生物柴油标准及质量评价

生物柴油是一种可再生清洁能源，受到世界各国青睐。许多国家纷纷成立了专门的生物柴油研究机构，投入大量人力、物力，推广生物柴油的生产和应用，全球生物柴油产业发展迅速。与此同时，生物柴油标准也在规范生物柴油生产、提高产品质量及提高企业竞争力等方面体现出越来越重要的作用。文章介绍了国内外生物柴油产业发展的现状和制定生物柴油质量标准的意义，分析了质量标准中各个评价指标对生物柴油储存稳定性以及生物柴油作为燃料时对发动机的影响。     

生物柴油的研究与应用

综述了国内外生物柴油技术的研究，应用及产业发展概况。分别论述了化学酯交换和生物酶法制备生物柴油的工艺，以及每种工艺的优缺点。分析了生物柴油产业对我国石油安全、农业产业结构调整的贡献。展望了我国发展生物柴油的前景。     

国外生物柴油产业与应用状况

在查阅大量国外有关文献资料的基础上，简要、全面地介绍了国外生物柴油产业与应用状况。重点介绍了德国和美国等国家的生物柴油产业发展情况，主要涉及生物柴油的生产、应用与销售、原料生产与供应、国家计划与政策等方面。对我国发展生物柴油产业具有重要的借鉴和参考价值。     

酯交换法制备生物柴油及其在我国的实践

生物柴油是一种对环境友好的可再生燃料，以其是好的环境效应受到越来越多的关注。综述并比较了生物柴油的各种化学制备方法，介绍了该产业的国内外生产应用情况，指出了生物柴油的优势，分析了生物柴油在生产厦使用过程中存在的一些问题并对生物柴油的未来研究与发展作了展望。     

生物柴油研究进展

本论文综述了国内外生物柴油技术的研究、应用及产业发展概况,论述了生物柴油研究的重要意义,分析了生物柴油产业对我国石油安全、农业产业结构调整的意义,展望了我国生物柴油的发展前景。     

发展前景广阔的生物柴油产业

介绍了生物柴油的性能，欧美发达国家生产柴油产业的发展历程和现状和技术进展，以及我国发展生物柴油的理由和前景。     

中国生物柴油产业发展战略思考

分析了我国生物柴油产业在废弃油脂收集处理、植物原料开发、生物柴油合成技术、生物柴油车辆实验等方面的技术进步;提出利用野生树木种子和隔油池垃圾为主的废弃油脂生产生物柴油两条工艺路线是中国生物柴油发展的方向,这两条工艺路线将主导未来世界生物柴油产业,从而极大促进世界生物柴油产业的发展,生物柴油产量将会大幅度增加。     

我国生物柴油产业发展展望

生物柴油是对汽车、环境生态和人友好的可再生能源。本文着重论述了发展生物柴油产业对我国保护生态环境、增强国家石油安全、推动农业结构调整、增加农民收入、促进农村和国家经济发展的重要作用。本文介绍了世界各国和我国生物柴油产业发展现状,并根据产业原料资源的分析预测,展望了我国生物柴油产业发展潜力和未来十年分三阶段发展的光明前景。最后,本文对产业发展提出了建议,对产业的未来充满信心。     

关于我国生物柴油产业发展问题的探讨

本文系统论述了我国生物柴油产业发展的几个关键问题,包括原料供应,3大石油公司之间以及与民营企业和外资企业之间的关系,生物柴油标准,生物柴油设备,以及税收补贴等问题。在综合讨论这些问题的基础上,提出我国生物柴油产业发展既要注重速度,又要注重发展质量,保证生物柴油产业稳步健康发展。     

发展生物柴油意义重大

中国工程院院长徐匡迪和众多专家18日在一次研讨会上提出，发展生物柴油产业可促进中国农村和国家经济社会发展，对增强中国石油安全具有重要的战略意义。如发展油料植物生产生物柴油，可以走出一条农林产品向工业品转化的富农强农之路，有利于调整农业结构，增加农民收入。发展生物柴油也有益于保护生态环境。生物柴油与石油柴油相比，可大大减少二氧化碳、多环苯类致癌物和“黑烟”等污染物排放；利用废食用油、垃圾油、泔水油生产生物柴油，可减少肮脏的、含有毒物质的废油污染。　　生物柴油是清洁的可再生能源，是以大豆、油菜籽等…     

