Design of an all-dielectric long-wave infrared wide-angle metalens

Optical metasurfaces are two-dimensional arrays of nano-scatterers that modify optical wavefronts at subwavelength spatial resolution. They achieve the effect of focusing through phase control under a subwavelength scale, and are called metalenses. They are poised to revolutionize optics by enabling complex low-cost systems. However, there are severe monochromatic aberrations in the metasurfaces. In this paper, the coma of the long-wave infrared optical system is eliminated through a single-layer metasurface. By changing the phase function, this metalens has a numerical aperture of 0.89, a focal length of 150 μm and a field of view of 120° (0.4@60 line pairs/mm) that enables diffraction-limited monochromatic imaging along the focal plane at a wavelength of 10.6 μm. The designed metasurface maintains a favorable value of the modulation transfer function at different angles. This equipment can be widely used in imaging and industrial processing.     

双波长共焦衍射光学元件分析与设计

报道二维纯位相环带衍射光学透镜的研究。结果表明，在确定位置的像平面的光强分布呈现相当理想的光聚焦作用；同时以１．０６μｍ和０．６３２８μｍ两种波长为例，对双波长二维成像的环带衍射透镜进行分析计算，结果表明二种波长的光束都能聚焦于同一像平面。这种元件可方便地用于非可见激光中的对焦与光路调整。     

Dynamic polarization rotation and vector field steering based on phase change metasurface

Polarization rotation and vector field steering of electromagnetic wave are of great significance in modern optical applications. However, conventional polarization devices are bulky, monofunctional and lack of tunability, which pose great challenges to the miniaturized and multifunctional applications. Herein, we propose a meta-device that is capable of multi-state polarization rotation and vector field steering based on phase change metasurface. The supercell of the meta-device consists of four Ge₂Sb₂Te₅ (GST) elliptic cylinders located on a SiO₂ substrate. By independently controlling the phase state (amorphous or crystalline) of each GST elliptic cylinder, the meta-device can rotate the polarization plane of the linearly polarized incident light to different angles that cover from 19.8° to 154.9° at a wavelength of 1550 nm. Furthermore, by merely altering the phase transition state of GST elliptic cylinders, we successfully demonstrated a vector field steering by generating optical vortices carrying orbital angular momentums (OAMs) with topological charges of 0, 1 and −1, respectively. The proposed method provides a new platform for investigating dynamically tunable optical devices and has potential applications in many fields such as optical communications and information processing.     

Multiple bottle beams based on metasurface optical field modulation and their capture of multiple atoms

Compared to conventional devices, metasurfaces offer the advantages of being lightweight, with planarization and tuning flexibility. This provides a new way to integrate and miniaturize optical systems. In this paper, a metasurface capable of generating multiple bottle beams was designed. Based on the Pancharatnam-Berry (P-B) phase principle, the metasurface lens can accurately control the wavefront by adjusting the aspect ratio of the titanium dioxide nanopillars and the rotation angle. When irradiated by left-handed circularly polarized light with a wavelength of 632.8 nm, the optical system can produce multiple micron bottle beams. Taking two bottle beams as examples, the longitudinal full widths at half-maximum of the optical tweezers can reach 0.85 μ and 1.12 μ, respectively, and the transverse full widths at half-maximum can reach 0.46 μ and 0.6 μ. Also, the number of generated bottle beams can be varied by controlling the size of the annular obstacle. By changing the x-component of the unit rotation angle, the metasurface can also change the shape of the bottle beam — the beam cross-section can be changed from circular to elliptical. This paper also analyzes the trapping of ytterbium atoms by the multi bottle beam acting as optical tweezers. It is found that the multi bottle beam can cool and trap multiple ytterbium atoms.     

10m大口径薄膜衍射主镜的色差校正技术研究

分析了薄膜衍射主镜的成像性能及色散特性,利用含有衍射面的反射式消色差光路校正了衍射主镜的强色散,使成像系统的工作波段达到40nm、视场达到0.02°,设计了10m口径、115.73m总长的短结构合成孔径薄膜衍射成像系统.结果表明,消色差光路将两边缘波长0.58μm与0.62μm之间的焦距差由5.34m减小到17.27μm.该研究提供了一种薄膜衍射主镜成像系统的设计方案,可为超大口径薄膜衍射成像系统的工程化研究提供参考.     

