毒物质;Ames试验、微核试验和精子畸形试验结果均为阴性;大鼠30 d喂养试验结果显示该样品30 d喂养对大鼠各项观察指标未见毒性作用。结论:在本次实验条件下,仙人掌原液为无毒物质,未显示有遗传毒性和亚急性毒性作用。     

Effects of low doses of N-nitrosomorpholine on the development of early stages of hepatocarcinogenesis

Male Sprague-Dawley rats received the hepatocarcinogen N-nitrosomorpholine(NNM) in the drinking water at low dose levels ranging from6 mg/1 to 60 mg/1 for 6 and 12 weeks, respectively. Foci ofaltered hepatocytes (FAH) were demonstrated histochemicallyusing changes in the activities of glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenaseand glycogen phos-phorylase, and in the glycogen content asmarkers. Proliferating cells were detected by the immunohistochemicalreaction for proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA). Thenumber and size of foci of altered hepatocytes increased ina time and dose-related manner. The dose-effect curves werenon-linear with a slight positive slope at the low doses anda markedly increased slope at higher doses. The number of PCNApositive hepatocytes showed a dose-dependent increase. In additionto the granular distribution of PCNA in the nuclei, hepatocytenuclei with homogeneously distributed PCNA occurred in animalsexposed to 60 mg/1 NNM. It is proposed that these cells arerelated to the occurrence of hepatocytes with higher ploidyinduced by NNM and may be regarded as cells in the G2 phaseof the cell cycle. The non-linear shape of the dose-response-curveof the FAH suggests that some mechanisms contribute to carcinogenesisover the whole dose range, whereas other mechanisms enhancecarcinogenesis only at higher doses. The relevance of the non-lineardose-effect curve for the risk assessment of carcinogens isdiscussed.     

Results of phase I study of the effectiveness of self-examination in a program of early detection of breast cancer

The paper deals with the results of the first phase of a WHO-sponsored study concerned with evaluation of the effectiveness of breast self-examination and carried out in Leningrad. The study was part of a program for early breast cancer diagnosis. 8,000 females were taught the procedure of self-examination. A randomized survey of a representative group of 400 females was conducted during the first 12 months using a special questionnaire. It was intended for evaluating the subjects' comprehension of the aims of the program, their attitude to it and their knowledge on cancer. Due to training as well as regular reminding, the percentage of women who practiced self-examination was as high as 75.1. The results of an analysis of refusals to carry out self-examination are presented.     

生存质量在食管癌中的研究现状

随着临床肿瘤学以及人文医学的发展,肿瘤医学模式由重视癌症患者的生命数量转向提高患者的生命质量。随着对生存质量的深入研究,其在癌症的治疗方案选择、疗效评价、预后评估等方面具有重要意义。食管癌是消化道肿瘤中最常见的恶性肿瘤,我国食管癌的发病率和死亡率居世界首位,提高食管癌患者的生存质量是食管癌治疗的重要目标之一。近年来关于食管癌患者的生存质量的研究蓬勃发展,本文就生存质量在食管癌中的研究现状作一综述。     

Use of the data of quantitative analysis of organo-systemic distribution of tumors in the evaluation of real hazards of chemical carcinogens

The study was concerned with objective criteria for identification of actual carcinogenic hazards. It used quantitative analysis data on morphologic structures of tumors induced in 12565 albino noninbred rats in the course of carcinogenicity evaluation of 112 chemical agents. The totality of all the data were analyzed versus morphologic parameters of tumors and carcinogenicity of the agents. Spontaneous tumors turned to be the cause of death in animals treated with noncarcinogenic or slightly carcinogenic agents whereas a completely different spectrum of tumors were responsible for lethality in those receiving potent carcinogens. It was inferred that increased incidence of spontaneous tumors following treatment with maximum tolerable doses can not be used as a criterion of actual blastogenicity of an agent.     

Carcinoid of ampulla of Vater

Carcinoid tumors of ampulla are rare clinical entities. They form 0.35% of all the gastrointestinal carcinoids. So far, only 109 cases have been reported in the literature, mostly as individual case reports. Since the metastatic potential and the tumor size have no correlation, unlike in duodenal carcinoids, pancreatoduodenectomy is considered the treatment of choice. Here we present a case of carcinoid of ampulla presenting to our department.     

