喀什地区“8.11”冰雹过程雷达探测分析

利用常规气象探测资料和多普勒天气雷达产品,对 2011年 8月 11 日在喀什发生的一强冰雹天气过程,从天气形势、雷达回波演变特征等几个方面进行了综合分析。结果表明: 这次冰雹天气出现在对流不稳定层结条件下,0 ℃层和 －20 ℃层的高度适宜。多普勒雷达能很好地监测冰雹天气的发生发展演变过程,＞ 70 dBZ 强回波区和悬垂结构及逆风区的出现,垂直累积液态含水量( VIL) 增加等都对冰雹天气的出现具有指示意义,对今后的防雹减灾工作有较好的应用价值。     

石河子地区三次冰雹天气过程的综合分析

选取春季发生在新疆石河子地区沙漠边缘的3次冰雹天气过程,应用常规观测资料并结合雷达回波资料,从天气形势、物理量场和雷达回波演变特征等几方面进行了综合分析。结果表明:3次降雹过程都发生在典型的高空槽型的冰雹环流背景形势下,较好的对流不稳定条件、水汽条件和较强的垂直风切变促使冰雹等强对流天气过程发生发展。多普勒雷达能很好地监测中尺度天气系统的发展演变过程,回波强度和回波顶高度的变化、速度对和逆风区的出现、垂直累积液态含水量(VIL)增加以及风暴跟踪信息(STI)预警等都对冰雹天气的出现具有指示意义,对今后的防雹减灾工作有较好的应用价值。     

夏季新疆石河子沙漠边缘地区的冰雹天气过程的综合分析

选取夏季发生在新疆石河子沙漠边缘地区的7次冰雹天气过程,应用常规观测资料并结合雷达回波资料,从天气形势,物理量场和雷达回波演变特征等几方面进行了综合分析。结果表明:7次降雹过程分别发生在高空槽型和西西伯利亚低涡型两种典型冰雹环流背景形势下,其中高空槽型影响范围更大,破坏更强;较好的水汽条件、对流不稳定条件和较强的垂直风切变促使冰雹等强对流天气过程发生发展。多普勒雷达能很好地监测中尺度天气系统的发展演变过程,回波强度和回波顶高度的变化、速度对和逆风区的出现、垂直积分液态水含量和1h降水累积值的急剧增加、风暴跟踪信息(STI)预警等对冰雹天气的出现具有很好预警意义,对今后的防雹减灾工作有较好的应用价值。     

夏季新疆石河子沙漠边缘地区的冰雹天气过程的综合分析

选取夏季发生在新疆石河子沙漠边缘地区的7次冰雹天气过程,应用常规观测资料并结合雷达回波资料,从天气形势,物理量场和雷达回波演变特征等几方面进行了综合分析。结果表明:7次降雹过程分别发生在高空槽型和西西伯利亚低涡型两种典型冰雹环流背景形势下,其中高空槽型影响范围更大,破坏更强;较好的水汽条件、对流不稳定条件和较强的垂直风切变促使冰雹等强对流天气过程发生发展。多普勒雷达能很好地监测中尺度天气系统的发展演变过程,回波强度和回波顶高度的变化、速度对和逆风区的出现、垂直积分液态水含量和1h降水累积值的急剧增加、风暴跟踪信息(STI)预警等对冰雹天气的出现具有很好预警意义,对今后的防雹减灾工作有较好的应用价值。     

新疆石河子地区一次冰雹天气的综合分析

利用常规气象探测资料和多普勒雷达产品,结合石河子地区高密度的自动站网资料,对2009年7月19日石河子地区一次冰雹天气过程,从天气形势、物理量场和雷达回波演变特征等几个方面进行了综合分析。结果表明:这次冰雹天气出现在对流不稳定层结条件下,中高层干冷低层暖湿,水汽条件充沛,0℃层和-20℃层的高度适宜,同时具有强的垂直风切变。多普勒雷达能很好地监测冰雹天气的发生发展演变过程,大于50 dBz的强回波区和穹窿结构的出现,逆风区的出现、垂直累积液态含水量(VIL)和雨强(RZ)的急剧增加以及风暴跟踪信息(STI)预警等都对冰雹的出现具有指示意义,对今后的防雹减灾工作有较好的应用价值。     