High-efficiency reflection phase tunable metasurface at near-infrared frequencies

The realization of active modulation of reflection phase based on metasurfaces is of great significance for flexible control of electromagnetic wavefront, which makes metasurfaces have practical application values in polarization conversion, beam steering, metalens, etc. In this paper, a reflection phase tunable gap-surface plasmon(GSP) metasurface based on phase change materials Ge_2Sb_2Te_5(GST) is designed and experimentally demonstrated. By virtue of the characteristics of large permittivities difference before and after GST phase transition and the existence of stable intermediate states, the continuous modulation of near-infrared reflection phase larger than 200°has been realized. At the same time, through the reasonable design of the structure sizes, the reflection has been maintained at about 0.4 and basically does not change with the GST phase transition, which improved the working efficiency of the metasurface significantly. In addition, the coupled-mode theory(CMT) is introduced to make a full analysis of the modulation mechanism of the reflection phase,which proves that the phase transition of GST can induce the transition of metasurface working state from overcoupling mode to critical coupling mode. The improvement of the metasurface working efficiency has practical values for wavefront modulation.     

二元光学透镜在资源卫星中的应用

使用一种基于二元光学透镜的分光成像及消色差原理的新方法来设计资源卫星的中继光学系统。通过分析二元光学透镜的分光成像原理、消色差原理、衍射效率与阶数和工作波长及设计波长的比之间的关系,又考虑到单独设计制造二元光学透镜的难度,采用折衍混合成像光学系统来拟定资源卫星中继光学系统的设计方案,给出用ZEMAX软件设计的具体结果。设计实例及分析结果表明,包含二元光学透镜的折衍混合成像系统可以很好的实现光谱波段分离,用于资源卫星的光学系统具有一定的适用性。     

Acousto-Optic Power Summation for Mutually Noncoherent Pulsed Lasers

A method of the power summation for mutually noncoherent pulsed lasers of the same type using time interleaving is proposed and validated experimentally. The method uses an acoustic-optic deflector, which commutates radiation of different sources into one output channel simultaneously with radiation presenting in this channel. It is crucially important that the power of the final output radiation is equal to the power sum of the input sources, and the angular and coordinate parameters of an output beam are the same as that for the input sources. The experiments were carried out with single-mode diode lasers on a wavelength of 1.3 μm using a ТеО₂-crystal-based deflector. The method is appropriate for the power summation for fiber-optic, diode, and solid-state lasers. We have estimated the main interrelated parameters.     

Ultrathin side-viewing needle probe for optical coherence tomography

We present the smallest reported side-viewing needle probe for optical coherence tomography (OCT). Design, fabrication, optical characterization, and initial application of a 30-gauge (outer diameter 0.31 mm) needle probe are demonstrated. Extreme miniaturization is achieved by using a simple all-fiber probe design incorporating an angle-polished and reflection-coated fiber-tip beam deflector. When inserted into biological tissue, aqueous interstitial fluids reduce the probe's inherent astigmatism ratio to 1.8, resulting in a working distance of 300 μm and a depth-of-field of 550 μm with beam diameters below 30 μm. The needle probe was interfaced with an 840 nm spectral-domain OCT system and the measured sensitivity was shown to be only 7 dB lower than that of a comparable galvo-scanning sample arm configuration. 3D OCT images of lamb lungs were acquired over a depth range of ~600 μm, showing individual alveoli and bronchioles.     

