An Efficient and Robust Hand Gesture Recognition System of Sign Language Employing Finetuned Inception-V3 and Efficientnet-B0 Network

Hand Gesture Recognition (HGR) is a promising research area with an extensive range of applications, such as surgery, video game techniques, and sign language translation, where sign language is a complicated structured form of hand gestures. The fundamental building blocks of structured expressions in sign language are the arrangement of the fingers, the orientation of the hand, and the hand’s position concerning the body. The importance of HGR has increased due to the increasing number of touchless applications and the rapid growth of the hearing-impaired population. Therefore, real-time HGR is one of the most effective interaction methods between computers and humans. Developing a user-free interface with good recognition performance should be the goal of real-time HGR systems. Nowadays, Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) shows great recognition rates for different image-level classification tasks. It is challenging to train deep CNN networks like VGG-16, VGG-19, Inception-v3, and Efficientnet-B0 from scratch because only some significant labeled image datasets are available for static hand gesture images. However, an efficient and robust hand gesture recognition system of sign language employing finetuned Inception-v3 and Efficientnet-Bo network is proposed to identify hand gestures using a comparative small HGR dataset. Experiments show that Inception-v3 achieved 90% accuracy and 0.93% precision, 0.91% recall, and 0.90% f1-score, respectively, while EfficientNet-B0 achieved 99% accuracy and 0.98%, 0.97%, 0.98%, precision, recall, and f1-score respectively.     

采用深度图像信息和SLVW的手语识别

为了实现手语视频中手语字母的准确识别,提出了一种基于DI_CamShift和SLVW的算法。该方法将Kinect作为手语视频采集设备,在获取彩色视频的同时得到其深度信息;计算深度图像中手语手势的主轴方向角和质心位置,通过调整搜索窗口对手势进行准确跟踪;使用基于深度积分图像的Ostu算法分割手势,并提取其SIFT特征;构建了SLVW词包作为手语特征,并用SVM进行识别。通过实验验证该算法,其单个手语字母最好识别率为99.87%,平均识别率96.21%。     

智能人机交互中第一视角手势表达的一次性学习分类识别

在智能人机交互中, 以交互人的视角为第一视角的手势表达发挥着重要作用, 而面向第一视角的手势识别则成为最重要的技术环节. 本文通过深度卷积神经网络的级联组合, 研究复杂应用场景中第一视角下的一次性学习手势识别(One-shot learning hand gesture recognition, OSLHGR)算法. 考虑到实际应用的便捷性和适用性, 运用改进的轻量级SSD (Single shot multibox detector)目标检测网络实现第一视角下手势目标的快速精确检测; 进而, 以改进的轻量级U-Net网络为主要工具进行复杂背景下手势目标的像素级高效精准分割. 在此基础上, 以组合式3D深度神经网络为工具, 研究提出了一种第一视角下的一次性学习手势动作识别的网络化算法. 在Pascal VOC 2012数据集和SoftKinetic DS325采集的手势数据集上进行的一系列实验测试结果表明, 本文所提出的网络化算法在手势目标检测与分割精度、分类识别准确率和实时性等方面都有显著的优势, 可为在复杂应用环境下实现便捷式高性能智能人机交互提供可靠的技术支持.     

基于深度图像信息的手语识别算法

为了实现手语视频中手语字母的准确识别,提出了一种基于DI_CamShift和手语视觉单词（SLVW）的手语识别算法。首先采用Kinect获取手语字母手势视频及其深度信息;然后通过计算获得深度图像中手语手势的主轴方向角和质心位置,计算搜索窗口对手势跟踪;进而使用基于深度积分图像的Ostu算法分割手势并提取其尺度不变特征转换(SIFT)特征;最后构建SLVW词包并用支持向量机(SVM)进行识别。单个手语字母最好识别率为99.67%,平均识别率96.47%     

基于Leap Motion的动态手势识别

动态手势识别作为人机交互的一个重要方向，在各个领域具有广泛的需求。相较于静态手势，动态手势的变化更为复杂，对其特征的充分提取与描述是准确识别动态手势的关键。为了解决对动态手势特征描述不充分的问题，利用高精度的Leap Motion传感器对手部三维坐标信息进行采集，提出了一种包含手指姿势和手掌位移的特征在内的、能够充分描述复杂动态手势的特征序列，并结合长短期记忆网络模型进行动态手势识别。实验结果表明，提出的方法在包含16种动态手势的数据集上的识别准确率为98.50%；与其他特征序列的对比实验表明，提出的特征序列，能更充分准确地描述动态手势特征。     