生物柴油——绿色能源

介绍生物柴油的概念与特点,发展生物柴油的意义,生物柴油的生产原料与生产技术,生物柴油发展现状与前景展望,以及上海市生物柴油研究与应用现状,并提出了发展生物柴油产业急需解决的问题。     

Production of biodiesel using high free fatty acid feedstocks

The enormous challenges faced in the search for suitable and profitable feedstocks to produce biodiesel cannot be over-emphasis. This paper has provided an overview of different catalysts used in processing different kinds of feedstocks for the production of biodiesel. Although the process of biodiesel production from refined feedstocks is less cumbersome and could provide biodiesel yield of more than 98%, but its product cost is high. Thus, the recent biodiesel production from low-quality feedstocks, though presents challenges but has equally provided biodiesel yield comparable to that obtained from refined feedstocks. Furthermore the physicochemical properties of biodiesel derived from low-quality feedstocks are discussed. Additionally economic evaluation of biodiesel from low-quality feedstocks is examined. The result showed that if less expensive feedstocks are used to produce biodiesel, a 25% reduction in cost production is possible. Thus making biodiesel price reasonably closed to the price of petro-diesel.     

Impacts of biodiesel on the Brazilian fuel market

This paper investigates market effects of the Brazilian biodiesel law, which made the use of biodiesel, blended with petroleum diesel, mandatory in Brazil. The study estimates the demand curve for diesel fuel (biodiesel and petroleum diesel) and the industry supply curve of biodiesel. These two pieces of information have been used in a static analysis to draw scenarios with different biodiesel mandates. The results show that the current proportion of biodiesel in the diesel mixture (5%) increases consumers' price by 1.7% and decreases the consumption by 1.5% compared to the scenario without biodiesel. Also, an increase in the biodiesel percentage to 10% would raise the price by 3.5% and reduce the consumption by 3%.     

Combustion and performance evaluation of a diesel engine fueled with biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil

In this study, the biodiesel produced from soybean crude oil was prepared by a method of alkaline-catalyzed transesterification. The important properties of biodiesel were compared with those of diesel. Diesel and biodiesel were used as fuels in the compression ignition engine, and its performance, emissions and combustion characteristics of the engine were analyzed. The results showed that biodiesel exhibited the similar combustion stages to that of diesel, however, biodiesel showed an earlier start of combustion. At lower engine loads, the peak cylinder pressure, the peak rate of pressure rise and the peak of heat release rate during premixed combustion phase were higher for biodiesel than for diesel. At higher engine loads, the peak cylinder pressure of biodiesel was almost similar to that of diesel, but the peak rate of pressure rise and the peak of heat release rate were lower for biodiesel. The power output of biodiesel was almost identical with that of diesel. The brake specific fuel consumption was higher for biodiesel due to its lower heating value. Biodiesel provided significant reduction in CO, HC, NO_x and smoke under speed characteristic at full engine load. Based on this study, biodiesel can be used as a substitute for diesel in diesel engine.     

生物柴油与柴油热稳定性对比和热动力学分析

利用热重分析技术对生物柴油和0#柴油进行燃烧特性分析,比较两者的热稳定性。根据DTG-DTA曲线及实验数据,利用Achar微分法和Coats-Redfen积分法计算了活化能,并推断出生物柴油和柴油在低温段和高温段的非等温动力学方程。实验表明:生物柴油的挥发分较高,易于燃烧;但低温段表面活化能高于生物柴油,热稳定性优于柴油。     

Improving the low temperature properties of biodiesel fuel

The use of biodiesel as a diesel fuel extender and lubricity improver is rapidly increasing. While most of the properties of biodiesel are comparable to petroleum based diesel fuel, improvement of its low temperature flow characteristic still remains one of the major challenges when using biodiesel as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The biodiesel fuels derived from fats or oils with significant amounts of saturated fatty compounds will display higher cloud points and pour points. This paper is aimed to investigate the cold flow properties of 100% biodiesel fuel obtained from Madhuca indica, one of the important species in the Indian context. In this paper, the cold flow properties of biodiesel were evaluated with and without pour point depressants towards the objectives of identifying the pumping and injecting of these biodiesel in CI engines under cold climates. Effect of ethanol, kerosene and commercial additive on cold flow behavior of this biodiesel was studied. A considerable reduction in pour point has been noticed by using these cold flow improvers. The performance and emission with ethanol blended Mahua biodiesel fuel and ethanol–diesel blended Mahua biodiesel fuel have also been studied. A considerable reduction in emission was obtained. Ethanol blended biodiesel is totally a renewable, viable alternative fuel for improved cold flow behavior and better emission characteristics without affecting the engine performance.     

