由复合氨基化合物合成高色率焦糖色素的工艺研究

采用复合氨基化合物作反应剂与葡萄糖废母液进行美拉德反应,在高温高压下进行液体焦糖色素的合成研究。考察了反应温度、反应压力、反应时间及复合氨基化合物用量等因素对焦糖色素色率值的影响,得出以下最佳合成条件:反应温度150℃,反应压力0 7MPa,反应时间0 5h,w(复合氨基化合物)=5 5%(相对于反应物总质量)。按该条件合成的焦糖色素色率值高达95132EBC单位,反应时间大大缩短,各项质量指标完全符合GB8817—2001要求。     

低品位软锰矿降解糖蜜酒精废液中焦糖色素的脱色动力学

用合成的双倍焦糖色素模拟糖蜜酒精废液中的焦糖色素,研究了硫酸介质中低品位软锰矿氧化降解焦糖色素的脱色动力学,考察了焦糖色素初始浓度、硫酸浓度、软锰矿用量和反应温度对焦糖色素降解脱色速率的影响. 结果表明,焦糖色素的降解脱色速率随焦糖色素初始浓度、硫酸浓度、软锰矿用量和反应温度的增加而增加. 对实验数据进行拟合,得到了焦糖色素降解脱色动力学模型,其脱色过程的表观活化能为24.4 kJ/mol,焦糖色素、硫酸和软锰矿的表观反应级数分别为2.0, 0.58和1.09.     

碘无溶剂催化合成葡萄糖五乙酸酯

以葡萄糖和乙酸酐为原料,碘为催化剂,无溶剂条件下合成了葡萄糖五乙酸酯,考察了糖酐原料配比、反应时间、反应温度及催化剂用量等因素对产品收率的影响。较优反应条件为:0.1 mol葡萄糖,n(葡萄糖):n(乙酸酐)=1.0:6.0,反应温度25℃,反应时间1.0 h,催化剂用量0.2 g,酯收率可达96.3%。     

纤维素在亚临界水中催化水解制取葡萄糖的研究

以纤维素为原料,在反应温度200～260℃、反应时间0.5～5.0 h的条件下,研究了纤维素在亚临界水中水解制取葡萄糖反应及以金属盐类、H2CO3(CO2)等催化剂对水解过程的影响。结果表明:温度和反应时间对葡萄糖收率起决定性作用;无催化剂时,在220℃,反应1.5 h的条件下,葡萄糖收率达到最高的6.56%;200℃时,以葡萄糖收率衡量的各催化剂活性顺序为,FeCl3>CoCl2>AlCl3,Fe(NO3)3>Fe2(SO4)3>FeCl3;充入CO2压力(2 MPa、4 MPa和6 MPa)越大,葡萄糖收率越高;在以Fe(NO3)3为催化剂、温度200℃、反应时间0.5 h时,葡萄糖最大收率为21.45%。     

葡萄糖催化制取甘露糖的正交试验分析

在酸性条件下。以钼酸铵为催化剂,对葡萄糖发生差相异构反应生成甘露糖进行了实验研究;考察了葡萄糖溶液的浓度、pH值、反应温度、反应时间及催化剂加入量等因素对葡萄糖转化率的影响;通过正交试验分析,确定了葡萄糖转化率达到最大值的条件为：pH值3、反应温度150℃、钼酸铵加入量1％(对干计葡萄糖量)、反应时间120min,葡萄糖的转化率为32．13％。     

催化合成柠檬酸三丁酯的新方法

研究了以钛酸四丁酯为催化剂合成柠檬酸三丁酯。探讨了催化剂用量、反应温度、酸醇摩尔比和反应时间等因素对反应结果的影响。确定最佳反应条件为：酸醇摩尔比＝1∶4.1,反应温度150 ℃,反应时间4.5 h,催化剂用量为柠檬酸质量的1.2%。在此条件下柠檬酸三丁酯的酯化率达到99%以上,产品纯度经色质联用仪(GC/MS)检测在99.5%以上。     