A probabilistic model for state sequence analysis in hidden Markov model for hand gesture recognition

The role of gesture recognition is significant in areas like human‐computer interaction, sign language, virtual reality, machine vision, etc. Among various gestures of the human body, hand gestures play a major role to communicate nonverbally with the computer. As the hand gesture is a continuous pattern with respect to time, the hidden Markov model (HMM) is found to be the most suitable pattern recognition tool, which can be modeled using the hand gesture parameters. The HMM considers the speeded up robust feature features of hand gesture and uses them to train and test the system. Conventionally, the Viterbi algorithm has been used for training process in HMM by discovering the shortest decoded path in the state diagram. The recursiveness of the Viterbi algorithm leads to computational complexity during the execution process. In order to reduce the complexity, the state sequence analysis approach is proposed for training the hand gesture model, which provides a better recognition rate and accuracy than that of the Viterbi algorithm. The performance of the proposed approach is explored in the context of pattern recognition with the Cambridge hand gesture data set.     

Hand gesture recognition based on dynamic Bayesian network framework

In this paper, we propose a new method for recognizing hand gestures in a continuous video stream using a dynamic Bayesian network or DBN model. The proposed method of DBN-based inference is preceded by steps of skin extraction and modelling, and motion tracking. Then we develop a gesture model for one- or two-hand gestures. They are used to define a cyclic gesture network for modeling continuous gesture stream. We have also developed a DP-based real-time decoding algorithm for continuous gesture recognition. In our experiments with 10 isolated gestures, we obtained a recognition rate upwards of 99.59% with cross validation. In the case of recognizing continuous stream of gestures, it recorded 84% with the precision of 80.77% for the spotted gestures. The proposed DBN-based hand gesture model and the design of a gesture network model are believed to have a strong potential for successful applications to other related problems such as sign language recognition although it is a bit more complicated requiring analysis of hand shapes.     

基于SVM与Inception-v3的手势识别

针对传统机器视觉的手势识别方法识别准确率低,抗干扰能力差等问题,提出了一种基于支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）手势分割和迁移学习的静态手势识别方法.本文使用SVM和迁移学习方法相结合构建新的手势识别模型,利用SVM对样本进行手势分割,将Inception-v3模型作为卷积神经网络模型基础,对网络参数进行fine-tuning,将预先经过手势分割处理后的样本导入模型训练,调整超参数得到新的最优手势识别模型,并在一定干扰环境下测试,得到测试结果.测试结果表明该方法识别准确率和实时反馈效率均高于传统方法,能高效识别手势,满足实际应用需求.     

服务机器人的触觉手势识别

为了实现机器人在人机交互过程中的触觉感知,提出了一种用于服务机器人的触觉手势识别方法。首先,将电子皮肤安装在服务机器人上,通过采集15位被试者的10种手势动作信号,构建了情感手势数据集。然后,使用时空分离卷积神经网络,对被试者触摸服务机器人时做出的触摸手势进行分类。结果表明,被试内手势识别率为90.25%,跨被试手势识别率为83.44%。通过调节模型中的时空通道调节因子,在几乎不降低识别率的同时,可以大幅减少模型参数量。基于电子皮肤的触觉手势识别实验,初步认为使用时空分离卷积神经网络能够以较高的准确率和较低的计算代价实现对人的触觉手势识别,这为服务机器人通过电子皮肤与人实现情感交互提供了可能。     

