Flexural Strength,Performance, and Cost Analysis of Multiaxial Warp-Knitted Preforms for Composite Reinforcements

In the scope of this study, performance analysis of industrial fabrics for composite reinforcement was evaluated from the cost point of view. For the production of composite structures, major considerations can be summarized as stiffness, strength, weight, and cost. In general, manufacturing costs of composites consist of material, labor, overhead, and development costs. The priorities and demands will determine characteristics of the material and process. Specific strength per cost relation is in favor of multiaxial warp-knitted (MWK) fabric. In order to evaluate fiber reinforcements within the group, MWK fabric laminate was compared with woven fabric laminate from the cost/performance point of view. To do so, laminate comparison was performed between MWK fabric and woven fabric reinforced composites. It was found that relative to woven reinforced composite, MWK fabric reinforced composite has lower resin weight, overall composite weight, and labor cost and higher flexural moment with slightly higher material cost.     

满足不同需求的水热电联产系统的模型和设计简

In order to improve the energy efficiency, reduce the CO2 emission and decrease the cost, a cogenera- tion system for desalination water, heat and power production was studied in this paper. The superstructure of the cogeneration system consisted of a coal-based thermal power plant （TPP）, a multi-stage flash desalination （MSF） module and reverse osmosis desalination （RO） module. For different demands of water, heat and power production, the corresponding optimal production structure was different. After reasonable simplification, the process model ot each unit was built. The economical model, including the unit investment, and operation and maintenance cost, was presented. By solving this non-linear programming （NLP） model, whose objective is to minimize the annual cost, an optimal cogeneration system can be obtained. Compared to separate production systems, the optimal system can reduce 16.1%-21.7% of the total annual cost. showing this design method was effective.     

甲醇蛋白的生产应用及投资建议

介绍甲醇蛋白的生产和应用情况。通过对甲醇蛋白的成本估算，并和鱼粉价格比较，指出该产品暂时不具备投资价值。     

石油化工装置单位加工成本预测、检验与控制

以石油化工装置成本分析为研究对象,对石化装置成本组成的各要素进行了较为具体和详细的分析,给出了一种用于检测、检验和控制装置单位加工成本的方法,推导出了较为简单的计算公式,并作了实例应用分析。     

Performance and Economic Assessment of the Treatment of Phenol with TiO2 Photocatalysis,Photo‐Fenton,Biological Aerated Filter,and Wetland Reactors

The performance and economic cost of the removal of phenol with TiO₂ photocatalysis, photo‐Fenton reactions, biological aerated filter (BAF), and constructed wetland (CW) reactors has been studied. The BAF achieved complete removal with a maximum phenol concentration of 200 mg·L^?1. The BAF‐CW combination provided a phenol‐free effluent with a maximum phenol concentration of 650 mg·L^?1. In both cases, a complete detoxification of the treated water was achieved at the concentrations studied. The efficiency of TiO₂ photocatalysis was limited to concentrations below 50 mg L^?1 to minimize removal reduction and toxicity of the intermediates. Photo‐Fenton was more efficient, but also more expensive because of the high cost of H₂O₂. The photo‐Fenton‐BAF combination is proposed to be the most suitable one.     

建立落袋价格理念 提升企业价值创造

本文从落袋价格理论出发,探讨如何对定价策略、折扣、隐含成本以及物流费用等影响落袋利润因素进行深入分析,为石化行业化工销售经营决策提供参考。     

Analysis of water and power costs by various methods,based on Jeddah IV

The Jeddah IV Power and Desalination Plant is the biggest, dual-purpose plant in the world. Moreover, it is perhaps the first plant of this kind for which authentic cost and operational data are available. As such, it provides a reliable means of assessing the present status of desalination technology and its influence on the cost of power and water.The well-known theoretical methods of cost allocation are used in deriving the product cost from the Jeddah IV plant. The influence of local factors and contractual constraints is discussed. Extrapolations are made to determine the projected cost of water on similar plants but with different performance ratios. Recommendations are made on cost optimization and the most favourable combination for dual-purpose power/desalination plants based on steam turbines and MSF process.     

Exergy analysis of a combined RO, NF, andEDR desalination plant

A brackish water desalination plant in California that incorporates RO, NF, and EDR units was analyzedthermodynamically using actual plant operation data. Exergy flow rates were evaluated throughout the plant, and the exergy flow diagrams were prepared. The rates of exergy destruction and their percentage are indicated on the diagram so that the locations of highest exergy destruction can easily be identified. The analysis shows that most exergy destruction occurs in the pump/motor and the separation units. The fraction of exergy destruction in the pump/motor units is 39.7% for the RO unit, 23.6% for the NF unit, and 54.1 % for the EDR unit. Therefore, using high-efficiency pumps and motors equipped with VFD drives can reduce the cost of desalination significantly. The plant was determined to have a Second Law efficiency of 8.0% for the RO unit, 9.7% for the NF unit, and 6.3% for the EDR unit, which are very low. This indicates that there are major opportunities in the plant to improve thermodynamic: performance by reducing exergy destruction and thus the amount of electrical energy supplied, making the operation of the plant more cost effective.     

