Sicherung chemischer Produktionsanlagen mit Mitteln der Elektro-/Meß-, Steuerungs- und Regelungstechnik

Safeguarding of chemical production plant by means of control engineering . Control equipment is becoming increasingly important for safeguarding of plant. According to VDI/VDE 2180, sheet 3, control equipment is classified as operational equipment, as monitoring equipment, or as protective equipment. Operational and monitoring control equipment serves the proper operation of plant in its correct state or in a faulty but still acceptable state. Protective control equipment is intended to prevent occurrence of an unacceptable faulty state of the plant. It is helpful if the control equipment is classified at an early stage of planning. Preferably the protective control equipment should be considered separately from the other control equipment. It is then possible to design it in such a way that its behaviour in the event of faults can be clearly defined. A distinction is made between active faults (or functiontriggering faults) and passive faults (or function-inhibiting or blocking faults). An active fault reduces the availability of chemical plant for production by inadvertent shut-down. Passive faults of protective equipment prevent triggering of the protective function, even though the conditions for triggering are fulfilled. They adversely affect the safety of the plant. Passive faults of control equipment must therefore by prevented or kept under control. A selection of appropriate measures for achieving this is presented.     

Auslegung und Aufbau von Sicherheitseinrichtungen mit Mitteln der Meß-, Steuer- und Regelungstechnik

Design and construction of safety devices utilizing methods of measurement and control engineering . This article considers a proposed concept for the design and construction of measurement and control devices for the safety of plant with the aim of preventing danger to persons and the environment and damage. Such measurement and control devices are generally employed when primary measures adopted for plant safety, such as safety valves, collection vessels, etc. are not applicable or insufficient by themselves. The concept regards the new sheet no. 3 of the VDI/VDE code draft 2180 ?Safety of chemical engineering plant”? and proposes a further subdivision of class A into safety classes A0, A1, and A2. Overall, it is possible, on the basis of the measures for raising the availability of measurement and control equipment which are presented in this article, to make selection appropriate to the potential danger involved. The proposed procedure should not, however, be regarded as a rigid scheme but rather as leading to a systematic view and supporting decisions resting on sound operating experience.     

Strategie zur festigkeitsmäßigen Auslegung von Druckbehälterkomponenten

Safety of equipment destined for the chemical and power generation industries is still mandatory. Structural changes in the equipment manufacturing industry and the current switch‐over to European and international standards harbour potential dangers which can ultimately manifest themselves in plant safety. Items of equipment used in process engineering are generally not mass produced articles with a generally valid safety standard. In contrast, they are subjected to specified loads and in this respect each one to be regarded as one of a kind. Strength testing is a mandatory requirement. This article considers a number of general points demanding attention in design work and future trends affecting design practice. The gap between research and everyday practice has to be bridged by applications‐orientated presentation of results. The paper presents a number of illustrative examples.     

Sicherheit im Chemieapparatebau mit Borosilicatglas

Safety in chemical equipment construction with borosilicate glass. Thanks in particular to its universal corrosion resistance borosilicate glass has acquired a firm place among the materials of construction for pipework, equipment, and plant in chemical engineering. Pertinent technical rules containing all necessary material data and regulations are available for design and planning. Observation of these regulations and adherance to appropriate designs ensure a high degree of safety in operation of glass installations in the rough conditions of a chemical plant.     

聚焦结构、界面与多尺度问题,开辟化学工程的新里程

20世纪90年代以来,随着计算机技术和测量仪器的迅速发展,化学工程的研究水平日益提升,由经验规则的判断逐渐提高到计算机模拟量化分析. 化学工程的研究范围也日益扩大,下至纳微尺度结构与界面的观察与量化,上至宏观尺度设备与工厂的系统集成. 化学工程的服务对象也由化学工业扩展到冶金、材料、能源、环境、生物等诸多进行物质转化的过程工业. 目前化工科技界正在呼吁寻求继第一里程单元操作、第二里程传递过程和化学反应工程之后的第三里程. 化学工程中以往惯用的忽视非均匀多尺度结构和界面存在的平均方法是造成预测偏差和调控、放大困难的主要原因. 必须关注结构、界面和多尺度问题,研究多尺度结构、界面的量化预测理论和优化调控方法,建立多尺度结构、界面与"三传一反"的关系模型,与当代先进的计算方法、计算流体力学和计算机模拟相结合,有望解决化工过程与设备的优化调控与放大的难题,成为化学工程发展的新里程.     

