少年男子短跑运动员基础训练的探索

对少年男子短跑运动员基础训练阶段的技术训练、负荷、方法、手段,和在进入成年组训练能否取得成绩提出问题,进行研究探讨;寻求少年男子短跑训练的模式,使少年男子短跑运动员在基础训练阶段的训练手段、方法符合短跑的发展趋势,有可持续发展的后劲,能在较短的时间里成为全国的尖子运动员.     

对少年短跑运动员放松能力的理性心思考

为使少年短跑运动员掌握合理技术,打好技术基础,不断提高运动成绩,结合少年运动员训练实际,运用文献资料法对影响少年短跑运动员肌肉放松能力的生理机制、技术特点、少年运动员的训练特点等进行理论与实践分析。指出肌肉放松能力对于少年短跑运动员基础训练阶段技术训练的重要性,并提出培养少年短跑运动员放松能力的训练方法及训练建议。     

少年短跑运动员选材

为使我国短跑运动水平赶上世界先进水平,运动员选材的科学性研究越来越重要,对运动员的运动能力的评价和预测,将会影响到选材的质量和提高运动成绩。如何对短跑运动能力进行评价和预测呢? 1.短跑技术发展能力     

试论柔韧素质对提高儿少运动员短跑速度的作用

对业余体校儿少短跑运动员运动素质测试结果表明,目前,少儿运动员柔韧素质普遍较差。为提高儿少运动员柔韧素质及其探讨对儿少运动员短跑成绩的影响,对20名儿少运动员在全面训练的基础上,经过一年时间有针对性地进行柔韧性训练,使其柔韧素质和短跑成绩均有显著性提高。表明柔韧对提高短跑运动员速度有其重要作用。建议在今后儿少短跑运动训练中,应重视和加强柔韧素质训练。     

中学短跑运动员的力量与技术训练

<正>1.前言力量训练是短跑运动员的主要训练内容之一,力量的联系手段及方法很多,采用什么样的方法才能使运动员的运动成绩得到迅速提高?在这个问题上,我们认为必须把力量训练与运动技术密切结合,才能达到较理想的训练效果。对于短跑技术,西方短跑专家认为,适于本人特点的、能够发挥运动员本身最     

短跑运动员跳远助跑起跳教学方法的研究

在短跑运动员副项跳远教学与训练初期,解决运动员助跑起跳的不稳定、助跑与起跳的衔接不紧密现象,并采用建立加速节奏的办法,将短跑加速跑的动作结合起来,以期望能使跳远教学与训练更加符合短跑运动员参加副项比赛的要求。通过对２０ 名女子短跑运动员试验,表明短程快速助跑起跳有利于运动员掌握助跑与起跳的衔接技术,有利于运动员掌握助跑节奏和完成空中动作,提高跳远成绩。     

福建省少年短跑运动员身体形态特征分析

采用文献资料、数理统计、比较分析等方法,对参加1998、2002年福建省第11、12届运动会的13～15岁短跑运动员身体形态特征进行了分析和研究,旨在为评价目前福建省短跑后备人才的身体形态特征及短跑运动员的选材提供理论依据.结果表明:1998、2002年福建省少年短跑运动员身体形态特征总体上无显著性差异,处于较稳定状态;13～15岁短跑运动员的身高和克托莱指数较好,但存在着下肢比例指标相对不足现象.建议福建省教练员在短跑运动员选材中要进一步加大对下肢比例指标的重视程度;在田径项目布局中将短跑项目作为福建省田径重点发展的项目.     

如何提高少年短跑运动员的速度

为了迅速提高我国的短跑水平,必须大力搞好少年短跑运动员的科学训练。然而速度是短跑运动员的主导素质,它对短跑成绩起决定性的作用。如何有效地发展速度,已成为少年短跑运动员训练中的一个极其重要的问题。现在国内外的教练员和科研人员对此都十分重视,正在从各方面进行探索。我多年从事少年短跑运动员的训练工作,在实践中,通过全面身体训练,发展速率与频率、快速力量、技术和短距离跑的能力的训练,使少年短跑运动员的速度明显提高,取得了良好的运动成绩。(见表一)现将自己的体会汇报如下:     

青少年短跑运动员专项力量训练特征分析

专项力量素质是青少年短跑运动员身体素质发展的重要内容.运用文献资料等研究方法,对青少年短跑运动员的专项力量训练进行探讨,旨在通过研究更好揭示青少年短跑运动员专项力量训练的特征及规律.     