塔城地区闪电时空分布特征分析

利用常规气象探测资料和多普勒雷达产品,结合石河子地区高密度的自动站网资料,对2009年7月19日石河子地区一次冰雹天气过程,从天气形势、物理量场和雷达回波演变特征等几个方面进行了综合分析.结果表明:这次冰雹天气出现在对流不稳定层结条件下,中高层干冷低层暖湿,水汽条件充沛,0℃层和-20℃层的高度适宜,同时具有强的垂直风切变.多普勒雷达能很好地监测冰雹天气的发生发展演变过程,大于50 dBz的强回波区和穹窿结构的出现,逆风区的出现、垂直累积液态含水量(VIL)和雨强(RZ)的急剧增加以及风暴跟踪信息(STI)预警等都对冰雹的出现具有指示意义,对今后的防雹减灾工作有较好的应用价值.     

高层东风波引起的一次超级单体雹暴天气数值研究

利用WRF中尺度模式对2018年7月26日发生在浙中北的一次超级单体雹暴过程进行数值研究,结合自动站资料,天气雷达资料、NCEP再分析资料等分析冰雹天气发生的环流背景,冰雹云的雷达回波和流场结构特征,并探究冰雹形成的物理机制。结果表明:此次强对流天气是在高层东风波环流背景下,由地面辐合线触发的超级单体雹暴过程。雹暴发生在强的对流有效位能、上干下湿的层结和弱垂直风切变的环境场中。模拟试验成功地模拟出了雹暴云团的发展演变过程。0℃层位于5 km的高度,-20℃层位于8. 5 km的高度,且超过40 dBZ的强回波向上扩展至-20℃层以上,有利于冰雹的生长。雹云发展旺盛时呈现典型的低层辐合、高层辐散特征。雹云右侧出现悬垂回波和有界弱回波区。雹云中存在大量的过冷云水,冰雹粒子的核心生长区位于0℃层和-20℃层之间,主要由霰粒子转化而成,并通过不断碰并过冷云水和过冷雨水增长。     

贵州铜仁连续两次冰雹天气过程的对比分析

利用地面加密自动站观测资料、多普勒雷达观测资料以及NCEP/NCAR再分析资料,对2013年3月19日和22日连续出现在贵州铜仁的2次冰雹天气过程的中尺度系统的发展演变及结构特征等进行分析。结果表明:(1)高空槽后西北气流带动高层干冷空气南下,叠加在低层西南暖湿空气上形成不稳定层结,是冰雹发生的有利环流背景形势;(2)中层干冷空气及地面冷空气侵入造成强烈位势不稳定是铜仁发生冰雹等强对流天气的重要环境条件;(3)当K指数38℃,SI指数-1℃,强天气威胁指数超临界值,CAPE300 J/kg时极有可能发生冰雹天气;当地面至400 h Pa垂直风切变5×10-3s-1时,利于雹暴系统发展加强;(4)反射率因子50 d BZ的强回波发展加强,且强回波伸展高度超过-20℃层高度,出现弱回波区或有界弱回波区,高强悬垂回波特征,径向速度场往往伴有逆风区或中等涡旋出现,是冰雹天气发生典型特征;(5)垂直液态水含量出现跃增达25 kg/m2以上预示有冰雹发生,同时配合冰雹指数可作为冰雹预警的一个重要参考。     

金华区域性冰雹天气过程的综合分析

选取发生在金华的5次区域性冰雹天气过程,应用常规观测资料和多普勒天气雷达资料,从天气形势背景、下垫面、物理条件和雷达回波演变等方面进行了综合分析。结果表明:区域性冰雹天气多发在午后到前半夜,落区多是引导气流前方山地的迎风坡或是被大山包围、水体附近的迎风坡上;需要具备不稳定的大气层结(IC指数-5℃)和适宜冰雹成长的温度层结(0℃层高度位于620 h Pa附近,-20℃层高度位于420 h Pa附近);垂直风切变和CAPE值都是区域性冰雹天气条件发生很好的表征;区域性冰雹天气按照风暴类型可以分为多个超级单体风暴和强烈多单体风暴两种,前者在雷达回波上反映更为明显和剧烈。     

雷达资料对贵州春季冰雹云识别初探

利用2004年以来有雷达数据的25个贵州春季冰雹个例资料,基于贵阳、遵义和兴义3部天气雷达基数据,计算雷达回波顶高（ET）、垂直累积液态水含量（VIL）、组合反射率因子（CR）、制作反射率因子垂直剖面（RCS）产品,研究冰雹发生前后雷达回波的演变情况,找出冰雹发生前后以上产品的临界值和变化特征,从而对冰雹云进行雷达识别。经过对个例的分析研究发现：45 dB z以上的雷达回波能较好地识别冰雹云,结合0℃层高度和-20℃层高度,可较好的判断冰雹的大小;冰雹发生前1～2个体扫到冰雹发生时刻,VIL出现陡增现象。     

