固体培养和液体培养对铜绿假单胞菌双鞭毛影响的比较

铜绿假单胞菌属于单端双鞭毛菌,而不是单端单鞭毛菌,这一发现是将菌种接种在哥伦比亚羊血琼脂平板上培养得出的。本文研究证实铜绿假单胞菌液体培养双鞭毛细胞数与单鞭毛细胞数的比值高于固体培养。材料和方法ATCC菌株:2株P.aeruginosa ATCC27853~T,P.aeruginosa ATCC43088。临床分离菌株:总共89株,痰标本45株、血标     

2078份尿及痰标本的细菌分布及耐药情况分析

材料与方法1菌株来源本院2010年6月1日至2012年5月31日,2078份临床送检的中段尿及痰标本,分离出菌株908株,其中尿(316株),痰(592株)。药敏试验质控菌株为大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853,两种质控菌株均来自卫生部临床检验中心。2仪器与试剂VITEK 2-compact全自动细菌鉴定及药敏分析仪以及配     

临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟的耐药性分析

目的：测定铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟的耐药性。方法：采用琼脂二倍稀释法测定铜铝假单胞菌对头孢噻肟的MIC值。用铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853标准菌株作为质控标准。按照美国临床实验标准委员会（NCCLS）2004年颁布的标准操作和判定结果。结果：铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟的耐药率为59．18％。结论：临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌对头孢噻肟高度耐药，应考虑通过进行细菌培养和药敏试验，合理选用抗生素，或选用有协同作用的二联疗法来提高抗铜绿假单胞菌感染的疗效。     

201例泌尿系统革兰氏阴性杆菌感染及其耐药性的分析

我院1992年～1997年6年间尿样本培养分离出来的201株革兰氏阴性杆菌的构成及对常用9种抗生素的耐药性进行总结分析．报告如下．l材料与方法样本来自我院门诊和住院的尿样本．培养基及微生化管均购自浙江军区后勤卫生防疫检验所．药敏试纸购自北京天坛药物生化技术开发公司．质控菌株大肠埃希氏菌A～25922铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853由广东省检验中心提供‘方法按《全国临床检验操作规程》进行，药敏判断按VCCLS规定的标准进行．2结果尿样本12de份，分离出病原菌242株（19．10，b）。其中革兰氏阴性杆菌201株（83％），为我院泌尿系统感染的主…     

与植入物感染相关大肠埃希菌的耐药特征

背景:生物材料植入人体后,往往会发生感染引起植入物松动、脱落甚至造成菌血症。以往研究未注重植入物相关感染中的细菌耐药性问题。目的:了解与植入物感染相关大肠埃希菌的耐药特征,为预防和更有效治疗该类感染提供策略。方法:以大肠埃希菌ATCC25922、金黄色葡萄球菌ATCC25923和铜绿假单胞菌ATCC27853为质控菌株,选取17种临床常用抗生素进行药敏试验,计算耐药率,分析耐药特征。用表型确证试验筛选产AmpC酶和产ESBLs菌株,明确产酶率。抽提耐药质粒,以聚合酶链反应扩增检测耐药基因,分析基因型分布情况。结果与结论:17种抗生素中耐药率最低的是亚胺培南,其次为阿米卡星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦和头孢吡肟,大部分菌株对其他抗生素均有较高耐药率,且呈多重耐药。筛选出42株(61.8%)产ESBLs菌株和27株(39.7%)产AmpC酶菌株,同时产ESBLs和AmpC酶菌株有23株(33.8%)。产ESBLs菌株中以携带CTX-M型基因最为多见占66.7%,有19株(45.2%)同时携带两种以上基因,产AmpC酶中大多数是产DHA型,有5株(18.5%)同时携带两种基因。提示与植入物感染相关的大肠埃希菌菌株耐药水平高、耐药谱扩大,且多呈多重耐药,耐药基因复杂多样。建议使用敏感药物联合阿米卡星治疗该类感染。     

黄粉虫抗菌肽Tenecin蛋白的纯化及其抑菌活性研究

目的 纯化黄粉虫抗菌肽Tenecin蛋白,并检测其抑菌活性.方法用1 mmol/L IPTG大量诱导表达Tenecin蛋白,纯化后检测其抑菌活性,包括金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)ATCC 29213,大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)ATCC 25922,白色念珠菌(Candida albicans)ATCC 10231和痢疾志贺氏菌(Shigella dysenteriae)CMCC 51252等4种标准菌.结果 SDS-PAGE电泳检测表明已获得纯化的Tenecin蛋白;体外抑菌试验结果表明,浓度为120、60、30、15 μg/ml的Tenecin与4种标准菌共培养18 h后,对金黄色葡萄球菌的抑制作用最强,而对白色念珠菌的抑制作用最弱.对同一菌种而言,浓度为60和30 μg/ml两组间无统计学意义(P＞0.05),而其他各浓度的组间均有显著性差异(P＜0.01);对同一浓度的Tenecin而言,其对白色念珠菌和痢疾志贺氏菌的抑菌效果组间无统计学意义(P＞0.05),其余各组之间均有显著性差异(P＜0.01).结论 获得的Tenecin蛋白可明显抑制病原菌,为进一步研究其抑菌机理和后期研发奠定了基础.     