Biodiesel separation and purification: A review

Biodiesel as a biodegradable, sustainable and clean energy has worldwide attracted renewed and growing interest in topical years, chiefly due to development in biodiesel fuel and ecological pressures which include climatic changes. In the production of biodiesel from biomass, separation and purification of biodiesel is a critical technology. Conventional technologies used for biodiesel separation such as gravitational settling, decantation, filtration and biodiesel purification such as water washing, acid washing, and washing with ether and absorbents have proven to be inefficient, time and energy consumptive, and less cost effective. The involvement of membrane reactor and separative membrane shows great promise for the separation and purification of biodiesel. Membrane technology needs to be explored and exploited to overcome the difficulties usually encountered in the separation and purification of biodiesel. In this paper both conventional and most recent membrane technologies used in refining biodiesel have been critically reviewed. The effects of catalysts, free fatty acids, water content and oil to methanol ratios on the purity and quality of biodiesel are also examined.     

Refining technologies for the purification of crude biodiesel

In biodiesel production, downstream purification is an important step in the overall process. This article is a critical review of the most recent research findings pertaining to biodiesel refining technologies. Both conventional refining technologies and the most recent biodiesel membrane refining technology are reviewed. The results obtained through membrane purification showed some promise in term of biodiesel yield and quality. Also, membranes presented low water consumption and less wastewater discharges. Therefore, exploration and exploitation of membrane technology to purify crude biodiesel is necessary. Furthermore, the success of membrane technology in the purification of crude biodiesel could serve as a boost to both researchers and industries in an effort to achieve high purity and quality biodiesel fuel capable of replacing non-renewable fossil fuel, for wide range of applications.     

Response surface analysis for optimisation of reaction parameters of biodiesel production from alcoholysis of Parinari polyandra seed oil

Availability of information on the efficiency of applied conditions to biodiesel synthesis from diverse seed oil can establish optimal biodiesel yield from favourable reaction variables. The effect of reaction parameters; temperature, time and catalyst amount, were varied on biodiesel yield from alcoholysis of Parinari polyandra oil using potassium hydroxide as catalyst. Maximum biodiesel yield of 95.62% was obtained from the experimental results. Analysis of Variance revealed that the reaction variables had significant effects on biodiesel yield. Data analysis predicted an optimal biodiesel yield of 92.75% at reaction conditions of 61.20°C temperature, 60 min, and 1?wt% of catalyst amount. Validation experiments of the optimal conditions gave an average biodiesel yield of 91.72%. The study established optimal conditions of temperature, time, and catalyst amount for biodiesel production from P. polyandra oil. The fuel properties of the biodiesel fell within the standards of the American Society for Testing and Materials D6751.     

Biodiesel fuels

The mono-alkyl esters, most commonly the methyl esters, of vegetable oils, animal fats or other materials consisting mainly of triacylglycerols, often referred to as biodiesel, are an alternative to conventional petrodiesel for use in compression-ignition engines. The fatty acid esters that thus comprise biodiesel largely determine many important fuel properties. In turn, the composition of the biodiesel depends on the composition of the parent feedstock because feedstocks with widely varying fatty acid composition can be used for biodiesel production. The use of different feedstocks is also significant under aspects of increasing biodiesel supply and socio-economic issues. In this article, biodiesel production is briefly described, followed by a discussion of biodiesel fuel properties and the influence of varying fatty acid profiles and feedstocks. It is shown that the properties of biodiesel least influenced by minor components can be determined by a straightforward equation in which the properties of the biodiesel fuel are calculated from the amounts of the individual component fatty esters and their properties. Optimizing biodiesel composition is also addressed.