CBCT验证食管癌放射治疗中两种体位固定方式摆位误差的比较分析

目的:利用锥形束CT(CBCT)研究不同的体位固定方式对食管癌放射治疗时摆位准确性的影响.方法:随机选取30例食管癌患者分成2组(真空垫组,真空气垫+翼形板固定组),每组治疗时利用CBCT 进行扫描,共扫描150次,获取150组CT 数据,利用XVI 软件将CBCT 扫描图像与计划CT图像进行自动骨性配准,分别得出X、Y、Z共3个线性方向上的摆位误差值,对获得的2组数据进行比较,采用t检验比较数据差异有无统计学意义.结果:真空垫固定体位组摆位后行CBCT扫描,在X、Y、Z方向上进行配准所得的平均误差分别为:X方向(2.19±1.62) mm,Y方向(2.92±2.13) mm、Z方向(2.83±2.17) mm;而翼形板+真空垫固定组摆位后行CBCT扫描,在X、Y、Z方向上进行配准所得的平均误差分别为:X方向(1.89 ±0.83) mm、Y方向(2.33 ±1.29) mm、Z方向(1.54 ±0.93) mm.两组误差数据差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论:翼形板联合真空垫固定体位技术更能减少食管癌放疗时的摆位误差,更能体现恶性肿瘤的"三精"放疗.     

Possibility of predicting the results of the surgical treatment of cancer of the thoracic portion of the esophagus

Within a 18-year period in the clinic 273 patients were subjected to radical surgery for cancer of the thoracic esophagus. 206 patients were discharged from the clinic. The survival rate for 5 years and longer was noted in 58 patients. The data and results of the treatment depending on a sum of clinical signs were treated mathematically. It is noted that the patients' survival is influenced by such factors as sex, the stage of the disease, the morphological structure of tumor, the character of course, tumor size and spread, the type of surgical intervention. An advanced course, changes in blood presence of metastases do not seem to be the reason for cancellation of the operation.     

人大肠腺癌的超微结构研究

 本文报导38例大肠腺癌病人的腺癌超微结构特证,组织经病理诊断。实验结果如下:1.人大肠腺癌的上层组织,明显分亮和暗两种细胞,主要是柱状亮细胞。2.腺癌组织中杯状细胞不明显。3.腺腔由单层的亮、暗细胞组成并呈放射状排列。4.基底膜结构模糊,电子密度增高,可观察到细胞的浸润现象。5.腺体底部由几种不同形态结构的细胞组成。其中有一种细胞的胞浆中含有两种颗粒,大的直径为150-500nm,小的约30nm。小颗粒的增殖与大颗粒,线粒体的解体和核膜的扩张等有关。     

胰腺实性假乳头状瘤7例临床病理特征并文献复习

目的探讨胰腺实性假乳头状瘤（SPTP）的临床病理特征以及免疫组化特点。方法对7例SPTP进行临床、组织病理、免疫表型的观察并复习相关文献。结果 7例SPTP,男女之比为2∶5,平均年龄34岁,仅3例有临床症状。6例发生于胰腺,有1例发生在胰腺外。肿瘤均呈囊实性;组织学上肿瘤细胞形态较一致,呈巢状排列,并形成假乳头状结构,部分瘤细胞呈透明细胞样细胞改变;间质黏液样变性、异物巨细胞反应及胆固醇样结晶。免疫组化结果显示：瘤细胞Vimentin、AAT呈强阳性,EMA均呈阴性;部分病例NSE、Syn、CgA、CD56、CD10、、AE1/AE3、PR局部阳性。4例术后随访30～114个月,患者均未发现复发及转移。结论 SPTP少见,多见于年轻女性,以实性、假乳头结构为主要组织学特征,并伴有其它多种组织学结构及多向分化的免疫组化表型。免疫组织化学检测结果对SPTP诊断具有重要价值,AAT、Vimentin阳性是诊断SPTP的可靠依据。     

Spontaneous remission of metastases of cancer of the uterine cervix

BACKGROUND: Spontaneous remission (SR) is the complete or incomplete disappearance of a disease or cancer despite no or inadequate treatment. SR is a rare event, and only 5 cases of SR of carcinoma of the uterine cervix have been reported so far. CASE REPORT: We report the case of a young woman suffering from carcinoma of the uterine cervix metastasized to the lung, pleura, bone, skin and brain. The primary tumor was removed. After diagnosis of the histologically proven metastases, further palliative treatment was inadequate, except for radiotherapy to the brain. In all other metastases, spontaneous remission occurred. 8 years after the initial diagnosis of metastasis, there is no evidence of active disease. CONCLUSION: SR is a rare but evident phenomenon. Individual features of malignant tumors should be taken into account much more when determining the best treatment for the patient.     

少见部位骨巨细胞瘤的X线影像分析

目的统计分析一组少见部位骨巨细胞瘤的Ｘ线影像表现,对易与之混淆的４种骨病提出鉴别诊断,以加深认识。方法搜集经手术、病理证实的少见部位骨巨细胞瘤４８例Ｘ线平片、ＣＴ和动脉造影片资料进行回顾性分析。结果表现为囊状膨胀性骨质破坏３０例,且内多有肥皂泡沫状表现;溶骨性骨质破坏１０例;骨外有软组织肿块,骨塌陷变扁伴局部膨出４例;侵犯邻骨４例;骨质增生硬化３例;异常血管及“肿瘤染色”３例。结论Ｘ线平片对少见部位骨巨细胞瘤诊断具有重要价值,ＣＴ优于平片,动脉造影有助于诊断与制定治疗方案。