光学系统纵向色差的仿真及验证

现有的焦距检测方法通常由于检测仪器光源波长与光学系统不完全匹配从而产生纵向色差影响检测结果。针对这一问题，研究光学系统纵向色差的变化规律，并确定在400 nm～1 000 nm波段用于表示其函数关系的Conrady公式和复消色差特性公式。根据光学系统近焦位置的离焦量与位置呈线性关系的特性, 提出使用菲索干涉仪测量5种不同波长的焦距位置，获得单透镜和双胶合镜头的纵向色差曲线。实验结果表明: 在400 nm～1 000 nm波段单色系统和消色差系统的纵向色差的函数关系分别符合Conrady公式和复消色差特性公式，研究结果为焦距的理论计算和精确检测提供了新的思路和参考。     

平面光波导型单纤三向器的研究

利用光束传输法,分析设计了一种只由两个定向耦合器构成、能直接与单模光纤相耦合、易于集成的平面光波导（Planar Lightwave Circuit,PLC）型1.31/1.49/1.55 μm单纤三向器.该器件的输入输出弯曲波导和耦合区平行波导均采用光束传输法进行优化设计,并对器件的折射率进行了容差分析,获得了当两个定向耦合器的耦合长度分别为6 578 μm、3953 μm时,器件对各波长的隔离度均在47 dB以上,且插入损耗小于0.05 dB.     

可调谐超构透镜的发展现状

随着新兴光学设备对微型化、一体化、智能化光学变焦系统的需求与日俱增,大大促进了纳米光电子学的迅猛发展。超构透镜是由具有特殊电磁属性的人造元素按照一定的排列方式组成的具有透镜功能的二维平面结构,其最大优点就是:轻薄和易于集成。然而,集成在超构透镜上的微纳结构一旦制备完成,便难以再改变其形貌或者尺寸,因而无法对其聚焦性能进行实时调控,限制了其功能及应用范围的进一步扩展。近年来,科学家们探索了实现超构透镜聚焦性能实时调控的多种途径,其中最引人注目的是将智能材料与超构透镜相结合。本文首先回顾了可调谐超构透镜的最新进展,分别详细阐述和分析了它们的调节原理和器件性能。最后,归纳分析了当前阻碍可调谐超构透镜发展的主要问题,并进一步对未来可调谐超构透镜的发展趋势做出了展望。     

高效率内腔式2 μm简并光学参量振荡器

报道了一种高效率的2 μm光学参量振荡器. 利用1.064 μm声光调Q Nd:YVO₄激光器抽运基于氧化镁掺杂周期性极化铌酸锂的内腔式光学参量振荡器, 在简并状态实现了稳定高效的2 μm激光输出. 当808 nm激光二极管抽运功率为20 W, Q开关工作频率为15 kHz时, 产生了平均功率为3.5 W、脉冲宽度为1.4 ns的2 μm激光, 光-光转换效率为17.5%, 斜效率为25%. 据我们所知, 该转换效率在2 μm波段内腔式光学参量振荡器中是最高的.     

Linear and nonlinear optical properties of Ca3(VO4)2

Single crystals of Ca₃ (VO₄)₂ have been grown by the Czochralski method. The refractive indices show that the crystals are phasematchable between 1.72 μm and 2.94 μm with favourable values for acceptance angle and spectral width of the incident laser beam in the entire phasematching range. The nonlinear optical coefficients have been measured by the Maker fringe method at a fundamental wavelength of 1.064 μm. They are comparable to those of KDP. Thus the crystals are potentially useful for frequency conversion of broadband or tunable laser sources as semiconductor and F-center lasers. They may also be installed in high f-number IR image converters.     

一种带葡萄柚空气孔的高双折射ZrF_4-BaF_2-LaF_3-AlF_3-NaF光子准晶光纤

提出了一种具有二重对称性的ZrF4-BaF2-LaF3-AlF3-NaF(ZBLAN)氟化物玻璃基的光子准晶光纤.光纤结构是以ZBLAN氟化物玻璃为背景材料,外包层由圆形空气孔以正方形与正三角形分布组成的基本单元构成,在芯区两侧引入两个对称的葡萄柚空气孔,以增加光纤的双折射.应用全矢量有限元法,研究了光纤的双折射和限制损耗特性与结构参数的关系.通过优化光纤结构参数,在1800—2200 nm的波长范围内获得了具有单模传输特性的高双折射光纤,其模式双折射高达10-2,比普通保偏光纤高出两个数量级,与目前报道的采用椭圆空气孔微结构光纤获得的高双折射具有同样的量级.但与具有椭圆空气孔微结构光纤相比,提出的光纤结构更易于制作.研究结果为开辟2μm波段光器件的研究做出了有益的探索.     