基于肌电信号和加速度信号的动态手势识别方法

为了增强手势识别的多样性和简便性,提出了一种基于肌电信号（EMG）和加速度（ACC）信息融合的方法来识别动态手势。首先,利用MYO传感器采集EMG和ACC的手势动作信息;然后分别对ACC和EMG信号作特征降维和预处理;最后,为减少训练样本数,提出用协作稀疏表示分类器来识别基于ACC信号的姿态手势,用动态时间规整（DTW）算法和K-最邻近分类器（KNN）来分类EMG信号的手形手势。其中在利用协作稀疏表示分类器识别ACC姿态信号时,通过对创建字典最佳样本个数以及特征降维的维数进行研究来降低手势识别的复杂度。实验结果表明,手形手势的平均识别率达到了99.17%,对于向上向下、向左向右4种姿态手势平均识别率达到 96.88%,而且计算速度快;对于总体的12个动态手势,其平均识别率达到96.11%。该方法对动态手势的识别率较高,计算速度快。     

基于视觉的手势识别技术

近年来计算机已经成为人们日常生活的一部分,人们与计算机的交互也日益成为科研领域的热点。基于视觉的手势识别是实现新一代人机交互所不可缺少的一项关键技术,而手势识别的研究也可促进手语识别的发展,从而消除健全人与聋哑人之间的交流障碍,使他们能获得健全人的正常生活,帮忙他们参加社会的各项活动。文中介绍了手势识别方法的发展、手势识别的技术难点,具体阐述了基于视觉的手势识别系统原理和组成,手势的建模以及在手势识别中常用的技术方法。     

Gesture Spotting and Recognition for Human–Robot Interaction

Visual interpretation of gestures can be useful in accomplishing natural human-robot interaction (HRI). Previous HRI research focused on issues such as hand gestures, sign language, and command gesture recognition. Automatic recognition of whole-body gestures is required in order for HRI to operate naturally. This presents a challenging problem, because describing and modeling meaningful gesture patterns from whole-body gestures is a complex task. This paper presents a new method for recognition of whole-body key gestures in HRI. A human subject is first described by a set of features, encoding the angular relationship between a dozen body parts in 3-D. A feature vector is then mapped to a codeword of hidden Markov models. In order to spot key gestures accurately, a sophisticated method of designing a transition gesture model is proposed. To reduce the states of the transition gesture model, model reduction which merges similar states based on data-dependent statistics and relative entropy is used. The experimental results demonstrate that the proposed method can be efficient and effective in HRI, for automatic recognition of whole-body key gestures from motion sequences     

The design of hand gestures for human–computer interaction: Lessons from sign language interpreters

The design and selection of 3D modeled hand gestures for human–computer interaction should follow principles of natural language combined with the need to optimize gesture contrast and recognition. The selection should also consider the discomfort and fatigue associated with distinct hand postures and motions, especially for common commands. Sign language interpreters have extensive and unique experience forming hand gestures and many suffer from hand pain while gesturing. Professional sign language interpreters (N=24) rated discomfort for hand gestures associated with 47 characters and words and 33 hand postures. Clear associations of discomfort with hand postures were identified. In a nominal logistic regression model, high discomfort was associated with gestures requiring a flexed wrist, discordant adjacent fingers, or extended fingers. These and other findings should be considered in the design of hand gestures to optimize the relationship between human cognitive and physical processes and computer gesture recognition systems for human–computer input.     

基于细胞神经网络的快速手语视频分割方法

为实现感兴趣区手语视频编码,提高通话效率,提出一种基于细胞神经网络(CNN)的快速手语视频分割方法。该方法首先利用肤色信息特征进行基于CNN的肤色检测,检测出手语视频中的肤色区域;然后对肤色检测结果,利用帧差法进行基于CNN的运动检测,获得初始的手势区域;最后采用形态学处理方法进行空洞填充和边界平滑,实现了手语视频图像序列中的面部和手部区域的分割。研究结果表明,该方法能够快速准确地进行手语视频分割。     

复杂环境中多信息融合的手势识别

针对复杂环境中的手势识别问题,提出了一种融合深度信息和红外信息的手势识别方法。首先利用Kinect摄像头的深度信息进行动态实时手势分割,然后融合红外图像复原手势区域。解决了实时手势分割和利用手势的空间分布特征进行手势识别时由于分割的手势区域有缺损或有人脸干扰时识别率低的问题。经实验验证,提出的方法不仅不受环境光线的影响,而且可以识别区分度较小的手势,对旋转、缩放、平移的手势识别也具有鲁棒性。对于区分度较大的手势,识别率高达100%。     