葡萄糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛工艺研究

为实现5-羟甲基糠醛绿色化、低成本制备,以可再生资源葡萄糖为原料,固体酸为催化剂,在水-γ-戊内酯双相介质中经酸化水解制备出5-羟甲基糠醛。考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、葡萄糖用量对5-羟甲基糠醛收率的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件:反应温度190℃,反应时间43 min,催化剂用量0. 3 g,葡萄糖用量0. 15 g,在此条件下,5-羟甲基糠醛的收率44. 7%。     

烯丙基醚葡萄糖苷的制备和表征

以对甲苯磺酸为催化剂,葡萄糖和二乙二醇单烯丙基醚反应制备了二乙二醇单烯丙基醚葡萄糖苷。考察了反应物配比、反应时间、反应温度和催化剂用量对糖苷聚合度的影响。结果表明:n(葡萄糖)∶n(二乙二醇单烯丙基醚)=1∶4,催化剂用量为葡萄糖质量的3.2%,反应温度110℃,反应时间5h的条件下所得产品平均聚合度可达到1.06。     

d—SBA-15-SO3H介孔分子筛催化合成丁酸异戊酯

采用自制的d-SBA-15-SO3H介孔分子筛为催化剂,异戊醇与正丁酸反应合成丁酸异戊酯,考察了催化剂用量、醇酸物质的量比、反应温度、反应时间、催化剂重复使用次数及带水剂等因素对酯化率的影响.结果表明该催化剂具有催化活性高,易分离回收,重复使用性良好等优势.最佳反应条件为:正丁酸用量为0.2 mol时,醇酸物质的量比1.8,催化剂用量2.0g,反应温度130℃,反应时间2.0 h,此时酯化率达97.5%.     

葡萄糖制备5-羟甲基糠醛工艺研究

为实现5-羟甲基糠醛绿色化、低成本制备,以可再生资源葡萄糖为原料,固体酸为催化剂,在水-γ-戊内酯双相介质中经酸化水解制备出5-羟甲基糠醛。考察了反应温度、反应时间、催化剂用量、葡萄糖用量对5-羟甲基糠醛收率的影响。结果表明,最佳工艺条件:反应温度190℃,反应时间43 min,催化剂用量0. 3 g,葡萄糖用量0. 15 g,在此条件下,5-羟甲基糠醛的收率44. 7%。     

Insect antifeedant properties of anthranoids from the genusVismia

Vismiones and ferruginins, representatives of a new class of lypophilic anthranoids from the genusVismia were found to inhibit feeding in larvae of species ofSpodoptera, Heliothis, and inLocusta migratoria.     

Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates Attract Stink Bugs and Tachinid Parasitoids

Halyomorpha halys (Stål) (Pentatomidae), called the brown marmorated stink bug (BMSB), is a newly invasive species in the eastern USA that is rapidly spreading from the original point of establishment in Allentown, PA. In its native range, the BMSB is reportedly attracted to methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate, the male-produced pheromone of another pentatomid common in eastern Asia, Plautia stali Scott. In North America, Thyanta spp. are the only pentatomids known to produce methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate [the (E,Z,Z)-isomer] as part of their pheromones. Methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates were field-tested in Maryland to monitor the spread of the BMSB and to explore the possibility that Thyanta spp. are an alternate host for parasitic tachinid flies that use stink bug pheromones as host-finding kairomones. Here we report the first captures of adult and nymph BMSBs in traps baited with methyl (E,E,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate in central Maryland and present data verifying that the tachinid, Euclytia flava (Townsend), exploits methyl (E,Z,Z)-2,4,6-decatrienoate as a kairomone. We also report the unexpected finding that various isomers of methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoate attract Acrosternum hilare (Say), although this bug apparently does not produce methyl decatrienoates. Other stink bugs and tachinids native to North America were also attracted to methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates. These data indicate there are Heteroptera in North America in addition to Thyanta spp. that probably use methyl 2,4,6-decatrienoates as pheromones. The evidence that some pentatomids exploit the pheromones of other true bugs as kairomones to find food or to congregate as a passive defense against tachinid parasitism is discussed.     

