参数优化的高速开关阀控液压缸位置控制研究

分析了高速开关阀在脉宽调制控制(PWM)下的流量特性,建立流量-压力方程、力平衡方程,在MATLAB/Simulink环境建立模型。充分利用了前馈控制的及时性和反馈控制的抗干扰性,解决纯反馈控制滞后性的问题,结合建立的位置控制模型,进行位置控制仿真,并对控制参数对位置控制特性的影响进行分析验证;针对位置控制参数人为整定的原因,利用遗传算法(GA)对速度前馈系数、位置反馈比例、积分系数和总控制输出系数进行寻优,得出了液压缸位移、速度、位置控制误差及高速开关阀PWM信号的占空比曲线。结果表明:1)高速开关阀在PWM控制方式下可实现对液压缸的流量控制;2)速度前馈-位移PI反馈位置控制算法可有效降低液压缸伸出过程中的位置误差;3)经遗传算法优化参数后的速度前馈-位移PI反馈的算法可实现液压缸精确位置控制,误差控制在-0.6 mm~0.6 mm内。     

热-机荷载作用的P-FGM扁球壳跳跃屈曲分析

基于经典壳体理论和Sanders非线性应变-位移关系,导出了幂律型功能梯度材料(P-FGM)扁球壳在热-机械荷载作用下的几何非线性常微分控制方程。推导过程考虑了沿厚度存在一维热传导温度场和法向均布荷载作用。采用打靶法求解了由控制方程和固定夹紧边界条件构成的两点边值问题。得到了FGM扁球壳的一些典型的屈曲平衡路径和双稳态构形。对热-机械荷载作用的FGM扁球壳的跳跃屈曲行为进行了参数影响分析。结果表明：温度上升时,球壳上临界荷载显著增加、下临界荷载变化不明显。梯度指数增加时,球壳上、下临界荷载均显著减小。组分材料模量增加时,球壳上、下临界荷载均显著增加。当底圆半径和厚度给定时,随壳体中面曲率半径增加,球壳上、下临界荷载均显著增加。当中面曲率半径和厚度给定时,随底圆半径增加,球壳下临界荷载显著减小,上临界荷载几乎不变。     

基于速度-加速度时滞反馈的振动主动控制

在振动主动控制中,基于加速度测量信号,并考虑滤波器群时延引入的时滞,研究了一种时滞控制器设计方法。采用等维方法和状态导数反馈思想,提出一种速度-加速度时滞反馈控制器的设计方法。该控制器不含位移信号,可省去两次数值积分和去直流分量、趋势项这两个过程,并可避免由两次数值积分带来的累积误差。以粘帖有压电陶瓷和加速度传感器的智能梁为控制对象,采用该控制器控制其自由振动,并与速度-加速度反馈控制效果进行比较。仿真结果表明,当采用速度-加速度反馈直接控制时滞系统时,若时滞超出其稳定区间,该方法失效,而速度-加速度时滞反馈控制方法则具有良好的控制效果。     

在ANSYS中模拟功能梯度材料的方法研究

介绍一种在ANSYS软件中模拟功能梯度材料的方法。对于功能梯度材料板,考虑到其弹性模量E和泊松比v都是沿长度方向变化的函数。可以将板用三角形单元离散化,求出每个三角形单元的等效模量和泊松比,再用命令流的方法赋予每个单元,则可以实现在ANSYS中对功能梯度材料板的模拟。     

带有非壳支撑的储液罐抗震分析

本文对带有板、杆等非壳支撑的储罐在地震作用下的动力响应进行分析和计算。计算时,在迴转壳部分采用具有不对称荷重和不对称挠度性能的修正锥壳单元;对板、杆则利用标准的板、梁单元。求出了联接单元的各项响应,以及整体壳及支撑上任一单元的位移和内力。     

功能梯度压电材料壳体热残余应力

功能梯度压电材料结构成型冷却后会出现热残余现象,影响结构强度.借鉴复合材料层合结构的研究方法,将功能梯度压电材料球壳和圆柱壳沿厚度分为若干层,各层视为均匀材料,根据层间连续条件导出递推关系,得到显式的力—电—热多场耦合热残余解.统一了多层功能梯度压电材料壳体和连续功能梯度压电材料壳体热残余解.对于前者,其解为精确解;对于后者,其解为渐近解,随层数增加而收敛于精确解.其解也适用于功能梯度压电材料涂层.该方法对材料性能的变化方式(函数)没有要求,适应性强.并讨论影响热残余应力和界面强度的因素,球壳因双曲率的影响,热残余应力显著大于柱壳.     