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF VARIOUS DATA OF AIR–SEA TEMPERATURE DIFFERENCE AND ITS VARIATION ACROSS SOUTH CHINA SEA IN THE PAST 35 YEARS

Using the International Comprehensive Ocean-Atmosphere Data Set(ICOADS) and ERA-Interim data, spatial distributions of air-sea temperature difference(ASTD) in the South China Sea(SCS) for the past 35 years are compared,and variations of spatial and temporal distributions of ASTD in this region are addressed using empirical orthogonal function decomposition and wavelet analysis methods. The results indicate that both ICOADS and ERA-Interim data can reflect actual distribution characteristics of ASTD in the SCS, but values of ASTD from the ERA-Interim data are smaller than those of the ICOADS data in the same region. In addition, the ASTD characteristics from the ERA-Interim data are not obvious inshore. A seesaw-type, north-south distribution of ASTD is dominant in the SCS; i.e., a positive peak in the south is associated with a negative peak in the north in November, and a negative peak in the south is accompanied by a positive peak in the north during April and May. Interannual ASTD variations in summer or autumn are decreasing. There is a seesaw-type distribution of ASTD between Beibu Bay and most of the SCS in summer, and the center of large values is in the Nansha Islands area in autumn. The ASTD in the SCS has a strong quasi-3a oscillation period in all seasons, and a quasi-11 a period in winter and spring. The ASTD is positively correlated with the Nio3.4 index in summer and autumn but negatively correlated in spring and winter.     

CHARACTERISTICS AND TRENDS OF CLIMATIC EXTREMES IN CHINA DURING 1959–2014

The spatial and temporal variations of daily maximum temperature(Tmax), daily minimum temperature(Tmin), daily maximum precipitation(Pmax) and daily maximum wind speed(WSmax) were examined in China using Mann-Kendall test and linear regression method. The results indicated that for China as a whole, Tmax, Tmin and Pmax had significant increasing trends at rates of 0.15℃ per decade, 0.45℃ per decade and 0.58 mm per decade,respectively, while WSmax had decreased significantly at 1.18 m·s~(-1) per decade during 1959—2014. In all regions of China, Tmin increased and WSmax decreased significantly. Spatially, Tmax increased significantly at most of the stations in South China(SC), northwestern North China(NC), northeastern Northeast China(NEC), eastern Northwest China(NWC) and eastern Southwest China(SWC), and the increasing trends were significant in NC, SC, NWC and SWC on the regional average. Tmin increased significantly at most of the stations in China, with notable increase in NEC, northern and southeastern NC and northwestern and eastern NWC. Pmax showed no significant trend at most of the stations in China, and on the regional average it decreased significantly in NC but increased in SC, NWC and the mid-lower Yangtze River valley(YR). WSmax decreased significantly at the vast majority of stations in China, with remarkable decrease in northern NC, northern and central YR, central and southern SC and in parts of central NEC and western NWC. With global climate change and rapidly economic development, China has become more vulnerable to climatic extremes and meteorological disasters, so more strategies of mitigation and/or adaptation of climatic extremes,such as environmentally-friendly and low-cost energy production systems and the enhancement of engineering defense measures are necessary for government and social publics.     

IMPACT OF ATMOSPHERIC LOW-FREQUENCY OSCILLATION ON THE IMMIGRATION OF NILAPARVATA LUGENS(STL) IN HUNAN AND JIANGXI PROVINCES

Various features of the atmospheric environment affect the number of migratory insects, besides their initial population. However, little is known about the impact of atmospheric low-frequency oscillation(10 to 90 days) on insect migration. A case study was conducted to ascertain the influence of low-frequency atmospheric oscillation on the immigration of brown planthopper, Nilaparvata lugens(Stl), in Hunan and Jiangxi provinces. The results showed the following:(1) The number of immigrating N. lugens from April to June of 2007 through 2016 mainly exhibited a periodic oscillation of 10 to 20 days.(2) The 10-20 d low-frequency number of immigrating N. lugens was significantly correlated with a low-frequency wind field and a geopotential height field at 850 h Pa.(3) During the peak phase of immigration, southwest or south winds served as a driving force and carried N. lugens populations northward, and when in the back of the trough and the front of the ridge, the downward airflow created a favorable condition for N. lugens to land in the study area. In conclusion, the northward migration of N. lugens was influenced by a low-frequency atmospheric circulation based on the analysis of dynamics. This study was the first research connecting atmospheric low-frequency oscillation to insect migration.     

A COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ATMOSPHERIC AND OCEANIC CONDITIONS BEFORE THE OCCURRENCE OF TWO TYPES OF EL NIO EVENTS

The atmospheric and oceanic conditions before the onset of EP El Ni?o and CP El Ni?o in nearly 30 years are compared and analyzed by using 850 hPa wind, 20℃ isotherm depth, sea surface temperature and the Wheeler and Hendon index. The results are as follows: In the western equatorial Pacific, the occurrence of the anomalously strong westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Its intensity is far stronger than that of the CP El Ni?o. Two months before the El Ni?o, the anomaly westerly winds of the EP El Ni?o have extended to the eastern Pacific region, while the westerly wind anomaly of the CP El Ni?o can only extend to the west of the dateline three months before the El Ni?o and later stay there. Unlike the EP El Ni?o, the CP El Ni?o is always associated with easterly wind anomaly in the eastern equatorial Pacific before its onset. The thermocline depth anomaly of the EP El Ni?o can significantly move eastward and deepen. In addition, we also find that the evolution of thermocline is ahead of the development of the sea surface temperature for the EP El Ni?o. The strong MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o in the western and central Pacific is earlier than that of the CP El Ni?o. Measured by the standard deviation of the zonal wind square, the intensity of MJO activity of the EP El Ni?o is significantly greater than that of the CP El Ni?o before the onset of El Ni?o.     

ANALYSIS OF “BIMODAL PATTERN” STORM ACTIVITY CHARACTERISTICS OF THE BAY OF BENGAL

Storms that occur at the Bay of Bengal (BoB) are of a bimodal pattern, which is different from that of the other sea areas. By using the NCEP, SST and JTWC data, the causes of the bimodal pattern storm activity of the BoB are diagnosed and analyzed in this paper. The result shows that the seasonal variation of general atmosphere circulation in East Asia has a regulating and controlling impact on the BoB storm activity, and the “bimodal period” of the storm activity corresponds exactly to the seasonal conversion period of atmospheric circulation. The minor wind speed of shear spring and autumn contributed to the storm, which was a crucial factor for the generation and occurrence of the “bimodal pattern” storm activity in the BoB. The analysis on sea surface temperature (SST) shows that the SSTs of all the year around in the BoB area meet the conditions required for the generation of tropical cyclones (TCs). However, the SSTs in the central area of the bay are higher than that of the surrounding areas in spring and autumn, which facilitates the occurrence of a “two-peak” storm activity pattern. The genesis potential index (GPI) quantifies and reflects the environmental conditions for the generation of the BoB storms. For GPI, the intense low-level vortex disturbance in the troposphere and high-humidity atmosphere are the sufficient conditions for storms, while large maximum wind velocity of the ground vortex radius and small vertical wind shear are the necessary conditions of storms.     

LOW-FREQUENCY CIRCULATION AND EXTENDED-RANGE FORECAST IN CONNECTION WITH AUTUMN EXTREME HEAVY RAINFALL PROCESS IN HAINAN

Observed daily precipitation data from the National Meteorological Observatory in Hainan province and daily data from the National Centers for Environmental Prediction/National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCEP/NCAR) reanalysis-2 dataset from 1981 to 2014 are used to analyze the relationship between Hainan extreme heavy rainfall processes in autumn (referred to as EHRPs) and 10–30 d low-frequency circulation. Based on the key low-frequency signals and the NCEP Climate Forecast System Version 2 (CFSv2) model forecasting products, a dynamical-statistical method is established for the extended-range forecast of EHRPs. The results suggest that EHRPs have a close relationship with the 10–30 d low-frequency oscillation of 850 hPa zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north, and that they basically occur during the trough phase of the low-frequency oscillation of zonal wind. The latitudinal propagation of the low-frequency wave train in the middle-high latitudes and the meridional propagation of the low-frequency wave train along the coast of East Asia contribute to the ‘north high (cold), south low (warm)’ pattern near Hainan Island, which results in the zonal wind over Hainan Island and to its north reaching its trough, consequently leading to EHRPs. Considering the link between low-frequency circulation and EHRPs, a low-frequency wave train index (LWTI) is defined and adopted to forecast EHRPs by using NCEP CFSv2 forecasting products. EHRPs are predicted to occur during peak phases of LWTI with value larger than 1 for three or more consecutive forecast days. Hindcast experiments for EHRPs in 2015–2016 indicate that EHRPs can be predicted 8–24 d in advance, with an average period of validity of 16.7 d.     