Dynamic Hand Gesture Recognition Based on Short-Term Sampling Neural Networks

Hand gestures are a natural way for human-robot interaction.Vision based dynamic hand gesture recognition has become a hot research topic due to its various applications.This paper presents a novel deep learning network for hand gesture recognition.The network integrates several well-proved modules together to learn both short-term and long-term features from video inputs and meanwhile avoid intensive computation.To learn short-term features,each video input is segmented into a fixed number of frame groups.A frame is randomly selected from each group and represented as an RGB image as well as an optical flow snapshot.These two entities are fused and fed into a convolutional neural network(Conv Net)for feature extraction.The Conv Nets for all groups share parameters.To learn longterm features,outputs from all Conv Nets are fed into a long short-term memory(LSTM)network,by which a final classification result is predicted.The new model has been tested with two popular hand gesture datasets,namely the Jester dataset and Nvidia dataset.Comparing with other models,our model produced very competitive results.The robustness of the new model has also been proved with an augmented dataset with enhanced diversity of hand gestures.     

基于手语视觉单词特征的手语字母识别研究

为有效识别手语字母,提出一种手语视觉单词(SLVW)的识别方法。采用Kinect获取手语字母视频及其深度信息,在深度图像中,通过计算获得手语手势的主轴方向角和质心位置以调整搜索窗口,利用基于深度图像信息的DI_CamShift方法对手势进行跟踪,进而使用基于深度积分图像的Ostu方法分割手势,并提取其尺度不变特征变换数据。将局部特征描述子表示的图像小区域量化生成SLVW,统计一幅手语图像中的视觉单词频率,用词包模型表示手语字母,并用支持向量机进行识别。实验结果表明,该方法不受颜色、光照和阴影的干扰,具有较高的识别准确性和鲁棒性,对复杂背景手语视频中的30个手语字母的平均识别率达到96.21%。     

Gesture recognition based on skeletonization algorithm and CNN with ASL database

In the field of human-computer interaction, vision-based gesture recognition methods are widely studied. However, its recognition effect depends to a large extent on the performance of the recognition algorithm. The skeletonization algorithm and convolutional neural network (CNN) for the recognition algorithm reduce the impact of shooting angle and environment on recognition effect, and improve the accuracy of gesture recognition in complex environments. According to the influence of the shooting angle on the same gesture recognition, the skeletonization algorithm is optimized based on the layer-by-layer stripping concept, so that the key node information in the hand skeleton diagram is extracted. The gesture direction is determined by the spatial coordinate axis of the hand. Based on this, gesture segmentation is implemented to overcome the influence of the environment on the recognition effect. In order to further improve the accuracy of gesture recognition, the ASK gesture database is used to train the convolutional neural network model. The experimental results show that compared with SVM method, dictionary learning + sparse representation, CNN method and other methods, the recognition rate reaches 96.01%.

     

基于RGBD数据的静态手势识别

提出一种基于RGBD数据的手势识别方法,首先采用融合深度信息和彩色信息的手势分割算法分割出手势区域;其次提取静态手势轮廓的圆形度、凸包点及凸缺陷点、7Hu矩特征组成特征向量;最后采用SVM进行静态手势识别。实验结果表明,该方法能有效地识别预定义的5种静态手势,且对环境的适应性比较强。     

改进Inception-v3网络的手势图像识别

鉴于Inception-v3网络参数量过大的问题,本文提出了一种有效的手势图像识别方法,能够满足在模型参数量较少的情况下高精度手势识别的需求.本文利用Inception-v3的结构,对原Inception-v3的Inception模块重新进行设计,降低学习的参数量和难度,结合残差连接,保护信息的完整性,防止网络退化,引入注意力机制模块,让模型聚焦于有用的信息而淡化无用信息,在一定程度上也防止了模型的过拟合,并且在模型中进行上采样与低层特征进行特征融合,融合后的特征比原输入特征更具有判别能力,进一步提高模型的准确率.实验结果表明改进的Inception-v3网络的参数量仅为1.65 M,而且拥有更高的准确率和更快的收敛速度.将ASL手语数据集与孟加拉手语数据集分别打乱,然后按照4:1的比例单独划分出训练集和验证集.改进的Inception-v3在ASL手语数据集与孟加拉手语数据集上的识别率分别达到了100%和95.33%.