大鼠慢性铜绿假单胞菌生物膜肺部感染IL-4的变化

铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa，Pa）是慢性呼吸道感染主要致病菌之一，它可以产生藻酸盐形成生物膜。本研究通过建立慢性铜绿假单胞菌生物膜肺部感染动物模型，观察大鼠肺部的细菌学、病理学特点及IL-4的表达，了解铜绿假单胞菌生物膜肺部感染的免疫应答情况。     

铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白酶抑制肺表面活性蛋白A介导的免疫吞噬作用

目的探讨肺表面活性蛋白A(SP-A)与铜绿假单胞菌(P.aeruginosa)弹性蛋白酶在铜绿假单胞菌肺部感染过程中的关系。方法铜绿假单胞菌突变菌株P.aeruginosa野毒株PAO1、弹性蛋白酶LasB突变株△lasB和回复突变株PDO240LasB鼻腔接种C3H小鼠建立肺部感染模型以观察细菌的毒力变化。将同等数量的细菌与SP-A共同孵育,通过Western blot法检测SP-A的体外降解。将预先经SP-A作用过的细菌与小鼠Raw264.7巨噬细胞孵育进行体外吞噬实验以观察细菌被吞噬的情况。结果由于弹性蛋白酶表达的缺失,铜绿假单胞菌突变菌株P.aeruginosa△lasB在通过鼻腔接种C3H小鼠建立的肺部感染模型中,与野毒株PAO1相比毒力显著降低。体外SP-A降解实验显示,△lasB基本失去了降解SP-A的能力。进一步的体外吞噬实验和聚集实验表明,△lasB在SP-A作用下更容易聚集成簇并被鼠巨噬细胞Raw264.7吞噬。结论铜绿假单胞菌弹性蛋白酶可降解SP-A,破坏SP-A介导的细菌聚集作用。     

金黄色葡萄球菌重组蛋白AtlM的体外抗菌效应初步探讨

目的通过基因工程技术获取金黄色葡萄球菌（ ATCC25923）自溶素片段AtlM重组蛋白（ rAtlM）,初步探讨其体外抗菌效应。方法根据GenBank 中金黄色葡萄球菌atlM基因序列（ AC：D17366）设计合成特异引物,采用PCR技术扩增相应的序列并构建重组表达质粒pET-32а（＋）/atlM,经由IPTG诱导后通过等电点洗脱技术获取纯化的rAtlM;采用微量肉汤稀释法测定rAtlM对ATCC25923及其苯唑西林诱导耐药株的最低抑菌浓度（ minimal inhibitory concentration ,MIC）;体外试验测定rAtlM对ATCC25923菌株及其耐药株的抗菌活性。结果成功构建了原核表达载体pET-32а（＋）/atlM,表达的重组蛋白AtlM对ATCC25923标准株和耐药株的MIC分别为8μg/ml和64μg/ml。体外抑菌试验显示rAtlM作用于ATCC25923标准株和耐药株1 h后即对细菌生长具有抑制作用（ P值分别为0．004和0．026）,对标准株作用持续到5 h测定点（P＝0．012）,对苯唑西林耐药株作用持续到3 h测定点（P＝0．001）,5 h后与未加药物的对照组相比差异无统计学意义（P＝0．102）。结论50μg/ml的rAtlM对金黄色葡萄球菌（ ATCC25923）及苯唑西林耐药株初步显示出一定的抑菌作用,具有作为抗菌药物的可能性。     

我院重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌感染趋势及其耐药性分析

目的铜绿假单胞菌（Pseudomonas aeruginosa,PA）为院内感染的重要代表菌及临床分离率较高的菌株,在我院PA占所有菌株检出率的24.5%、占革兰阴性杆菌检出率的35.4%。通过对我院2006年1月-2009年6月期间4个重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌的感染情况及其耐药性进行分析,并与同期非重症监护室的病区进行比较,分析PA产碳青霉烯酶水解碳青霉烯类抗生素后同时携带多种耐药基因对其他药物敏感性的影响。方法采用Micro Scan全自动细菌鉴定和药敏分析仪,数据的分析采用WHONET软件。结果 4年间我院重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌检出数为559株,依次为：内科ICU272株、外科ICU149株、急诊ICU126株、儿科ICU12株。药敏结果显示：铜绿假单胞菌对大部分抗生素的敏感性呈逐年下降的趋势,尤其是重症监护室感染菌株。PA对碳青霉烯类抗菌素耐药的菌株产生多重甚至广泛耐药的几率较高。结论 4年间我院重症监护室铜绿假单胞菌对抗生素的耐药状况严重,尤其对头孢菌素,氨基糖苷类抗生素耐药率明显增加。对亚胺培南的耐药株同时携带多种耐药机制,产生多重耐药甚至泛耐药。多重耐药株和泛耐药株的检出亦呈逐年上升的趋势。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.