AN ATTRIBUTION ANALYSIS OF CHANGES IN POTENTIAL EVAPOTRANSPIRATION IN THE BEIJING–TIANJIN–HEBEI REGION UNDER CLIMATE CHANGE

Based on the measurements obtained at 64 national meteorological stations in the Beijing–Tianjin–Hebei (BTH) region between 1970 and 2013, the potential evapotranspiration (ET0) in this region was estimated using the Penman–Monteith equation and its sensitivity to maximum temperature (Tmax), minimum temperature (Tmin), wind speed (Vw), net radiation (Rn) and water vapor pressure (Pwv) was analyzed, respectively. The results are shown as follows. (1) The climatic elements in the BTH region underwent significant changes in the study period. Vw and Rn decreased significantly, whereas Tmin, Tmax and Pwv increased considerably. (2) In the BTH region, ET0 also exhibited a significant decreasing trend, and the sensitivity of ET0 to the climatic elements exhibited seasonal characteristics. Of all the climatic elements, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv in the fall and winter and Rn in the spring and summer. On the annual scale, ET0 was most sensitive to Pwv, followed by Rn, Vw, Tmax and Tmin. In addition, the sensitivity coefficient of ET0 with respect to Pwv had a negative value for all the areas, indicating that increases in Pwv can prevent ET0 from increasing. (3) The sensitivity of ET0 to Tmin and Tmax was significantly lower than its sensitivity to other climatic elements. However, increases in temperature can lead to changes in Pwv and Rn. The temperature should be considered the key intrinsic climatic element that has caused the "evaporation paradox" phenomenon in the BTH region.     

Could the Recent Taal Volcano Eruption Trigger an El Ni?o and Lead to Eurasian Warming?

正The Taal Volcano in Luzon is one of the most active and dangerous volcanoes of the Philippines. A recent eruption occurred on 12 January 2020(Fig. 1a), and this volcano is still active with the occurrence of volcanic earthquakes. The eruption has become a deep concern worldwide, not only for its damage on local society, but also for potential hazardous consequences on the Earth's climate and environment.     

VARIABILITY OF INTER-ANNUAL RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN INDIAN OCEAN DIPOLE AND HUAXI REGION’S AUTUMN PRECIPITATION

The moving-window correlation analysis was applied to investigate the relationship between autumn Indian Ocean Dipole (IOD) events and the synchronous autumn precipitation in Huaxi region, based on the daily precipitation, sea surface temperature (SST) and atmospheric circulation data from 1960 to 2012. The correlation curves of IOD and the early modulation of Huaxi region’s autumn precipitation indicated a mutational site appeared in the 1970s. During 1960 to 1979, when the IOD was in positive phase in autumn, the circulations changed from a “W” shape to an ”M” shape at 500 hPa in Asia middle-high latitude region. Cold flux got into the Sichuan province with Northwest flow, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Western Pacific to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation increase in east Huaxi region. During 1980 to 1999, when the IOD in autumn was positive phase, the atmospheric circulation presented a “W” shape at 500 hPa, the positive anomaly of the water vapor flux transported from Bay of Bengal to Huaxi region strengthened, caused precipitation ascend in west Huaxi region. In summary, the Indian Ocean changed from cold phase to warm phase since the 1970s, caused the instability of the inter-annual relationship between the IOD and the autumn rainfall in Huaxi region.     

Revisiting the Concentration Observations and Source Apportionment of Atmospheric Ammonia

正While China’s Air Pollution Prevention and Control Action Plan on particulate matter since 2013 has reduced sulfate significantly, aerosol ammonium nitrate remains high in East China. As the high nitrate abundances are strongly linked with ammonia, reducing ammonia emissions is becoming increasingly important to improve the air quality of China. Although satellite data provide evidence of substantial increases in atmospheric ammonia concentrations over major agricultural regions, long-term surface observation of ammonia concentrations are sparse. In addition, there is still no consensus on