换热边界下变物性梯度功能材料板瞬态热应力

用有限元和有限差分法,分析了由ZrO2 和Ti-6Al-4V组成的变物性梯度功能材料板的瞬态热应力问题,检验了方法的正确性,给出了对流换热边界下变物性梯度功能材料板的瞬态热应力场分布,并与不考虑变物性时的结果进行了比较。结果表明：在计算瞬态热应力场分布时,变物性是影响梯度功能材料板瞬态热应力场的最重要因素之一。此外,材料组分的分布形状系数 M、环境介质温度和对流换热系数的变化对变物性梯度功能材料板的瞬态热应力场分布均有明显的影响。此结果为梯度功能材料的设计和应用提供了理论计算依据。     

基于ANSYS的功能梯度材料静态断裂力学分析

构建了功能梯度材料和基体均匀材料的应力—应变关系的弹性本构模型,利用Plane183单元模拟裂纹尖端的奇异性,利用高阶接触单元Conta173和目标单元Targe169组成接触对,对功能梯度材料进行了静态断裂力学分析和应力强度因子求解,找出了裂纹应力和位移最大处,所得到的结果为功能梯度材料的动态力学分析提供了理论依据。     

基于滤波/映射边界描述的壳-填充结构多尺度拓扑优化方法

提出一种基于滤波/映射边界描述的壳-填充结构拓扑优化方法,用以实现壳-填充结构宏观拓扑构型和填充区域材料微观分布协同优化.该方法针对宏观单元密度引入两步Helmholtz滤波映射和空间梯度范数归一化,用以描述壳层区域和填充区域几何特征;基于惩罚的固体各向同性材料方法设计微观结构,基于均匀化理论分别获得壳层实体区域和填充孔隙区域等效弹性矩阵,在此基础上发展出融合壳-填充几何特征信息的材料插值模型;基于所提出的材料插值模型,建立以最小应变能为目标,双体积比约束下的多尺度拓扑优化模型并进行求解;以悬臂梁和MBB梁为算例,开展有壳/无壳设计、载荷工况、微结构体积分数和微结构的初始设计等不同因素对最终设计的影响,分析结果验证所发展算法的有效性.     

基于XIGA的开孔功能梯度板材料分布多目标优化

为解决开孔功能梯度板多目标优化问题,提出了一种将扩展等几何分析方法(XIGA)和以材料分布变化的求解模式.针对开孔结构功能梯度板的力学计算,引入三阶剪切变形理论,并采用扩展等几何分析方法.为提高数值精度,在孔边界区域做四叉树自适应高斯积分.在材料属性描述中,以B样条函数代替传统的功能梯度材料分布函数.优化过程中,以描述材料分布的控制点作为设计变量,建立第一自然频率最大、板质量最小和屈曲临界参数最大的多目标优化问题,其中优化算法选用NSGA-Ⅱ算法.通过算例表明了算法的有效性.     

Vibration of functionally graded cylindrical shells based on different shear deformation shell theories with ring support under various boundary conditions

In the present work, study of the vibration of thin cylindrical shells with ring supports made of a functionally gradient material (FGM) composed of stainless steel and nickel is presented. Material properties are graded in the thickness direction of the shell according to volume fraction power law distribution. Effects of boundary conditions and ring support on the natural frequencies of the FGM cylindrical shell are studied. The cylindrical shells have ring supports which are arbitrarily placed along the shell and which imposed a zero lateral deflection. The study is carried out using different shear deformation shell theories. The analysis is carried out using Hamilton’s principle. The governing equations of motion of a FGM cylindrical shells are derived based on various shear deformation theories. Results are presented on the frequency characteristics, influence of ring support position and the influence of boundary conditions. The present analysis is validated by comparing results with those available in the literature. This paper was recommended for publication in revised form by Associate Editor Eung-Soo Shin M. M. Najafizadeh received his BS degree in 1995 from Azad University (Arak) and the Ms Degree in 1997 from Azad University (Arak), and his Ph.D. degree in 2003 from Science and Research Branch Islamic Azad University (Tehran, Iran), all in mechanical Engineering. He is member of faculty in Islamic Azad University (Arak) since 1998. He teaches courses in the areas of dynamics, theory of plates and shells and finite element method. He has published more than 20 articles in journals and conference proceeding. Mohammad Reza Isvandzibaei received his Ms Degree from Azad University (Arak), and now he is the student of Ph.D. in university of Pune, (India) all in mechanical Engineering. He is member of faculty in Islamic Azad University (Andimeshk).     