短跑放松技术的意义、辨别方法以及练习手段

短跑放松技术是当代短跑技术的重要特征之一.为了培养优秀的短跑运动员,必须从青少年的初级训练阶段抓起,使之正确认识放松技术的意义,懂得如何辨别放松技术和掌握一些简单的训练方法.     

Carbohydrate ingestion improves endurance performance during a 1h simulated cycling time trial

This study examined the effect of carbohydrate ingestion on metabolic and performance-related responses during and after a simulated 1h cycling time trial. Eight trained male cyclists (VO 2 peak = 66.5ml kg -1 min -1 ) rode their own bicycles mounted on a windload simulator to imitate real riding conditions. At a self-selected maximal pace, the cyclists performed two 1h rides (separated by 7 days) and were fed either an 8% carbohydrate or placebo solution. The beverages were administered 25 min before (4.5ml kg -1 ) and at the end (4.5ml kg -1 ) of the ride. With carbohydrate feeding, plasma glucose tended (P = 0.21) to rise before the time trial. Compared with rest, the plasma glucose concentration decreased significantly (P < 0.05) at the end of both rides, with no statistically significant difference being observed between treatments. Thereafter, plasma glucose increased significantly (P < 0.05) at 15 and 30 min into recovery, and was significantly higher at 30 min during the carbohydrate trial compared with the placebo trial. No significant changes in plasma free fatty acids were observed during the ride. However, a significant increase (P < 0.05) in free fatty acids was found at 15 and 30 min into recovery, with no difference between trials. Mean power output was significantly (P < 0.05) greater during the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (mean - S.E.: 277-3 and 269-3W, respectively). The greater distance covered in the carbohydrate compared with the placebo trial (41.5-1.06 and 41.0–1.06km, respectively; P < 0.05) was equivalent to a 44s improvement. We conclude that pre-exercise carbohydrate ingestion significantly increases endurance performance in trained cyclists during a 1h simulated time trial. Although the mechanism for this enhancement in performance with carbohydrate ingestion cannot be surmised from the present results, it could be related to a higher rate of carbohydrate oxidation, or to favourable effects of carbohydrate ingestion on the central component of fatigue.     

Science and medicine of rowing: A review

The biology and medicine of rowing are briefly reviewed. Effort in a 2000 -m race is about 70% aerobic. Because the boat (and in some instances a cox) must be propelled, successful competitors are very tall, with a large lean mass and aerobic power. Large hearts may lead to erroneous diagnoses of a cardiomyopathy. Large respiratory minute volumes must be developed by chest muscles that are also involved in rowing. The vital capacity is typically large, and breathing becomes entrained. Expiration cannot be slowed relative to inspiration (as normally occurs at high rates of ventilation) and the limiting flow velocity may be reached, with the potential for airway collapse. Performance is strongly related to the power output at the ‘anaerobic threshold’, and lactate measures provide a guide to an appropriate intensity of endurance training. Peak blood lactate levels are higher in males (commonly 11–19 mmol·l -1 and occasionally as high as 25 mmol·l -1) than in females (9–11 mmol·l -1), probably because males have a greater muscle mass in relation to blood volume. The skeletal muscles are predominantly slow twitch in type, developing an unusual force and power at low contraction velocities. Many rowers have a suboptimal diet, eating excessive amounts of fat. Lightweight rowers also have problems of weight cycling. Aerobic power and muscle endurance often change by 10% over the season, but such fluctuations can be largely avoided by a well-designed winter training programme. Injuries include back and knee problems, tenosynovitis of the wrist and, since the introduction of large blades, fractures of the costae.     