常压与真空反应设备的安全设计

本文通过对常压与真空反应设备的案例分析,充分论证在化工设备设计时,引入安全设计这个概念的必要性。同时提出了对这类设备的设计从常压设备等级提高到低压反应压力容器等级的观点。这个概念也可为高校安全工程专业课程中的化工工艺与设备设计安全评价的内容作一些补充。     

精细化工装置布置与防火安全间距研究

精细化工装置的布置不仅要考虑生产工艺、设备检修以及前期投资等要求,更要考虑安全防火规范要求。首先分析了精细化工产品特性,详细分析了精细化工装置布置安全性和设计依据,以实际某精细化工项目为例,结合GB50160和GB50016标准规范深入分析精细化工装置的布置和防火间距,对露天化工生产装置和有厂房化工生产装置安全防火间距进行了对比,从安全性、可操作性、经济性方面入手,得出精细化工设备整体布局,以及各类型装置设备间的安全防火距离。建议根据实际情况采用合适的标准规范进行设计,针对不同类型的精细化工装置,急需制定相适应的安全防火规范,灵活运用。     

Sicherheitstechnische Aspekte der Prozeßleittechnik

Safety aspects of process control . Safety aspects and safety strategies are becoming increasingly important for modern process control of chemical plants. With respect to configuration, installation, and maintenance, a classification of process control equipment according to the safety relevance turns out to be advantageous. Technical and especially organizational measures have to be adopted to ensure a high degree of safety. Beyond safety requirements in conventional process control engineering the increased implementation of modern control systems introduces new problems. Their information processing power, however, opens vast new opportunities, which are just beginning to be exploited.     

Abnahme und Überwachung der Anlagen

Acceptance testing and surveillance of plant . Existing legislation require acceptance testing of the principal components of a chemical plant prior to its commissioning. As shown for a pressure vessel, this testing of a large chemical plant can only be performed effectively if the necessary concepts have been developed and the data required have been collected during the planning and construction stage. It is not sufficent to consider the components individually. Their incorporation into the plant and their mutal interaction are just as important. Acceptance testing must be preceded by a consideration of the overall safety of the plant. This does not require any new regulations. Regular surveillance ensures that the established safety level is maintained. Many surveillance measures are already stipulated during acceptance testing.     

Grundlagen für die rechnergestützte Aufstellungsplanung

Principles of Computer-Aided Assembly Planning . The assembly planning for a chemical engineering plant defines the position of the individual machines and articles of equipment in an appropriate grid (Fig. 1). Apart from the demands of pipe routing, numerous widely differing, partly contradictory, boundary conditions influence the assembly of a plant. These include, among other factors, investment and assembly costs, ease of maintenance and operation, as well as safety and environmental protection. Thus numerous specialist areas are involved in this planning work, with the definition of the ?optimum”? solution being based on individual studies and particularly on experience.     

Neue apparative Entwicklungen bei Filterzentrifugen

New equipment developments in filter centrifuges . Industrial filter centrifuges are used for solid throughputs from ca. 0.01 to 250 t/h per machine. The specific filtration resistance of the solids to be separated likewise covers a range of ca. 1 :25 000. In addition to the enormous range of physical properties and mass flows, a wide variety of demands is placed on the chemical resistance of the materials of construction and the safety of the plant. These demands led to the development of a wide range of filter centrifuges, the most important types of which are first surveyed from a chemical engineering standpoint. There follows an account of the principal characteristics of recent types and the development of various details.     

Principles and applications of micro-structured chemical system

介绍了微化工系统是以微米尺度微结构化工装备为核心的化工系统,是实现化工过程绿色、安全、高效的重要途径之一。阐述了微化工系统基于微尺度下流动可控以及混合传递高效的特点,可以有效地提高反应和分离过程的表观速率,大幅度缩小装备尺寸,提高过程的安全性。指出了近年来微化工系统在材料可控制备、新型测试技术和反应分离强化等方面发展迅速,与传统化工系统相比,微化工系统在诸多领域中显现出了优势。     

微混合设备及其性能研究进展

对近年来微混合设备的加工方法、微混合方式及其在反应、分离及传热方面的应用研究进行了全面综述。分析了微混合设备具有混合效率高 ,停留时间短 ,能耗低 ,操作条件易于控制 ,设备简单 ,内在安全性能好等特点。指出微混合过程在物质的均匀混合、快速转化、物质和能量的快速传递等方面的优势明显 ,但也存在加工成本高、处理量小、同时只适用于干净体系等不足。据此 ,指明了在微混合设备和过程中要着力发展微设备的加工技术 ,开发具有高清洁能力、可处理含固体物料体系和大处理量的微混合设备     

Verkleinerung verfahrenstechnischer Versuchsanlagen — was ist erreichbar?