复杂多孔板有效弹性常数的结构分析方法

基于弹性薄板理论给出了基于模态分析、最大挠度等效和总应变能等效确定复杂孔板有效弹性常数的方法,提出了具有普适性的多孔板有效弹性常数与有效质量比或有效承载分数之间的关联式,根据有限元结构分析结果,评价了3种方法与ASME规范方法的一致性。结果表明,这些方法可用于分析各种复杂孔形和各种排布方式下的多孔板强度评价和振动控制问题。     

Dynamic buckling of suddenly loaded imperfect hybrid FGM cylindrical shells with temperature-dependent material properties under thermo-electro-mechanical loads

Only static buckling of the hybrid functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shells has been investigated so far. In the present paper, dynamic buckling of imperfect FGM cylindrical shells with integrated surface-bonded sensor and actuator layers subjected to some complex combinations of thermo-electro-mechanical loads is investigated. The general form of Green's strain tensor in curvilinear coordinates and a high-order shell theory proposed earlier by the author are used. The complicated nonlinear governing equations are solved using the finite-element method. Buckling load is detected by a modified Budiansky's criterion proposed earlier by the author. Effects of temperature dependency of material properties, volume fraction index, load combination, and initial geometric imperfections on thermo-electro-mechanical post-buckling behavior are evaluated. Results reveal that the volume fraction index, temperature gradient, layer sequence, and the adaptive feedback control somewhat may affect the buckling load.     

Analysis of the vibration behavior of FGM cylindrical shells including internal pressure and ring support effects based on Love-Kirchhoff theory with various boundary conditions

This paper presents the study on vibration behavior of functionally graded material (FGM) cylindrical shell with the effects of internal pressure and ring support. The FGM properties are graded along the thickness direction of the shell. The FGM shell equations with internal pressure and ring support are established based on strain-displacement relationship using Love-Kirchhoff shell theory. The governing equations of motion were solved by using energy functional and by applying Ritz method. The boundary conditions represented by end conditions of the FGM cylindrical shell are simply supported-simply supported (SS-SS), clamped-clamped (C-C), free-free (F-F), clamped-free (C-F), clamped-simply supported (C-SS), free-simply supported (F-SS), free-sliding (F-SL) and clamped-sliding (C-SL). To check the validity and accuracy of the present method, the results obtained are compared with those available in the literature. The influence of internal pressure, ring support position and the effect of the different boundary conditions on natural frequencies characteristics are studied. These results presented can be used as important benchmark for researchers to validate their numerical methods when studying natural frequencies of shells with internal pressure and ring support.     

Differential quadrature solution for the free vibration analysis of laminated conical shells with variable stiffness

The free vibration analysis of laminated conical shells with variable stiffness is presented using the method of differential quadrature (DQ). The stiffness coefficients are assumed to be functions of the circumferential coordinate that may be more close to the realistic applications. The first-order shear deformation shell theory is used to account for the effects of transverse shear deformations. In the DQ method, the governing equations and the corresponding boundary conditions are replaced by a system of simultaneously algebraic equations in terms of the function values of all the sampling points in the whole domain. These equations constitute a well-posed eigenvalue problem where the total number of equations is identical to that of unknowns and they can be solved readily. By vanishing the semivertex angle (α) of the conical shell, we can reduce the formulation of laminated conical shells to that of laminated cylindrical shells of which stiffness coefficients are the constants. Besides, the present formulation is also applicable to the analysis of annular plates by letting α=π/2. Illustrative examples are given to demonstrate the performance of the present DQ method for the analysis of various structures (annular plates, cylindrical shells and conical shells). The discrepancies between the analyses of laminated conical shells considering the constant stiffness and the variable stiffness are mainly concerned.     