2005～2006年国外塑料工业进展

收集了2005年7月～2006年6月国外塑料工业的相关资料，介绍了2005—2006年国外塑料工业的发展情况。提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂生产量以及各国塑料制品的进出口情况。作为对比，介绍了中国塑料的生产情况。按通用热塑性树脂（聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂）、工程塑料（聚酰胺、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚）、通用热固性树脂（酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和树脂、环氧树脂）、特种工程塑料（聚苯硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮）的品种顺序，对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的扩展作了详细的介绍。     

2007～2008年世界塑料工业进展

收集了2007年7月～2008年6月世界塑料工业的相关资料,介绍了2007～2008年国外塑料工业的发展情况,提供了世界塑料产量、消费量及全球各类树脂的需求量及产能情况.按通用热塑性树脂(聚乙烯、聚丙烯、聚苯乙烯、聚氯乙烯、ABS树脂)、工程塑料(尼龙、聚碳酸酯、聚甲醛、热塑性聚酯、聚苯醚)、特种工程塑料(聚苯·硫醚、液晶聚合物、聚醚醚酮)、通用热固性树脂(酚醛、聚氨酯、不饱和聚酯树脂、环氧树脂)不同品种的顺序,对树脂的产量、消费量、供需状况及合成工艺、产品应用开发、树脂品种的延伸及应用的进一步扩展等技术作了详细介绍.     

Inorganic/organic nanocomposite coatings: The next step in coating performance

Inorganic/organic hybrid materials have considerable promise and are beginning to become a major area of research for many coating usages, including abrasion and corrosion resistance. Our primary approach is to prepare the inorganic phase in situ within the film formation process of the organic phase. The inorganic phase is introduced via sol-gel chemistry into a thermosetting organic phase. By this method, the size, periodicity, spatial positioning, and density of the inorganic phase can be controlled. An important aspect of the inorganic/organic hybrid materials is the coupling agent. The initial task of the coupling agent is to provide uniform mixing of the oligomeric organic phase with the sol-gel precursors, which are otherwise immiscible. UV-curable inorganic/organic hybrid systems have the advantages of a rapid cure and the ability to be used on heat sensitive substrates such as molded plastics. Also, it is possible to have better control of the growth of the inorganic phase using UV curing. It is our ultimate goal to completely separate the curing of inorganic and organic phases to gain complete control over the morphology, and hence optimization of “all” the coating properties. Thus far, it has been found that concomitant UV curing of the inorganic and organic phases using titanium sol-gel precursors afforded nanocomposite coatings which completely block the substrate from UV light while maintaining a transparent to visible light. Also, it has been found that the morphology of the inorganic phase is highly dependent on the concentration and reactivity of the coupling agent. Presented at the 82nd Annual Meeting of the Federation of Societies for Coatings Technology, October 27–29, 2004, in Chicago, IL.     

Ethanol and (−)-α-Pinene: Attractant Kairomones for Some Large Wood-Boring Beetles in Southeastern USA

Ethanol and α-pinene were tested as attractants for large wood-boring pine beetles in Alabama, Florida, Georgia, North Carolina, and South Carolina in 2002–2004. Multiple-funnel traps baited with (−)-α-pinene (released at about 2 g/d at 25–28°C) were attractive to the following Cerambycidae: Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus rusticus nubilus, Asemum striatum, Monochamus titillator, Prionus pocularis, Xylotrechus integer, and X. sagittatus sagittatus. Buprestis lineata (Buprestidae), Alaus myops (Elateridae), and Hylobius pales and Pachylobius picivorus (Curculionidae) were also attracted to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. In many locations, ethanol synergized attraction of the cerambycids Acanthocinus nodosus, A. obsoletus, Arhopalus r. nubilus, Monochamus titillator, and Xylotrechus s. sagittatus (but not Asemum striatum, Prionus pocularis, or Xylotrechus integer) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene. Similarly, attraction of Alaus myops, Hylobius pales, and Pachylobius picivorus (but not Buprestis lineata) to traps baited with (−)-α-pinene was synergized by ethanol. These results provide support for the use of traps baited with ethanol and (−)-α-pinene to detect and monitor common large wood-boring beetles from the southeastern region of the USA at ports-of-entry in other countries, as well as forested areas in the USA.