CO2捕集、运输、驱油与封存全流程随机优化

CO₂捕集、运输、驱油与封存（CCUS）是一种缓解温室气体排放的有效手段。在工程实际问题中,由于温度、压力、碳价、电价等随机变量的存在,给CCUS全流程建模与优化带来了很大的困难。为了解决此问题,本文建立了CCUS全流程的工程-经济模型,并以烟气入口流量、管道入口压力、管道直径、泵站数量、注入井入口压力等作为决策变量,质量约束、排放约束、运输约束、存储约束等为约束条件,以CCUS全流程成本为目标函数,提出了一种随机优化期望值模型。并采用基于随机模拟的遗传算法对期望值模型进行求解,通过参数的合理优化配置,提出的优化方法解决了CCUS全流程随机优化问题。研究结果表明,该优化方法能够有效地降低CCUS全流程的成本,为此技术的发展提供了一种参考方案。     

联合提取柑桔皮中精油、色素、果胶和橙皮苷

研究了从柑桔皮中连续提取精油、色素、果胶、橙皮苷的总工艺流程及适宜的工艺条件。制得的各产品符合要求、得率较高。该综合工艺路线成本较低,使桔皮得到充分利用。     

Possible use of volcanic ash as a filler in polyphenylene sulfide composites: Thermal,mechanical, and erosive wear properties

It is a common practice to use particle materials as fillers to improve engineering properties of polymer composites and to lower the cost of final products. There is an obvious cost advantage of compounding volcanic ash (VA) in polymers, either to replace traditional fillers. This study is concerned with thermal, mechanical, and erosive properties of VA‐filled polyphenylene sulfide (PPS) composites. Composite samples containing VA particles at various concentrations (0, 2.5, 5, 10, 15, and 20 wt%) were manufactured by twin screw extruder and injection molding machine. Thermal properties were investigated by thermogravimetric and dynamic mechanical analysis methods. Erosive wear properties were investigated by performing solid particle erosion tests at 30º and 90º impingement angles. The mechanical properties such as flexural strength and modulus of uneroded samples and residual flexural strength and modulus of eroded composite samples were determined by three‐point bending tests. Results show that thermal, mechanical, and residual mechanical properties of the PPS composite were significantly improved by adding VA, although erosion resistance was decreased markedly. It was concluded that VA can be used as a reinforcement in PPS composites to improve thermal and mechanical properties and to reduce the cost of the PPS composites. POLYM. COMPOS., 35:1826–1833, 2014. © 2014 Society of Plastics Engineers     

四硝基二苯并-1，3a,4,6a-四氮杂戊搭烯合成工艺改进

采用经改进的四硝基二苯并－1,3a,4,6a-四氮杂戊搭烯（代号为TACOT）的合成工艺,将TACOT的合成总时间缩短了一半,简化了合成操作,将产物的总得率由26．7％提高至52．0％,从而大大降低了TACOT的成本。     

Sophorolipid Production by <Emphasis Type="Italic">Starmerella bombicola</Emphasis> (ATCC 22214) from Virgin and Waste Frying Oils,and the Effects of Activated Earth Treatment of the Waste Oils

Frying is one of the most common processes in households, restaurants and food industries. During frying, oil undergoes degradation and hence has to be replaced time to time. This creates large amounts of waste causing disposal and environmental problems. Sophorolipids are produced by microbial bioconversion of refined vegetable oils along with glucose. The raw material cost accounts for 10–30% of the overall cost of biosurfactant production that can be reduced by using a low cost substrate like waste frying oil. In the present work, waste frying oils were used in the production of sophorolipids at the shake flask level. It gave mainly (70–80%) the acidic form of sophorolipids. It was observed that the linoleic acid was preferentially consumed over other fatty acids by the organism (Starmerella bombicola). The activated earth treatment was found to improve the yield of sophorolipids and hence the treatment can be used to convert waste frying oil as a low cost substrate into a cost effective carbon source.     

Pilot run,plant design and cost analysis for reductive ozonolysis of methyl soyate

Preparation of methyl azelaaldehydate dimethyl acetal (MAzDA) from methyl soyate was investigated on a pilot scale via the sequence ozonization, hydrogenation, acetalization and fractional distillation. A water-methyl soyate emulsion for the ozonization step was preferred to methanolic solution or neat methyl soyate for reasons of cost and safety. Ozonization of the water-methyl soyate emulsion (1.63:1 ratio) in a six-plate sieve tower produced 1271 lb aqueous peroxidic emulsion during 12 days of continuous operation. Because a continuous hydrogenation facility was not available, reduction was done in 200 lb batches. Since batch hydrogenation of the peroxidic emulsion in this quantity was difficult to control and optimum conditions were difficult to maintain, maximum yield of the product was only 56%. The average yield for seven batches was 48.3%. However laboratory hydrogenation under optimum conditions of periodic samples taken from the sieve tower discharge indicated an overall yield of 74.5% (average of eight monitor samples). A plant designed to produce 10 million lb annually should be capable of producing MAzDA at a total manufacturing cost of 39 cents/lb or a net manufacturing cost of 27 cents/lb with byproduct credit conservatively estimated. Methyl soyate ozonolysis products are not sensitive to detonation, and their exothermic decomposition is greatly moderated by the presence of water. Presented in part at the AOCS Meeting, New Orleans, May 1967; see Abstr. 117, JAOCS 44:139A (1967). ARS, USDA.     