Thermomechanical postbuckling analysis of moderately thick functionally graded plates and shallow shells

In this paper, an analytical solution is provided for the postbuckling behaviour of moderately thick plates and shallow shells made of functionally graded materials (FGMs) under edge compressive loads and a temperature field. The material properties of the functionally graded shells are assumed to vary continuously through the thickness of the shell, according to a power law distribution of the volume fraction of the constituents. The fundamental equations for moderately thick rectangular shallow shells of FGM are obtained using the von Karman theory for large transverse deflection and high-order shear deformation theory for moderately thick plates. The solution is obtained in terms of mixed Fourier series and the obtained results are compared with those of the Reissner–Mindlin's theory for moderately thick plates and the classical theory ignoring transverse shear deformation. The effect of material properties, boundary conditions and thermomechanical loading on the buckling behaviour and the associated stress field are determined and discussed. The results reveal that thermomechanical coupling effects and the boundary conditions play a major role in dictating the response of the functionally graded plates and shells under the action of edge compressive loads.     

Vibrational energy flow analysis of coupled cylindrical thin shell structures

In this study, a method for energy flow analysis was developed to predict the vibrational responses of coupled cylindrical thin shell structures in the medium-to-high frequency ranges. To extend the application of the energy flow model for out-of-plane waves in the thin shell to coupled structures, the wave transmission analyses of general coupled cylindrical thin shell structures are performed. Power reflection and transmission coefficients on the coupled line were calculated using the coupling relationships established for coupled cylindrical thin shells. Using these coefficients, an energy flow analysis in which a junction was considered, was performed for coupled cylindrical thin shell structures. The junction consisted of an arbitrary number of cylindrical thin shells coupled along a junction line. Through numerical simulations, the energy flow solutions of coupled cylindrical thin shell structures were compared with those of classical displacement solutions, and they showed well-developed energy density global propagation and decay patterns.     

The suggestion of the standardized finite element model through the experimental verifications of various railway vehicle structures made of sandwich composites

In this study, a standardized finite element model for the carbody structures of various railway vehicles made of sandwich composites was suggested. The standardized finite element model for composite carbody structures was introduced and proposed by comparing the results of real structural tests under vertical, compressive, twisting load and natural frequency tests of various railway vehicles. The results showed that the quadratic shell element was suitable to model the reinforced metal frame used to improve the flexural stiffness of sandwich panels compared to beam elements, and layered shells and solid elements were recommended to model the skin and honeycomb core of sandwich panels compared to sandwich shell elements. Also, the proposed standard finite element model has the merit of being applied to crashworthiness analysis just by minor modifications, such as contact conditions and constraint equations.     

Stress concentration in metallic plates with special shaped cutout

Panels and shells with variously shaped cutout are often used in both modern and classical aerospace, mechanical and civil engineering structures. The understanding of the effects of cutout on the load bearing capacity and stress concentration of such plates/shells is very important in designing of structures. An analytical investigation is undertaken to study the stress analysis of plates with different central cutouts. Particular emphasis is placed on flat infinite plates subjected to a uniaxial tension load. The results based on analytical solution are compared with the results obtained using finite element methods. The main objective of this study is to demonstrate the accuracy and simplicity of presented analytical solution for stress analysis of plates with central cutout. The varying parameters, such as cutout shape and bluntness, load direction or cutout orientations, which affect the stress distributions and SCF in the perforated plates, are considered. The results presented herein indicated that the stress concentration factor of perforated plates can be significantly changed by using proper cutout shape, bluntness and orientation.     

Optimally reinforced cutouts in laminated circular cylindrical shells

The problem of designing a cutout in a load bearing structural member in the form of a shell, such that the cut structure maintains its stress state with a minimal departure from the stress state of the uncut structure is addressed herein. Symmetrically laminated composite circular cylindrical shells under hydrostatic compression and axial pressure are considered. Shallow thin shell (Donnell shell theory) lamination theory is utilized. The original (uncut) stiffness of the shell structures is recovered considerably by appropriately designing an edge reinforcement around the cutout. The buckling load of the designed shells are analyzed via the finite element method. An experimental investigation has been carried out to verify some of the results obtained from the finite element analysis. In the work presented, the reinforcement is modeled as a one-dimensional rod/beam type structural element.