全国城乡学生体质20年动态分析

基于1985、1995和2005年全国学生体质调研数据,对各时期我国城乡学生形态、机能、体能发展水平进行系统地定量研究,动态分析20年全国城乡学生体质发展的特点与规律。主要研究结果：（1）近20年城乡学生生长发育持续提前,城市学生各项形态指标生长水平高于乡村,身高城乡差距缩小,体重、胸围城乡差距加大;（2）城市学生肺活量水平高于乡村,城乡学生肺活量20年持续下降,前10年乡村学生下降快、后10年城市学生下降快;（3）乡村学生800m、1000m跑水平高于城市,城市女生50m跑、仰卧起坐水平高于乡村,其他素质城乡学生水平波动较大;（4）城市女生50m跑20年持续下降,城乡学生800m和1000m跑、城市学生50m×8往返跑20年加速下降,其他素质20年间有增有降发展极不平稳。     

定向运动对大学生身心健康发展的实践研究

采用测量、问卷调查、数理统计等方法,分析定向运动学习前后对大学生身心健康的影响.结果经T检验和x2检验且表明：定向运动不仅能增强学生体质健康水平,而且有助于学生的情绪调节,增强自信心与创新意识,培养勇敢顽强的意志品质,建立良好的人际关系,能有效地促进学生身心健康发展.为了全面提高大学生整体素质,积极实践,构建定向运动课内外一体化教学模式,进行定向运动课程模块化教学,以满足学生的多元化需求.     

Identifying home advantage in international tennis and golf tournaments

A regression analysis of competitors' tournament results in relation to their world rankings was proposed to identify the effect of home advantage in international ‘grand-slam’ tennis and ‘major’ golf tournaments. The results provided little evidence of home advantage in either the grand-slam tennis or the golf tournaments held in 1993. The only possible evidence of home advantage was found in the Wimbledon tennis and the US Open golf championships. Even these findings can be explained, at least partially, by (1) the availability of information concerning the low world rankings of the British tennis players competing at Wimbledon, and (2) selective entry, allowing only the world's top-ranked foreign golfers into the US open golf tournament. In both cases, the lower ranking home competitors have a greater opportunity to perform above their anticipated world rankings. Therefore, provided entry into tennis and golf tournaments is truly ‘open’ to both the host nation's representatives and foreign competitors alike, home advantage does not appear to be a major factor influencing the competitors' performance in such competitions. These findings may be explained by the relatively objective nature of the scoring systems used in tennis and golf, unlike the subjective influence of refereeing decisions on the results of team-games such as soccer.     

摔跤常见技术动作开始的发力特征研究

采用专门研制的摔跤测力装置,对过胸摔、挟颈背、拉臂转移和滚桥技术动作开始发力的力学特征进行测试分析,结果表明,上述动作开始的发力具有力值大和力的梯度大的特点,均有爆发用力的特征。其中过胸摔和滚桥主要把位发力最大,其总合力和力的梯度也最大。     

按摩器刺激对提高普通高校健美操专选学生柔韧性训练效果的实验研究

柔韧素质是健美操专业学生的专项素质之一,通过对普通高校健美操专业学生分组对照进行柔韧性训练的实验研究,认为对训练肌群辅以按摩器振颤刺激,可大大提高柔韧性训练效果。     

我国城市体育自然环境建设与发展的研究

采用实地调查研究、理性思维研究和文献资料调研等方法对主要问题进行了专门研究，提出了进行城市体育场所区域生态功能区划、设计体育生态功能区布局的方案、做好体育场所绿色环境系统规划、制定体育场所生态与绿地管理措施等基本观点，提出了若干城市体育自然环境建设与发展的对策。     

我国体育市场管理法规研究

采用调查法和比较法对全国体育市场立法和管理现状进行调查,对部分较早出台并有一定代表性的省市的体育市场管理法规的立法和管理情况进行了研究,提出了体育市场管理立法和管理的原则、基本程序、措施及其一般模式,为规范全国体育市场管理提供参考依据。     

重新认识体育的社会关联

体育与政治之间存在一个悖论，体育的发展与经济实力之间没有直线相关，体育与教育部分重叠，体育与宗教最为近缘，体育可借用科学手段，体育的艺术禀性日益明显，体育与养生反映着两种人生观。