红外波段复合消色差1/4波片的优化设计

 在三元复合式消色差波片设计的基础上,对拓宽消色差范围的重要因素——单波片延迟量和复合角度进行了进一步分析和测试,提出了优化设计方案;利用石英晶体设计了适用于红外光通信波段的复合消色差波片。理论和实验均表明：通过调整单波片延迟量或改变复合角度可使该波片在中心波长为1 400 nm的900 nm~1 800 nm波长范围内最大延迟偏差≤5%,而在光通信波段（1 200 nm~1 600 nm）该复合波片的最大延迟偏差只有3.2%。     

温度和质量浓度对硫酸气溶胶光学特性的影响

根据新版大气分子光谱资料集(HITRAN2008)中硫酸气溶胶的复折射指数资料,利用经典的Mie理论编写程序,计算不同温度和质量浓度下硫酸气溶胶粒子在10 μm和0.87 μm 2个波段的散射效率和散射相函数.结果表明,在10 μm波段,在相同的H_2SO_4/H_2O质量浓度下,温度越高,硫酸气溶胶的后向散射强度越强,即冷却作用越强;在相同的温度下,硫酸粒子的质量浓度越小,其后向散射越弱,冷却作用越弱.在0.87 μm波段,硫酸粒子质量浓度一定时,温度变化对硫酸粒子散射强度的影响不大;若温度一定,在散射角大于173°的后向方向,硫酸质量浓度越大,散射强度越小,其冷却效应越弱.     

消色散光变图像的二元光学设计与制作方法

提出了一种实现消色散光变图像的二元光学方法.以不同取向的狭缝光阑作为目标物光场,采用迭代傅里叶变换算法计算得到具有定向衍射特性的二元位相结构,并作为光变图像的微结构.面向不同图形结构的光变图像,给出了两种不同的数据方案.利用自行研制的激光直写系统以逐图形方式和矢量化直写工作方式分别光刻不同结构的光变图像,位相结构的线宽为2 μm.实验结果表明,定向衍射二元光学位相结构具有消色散特征,且适合于热压复制工艺,为制造消色散光变图像提供了一种新方法.     

高功率光纤中传输光模式与其波长相关性研究

针对高功率光纤激光模式诊断和光谱诊断的需求,研究了光纤中传输模式的波长相关性,数值计算了光纤中各个模式的模场分布随波长的变化曲线及相应的光束质量,采用双傅里叶变换F~2法实际测量了光纤模式成分与波长的关系曲线.结果表明,光纤中各个模式的模场分布随波长变化,波长越长,模场面积越大;模式的光束质量随波长变化不大,但在截止频率附近明显变差;光纤中各个模式的功率占比与波长有关.     

Temperature-responded tunable metalenses based on phase transition materials

Once the metalenses are fabricated, the functions of most metalenses are invariable. The tunability and reconfigurability are useful and cost-saving for metalenses in realistic applications. We demonstrate this tunability here via a novel hybrid metalens with the strategic placement of an ultra-thin VO₂ layer. The hybrid metalens is capable of dynamically modulating the focusing intensity of transmitted light at a wavelength of 1550 nm, and demonstrate a 42.28% focusing efficiency of the incident light and 70.01% modulation efficiency. The hybrid metalens' optothermal simulations show an optothermal conversion process of dynamic focusing, and a maximum laser density of 1.76×10³ W/cm² can be handled at an ambient temperature lower than 330 K. The hybrid metalens proposed in this work, a light-dose sensitive tunable smart metalens that can protect other instruments/systems or materials from being damaged, has its specific applications such as in anti-satellite blinding, bio-imaging, etc.