Scale-down of chemical engineering pilot plant – what is attainable? The use of fully automated experimental laboratory-scale plantoffer interesting possibilities for assessment of the economic operation and technical feasibility of new or modified processes. An important condition for the success of this kind of experimental approach is the availability of miniaturized equipment, machines, and sensors. The goal of such experimental plant can be both the process engineering development of individual process steps and also integrated running to model complete processes. Moreover, questions of scale-up can be studied and typical quantities can be provided. The state of the art is reported with the aid of selected examples of equipment and mechanical components and measurement and control units.     

化工厂操作规程的编写内容及方法

详细介绍如何科学、严谨、内容全面、要求严格地编写化工厂操作规程中工艺技术规程、操作指南、开停车规程、设备操作规程、事故处理预案、仪表控制系统操作、安全环保技术规程等章节的具体内容及编写方法。     

Welche Chancen hat der deutsche Apparatebau bei den weltweiten Investitionen der Chemie?

What are the chances for the equipment manufacturers with the worldwide investments of the chemical industry ? For years now the investment of the chemical industry in Germany is stagnant. A change of this situation for the near future cannot be expected. The export of plant equipment however has been increased considerably since the oil crisis. The chances as well as the risks of the equipment manufacturers as far as the worldwide investment of the chemical industry is concerned are being investigated. In particular this study deals with the situation in the developing countries, poor as well as rich in raw materials, in the Comecon countries and in the industrial countries. Furthermore the possibilities of exporting plant equipment, directly or via engineering companies or production of this equipment abroad are discussed.     

Energiewirtschaftliche Rationalisierung bei der Projektierung von Chemieanlagen

Reduction of energy costs in planning of chemical plant . Energy consumption in the chemical industry is especially high, and on inclusion of energy sources used as raw materials the energy consumption figures are even doubled. The most important energy consumption data are presented. The economic incentives for the reduction of energy costs have increased with energy price hikes, and project engineering of new chemical plants offers an extensive field for energy saving measures. An account of the basic methods of economic optimisation of chemical plant equipment, with particular regard to the reduction of energy consumption, is followed by a systematic review of the various sectors of chemical plant design in which energy saving measures can be applied.     

Sicherheitstechnische Beurteilung von Trocknungsverfahren in der chemischen Industrie

Safety Engineering Assessment of Drying Processes in the Chemical Industry . Dried products encountered in the chemical industry are frequently flammable and susceptible to dust explosions. Moreover, some of the products to be dried contain flammable solvents. Since the two product states moist and dry co-exist in a drying process, the dry potenially explosive solid, flammable solvent vapours, and fuel gases could all be present in a drying plant. A comprehensive safety engineering assessment of the entire drying process is therefore absolutely essential in the planning of new plant and in the examination of existing plant. The starting point and basis of safety engineering assessment is a knowledge of just a few characteristic safety data. If these are known then a decision can be made whether safety measures are necessary and if so what measures can asure safe operation of a plant. This contribution describes the approaches adopted in deciding upon such measures. Recent developments in the area of safety assessment of flammable dusts are included. An example is then presented to illustrate how the joint efforts of experts in the fields of safety engineering and drying technology can assure optimum plant safety, product quality, and cost-effectiveness.     

磷石膏堆存技术

研究磷酸生产副产大量磷石膏废料的堆存处理技术,根据磷石膏的物理特性、强度特性及化学特性,分析堆存处理的安全和环保问题,探讨磷石膏堆存渗流稳定工程的措施。     

检漏系统在尿素装置中的应用

尿素装置是化肥生产中的物料产出装置,而其中高压圈中的高压设备又是尿素装置的核心,为使尿素装置安全稳定运行,及时对高压设备的腐蚀进行预警,设置了高压设备检漏系统.介绍了尿素装置在线检漏系统的原理及实际应用,结合实际工程经验,提出了在线检漏系统安装及投用注意事项等,同时对检漏系统的未来发展进行了展望.