Advanced impeller design: Anti-ragging impeller,ARI2

The waste water treatment plant anoxic denitrification process employs agitated vessels which contain process fluids contaminated with fibrous, rag-like materials that have a tendency to collect on impeller blades and adversely affect mixing performance. The existing Philadelphia Mixing Solutions Ltd. anti-ragging impeller made from fiberglass reinforced plastic is not cost effective for this low torque application. The challenge was to design an impeller that replicated the performance of the original impeller but utilized common industrial manufacturing processes to reduce cost. The flexible construction technology chosen was sheet metal fabrication. The design effort produced a highly skewed, forward raked, hydrofoil impeller with applications that extend beyond the waste water treatment industry. The performance of the new impeller was evaluated by comparing it to the fiberglass impeller as well as three other common impeller types used in stirred tanks. Impeller pumping capacity was measured using 2-D Particle Image Velocimetry and impeller power draw was measured using a load cell and tachometer. The characteristic dimensionless impeller power and flow number, Np and Nq, were computed to be 0.17 and 0.42, respectively.     

Processing of advanced ceramic composites: issues of producibility,affordability, reliability,and tailorability

Abstract

The significant advantages of advanced ceramic materials when compared to metals are severely compromised by high manufacturing costs and brittleness related problems. The development of ceramic matrix composites usually involves processing–property tradeoffs that, in most cases, make advanced performance components unaffordable for general commodity applications. Some new, mainly reaction formed composites, however, seem to offer a way out of this dilemma. The present paper reviews processes and properties of such low cost, high value added components with emphasis on reactively synthesised ceramic–metal composites of near net shape. After property and cost evaluations, the production methods and the resulting composites are assessed with respect to future applications.     

加强内涵发展,提高石化产品的竞争能力

乙烯工业是投资密集性工业，投资成本在总成本中占有最大的比重，降低石化产品投资成本，是提高竞争能力的重要措施，在石化工业建设中，走外延与内涵发展相结合，而以内涵发展为经常手段的道路，是提高石化产品竞争能力，石化工业生存和发展的成功之路。     

Prorating methods for coupled production of power,fresh water and energy for district heating

The method of allocation of steam generating costs greatly influences the specific costs of heating steam and desalted sea water. This is illustrated by means of a practical example. From the point of view of social economics, the cost allocation method based on the cost of the heating energy generated by a single-purpose heat source yields sound results. The usual criterion for steam cost evaluation, based on business administration viewpoints, is the steam energy content. The advantages of the cost evaluation using the geometric mean of heat and exergy, in comparison with the calorific, the exergetic and the arithmetically averaging methods are shown.     

Water Reclamation At South Caboolture,Queensland, Australia

The 10 ML/d South Caboolture Water Reclamation Plant was designed to reduce riverine pollution and to provide water to industry and community consumers for non-potable uses. Whilst the plant will provide water for non-potable uses it has been designed to meet drinking water standards. The unique physical-chemical/biological treatment process incorporates biological denitrification, preozonation, coagulation/flocculation, dissolved air flotation/sand filtration, ozonation and biological activated carbon treatment. The Caboolture process, with its unique integrated physical-chemical/biological treatment ensures continuous sustainable production with low operational and chemical cost. Some demineralization (denitrification) is achieved biologically and expensive activated carbon life is prolonged almost indefinitely also by biological means, encouraged by prior ozonolysis of retractable compounds. Water can be supplied well below the cost of water from conventional sources. Minor operational problems have been overcome and the experience will be valuable for further implementation of this approach to water reclamation. Once again, the value of a combination of ozonation and activated carbon has proved its value in this World's first production application. This paper compares the Caboolture plant with some other well-known water reclamation plants in the US and southern Africa.     

设计、采购、施工总承包商费用估算中的协同作用

随着设计、采购、施工总承包项目模式的逐渐规范化,投资人对承包商的选择和管理日趋严格,承包商的投标报价估算是否准确和合理是其获得项目并且取得利润的重要因素。随着承包商对项目管理和控制职能的逐渐专业细化,在费用估算的分解与集成过程中,相关岗位或者部门的协同作用是十分重要的。处于枢纽位置的费用估算工程师和费用控制工程师应积极主动地和相关岗位合作、沟通,多方确认估算范围、量、价、额等,以编制出既具竞争力又有利可图的费用估算。