海草污染生态学研究进展

本文对国外近20年来在海草污染生态学方面的研究成果进行了综述。这些成果主要包括重金属、农药和石油对海草的影响。重全属时海草影响的研究重点.是重金属对海草生理功能的影响,以及海草对重金属的富集等方面;农药对海草的影响研究.集中于其对海草的生理学和形态学方面的影响。以及海草对农药的耐性等;而石油对海草的影响研究.主要是事故性石油污染和石油分散剂对海草的影响。最后,本文展望了该领域今后的研究重点与方向。     

Effect of shallow and narrow water on added mass of cylinders with various cross-sectional shapes

The sway, heave and roll added masses of three uniform cylinders with semi-circular, rectangular and triangular cross-sectional shapes in shallow and narrow water are numerically analysed. The method is based on simulation of the potential flow induced by the cylinder's mode of motion. The effects of shallow and narrow water on added mass are analysed and presented. It is concluded that the shallow and narrow water effects on added mass depend on the different cross-section shapes of the cylinders. In particular, the water depth effect on sway added mass is stronger than that on heave added mass while the narrow water effect on sway is weaker than that on heave. The shallow water effect on added mass tends to weaken the narrow water effect. Lastly the effect of shallow and narrow water on added mass on a rectangular cylinder is the strongest while that on a triangular cylinder is the weakest.     

南麂列岛潮间带的微小型底栖藻类

本文首次记录南麂列岛国家级海洋自然保护区潮间带的微小型底牺藻类。经初步鉴定南麂列岛潮间带共有微小型底栖藻类４门５４属１５５种，以硅藻类占优势（４１属１２５种）。其优势种在岩礁为附生性的海生斑条藻，沙滩为附生性的小形舟形藻和翼茧形藻，泥滩为底栖性的圆筛藻和斜纹藻。不同生境其种类组成差异显著，在各生境均出现的共有种仅６种。微小型底栖藻类年平均丰度：岩礁为７０９４．６１个／ｇ，沙滩为４６８２１．６３个／ｇ，泥滩为４５６．５个／ｇ，岩礁和沙滩以春季最高；泥滩以夏季最高；秋、冬季各生境的丰度均较低。     

Artificial reef effect and fouling impacts on offshore wave power foundations and buoys – a pilot study

Little is known about the effects of offshore energy installations on the marine environment, and further research could assist in minimizing environmental risks as well as in enhancing potential positive effects on the marine environment. While biofouling on marine energy conversion devices on one hand has the potential to be an engineering concern, these structures can also affect biodiversity by functioning as artificial reefs. The Lysekil Project is a test park for wave power located at the Swedish west coast. Here, buoys acting as point absorbers on the surface are connected to generators anchored on concrete foundations on the seabed. In this study we investigated the colonisation of foundations by invertebrates and fish, as well as fouling assemblages on buoys. We examined the influence of surface orientation of the wave power foundations on epibenthic colonisation, and made observations of habitat use by fish and crustaceans during three years of submergence. We also examined fouling assemblages on buoys and calculated the effects of biofouling on the energy absorption of the wave power buoys. On foundations we demonstrated a succession in colonisation over time with a higher degree of coverage on vertical surfaces. Buoys were dominated by the blue mussel Mytilus edulis. Calculations indicated that biofouling have no significant effect in the energy absorption on a buoy working as a point absorber. This study is the first structured investigation on marine organisms associated with wave power devices.     

The reliability of the wind speed, air temperature and humidity observed on ship

Using data of wind speed, air temperature and humidity recorded simultaneously on board and the on the small buoy, the latter is considered as criterion, the paper has discussed the influence of the body of ship on the meteorological data. Owing to the disturbance and the influence of heat radiation from the body of ship, the temperature observed on board is higher by about 2癈 than on buoy, and the relative humidity lower by 10%, wind speed observed on the mast is not only irregular but is less than that on the buoy, the error of which would be 3 m/s. The paper therefore suggests that the data observed on the deck in daytime, especially in fair weather after midday, is less reliable. The reliability of data decreases simultaneously with the increase of the body of ship in size.In addition, this paper also proposes that more reasonable observing points chosen on board should be the key to obtain reliable data. By analysis, it is believed that the meteorological data observed on ship's bow or upwind outs     

多向不规则波浪作用下群墩结构上爬高的计算研究

波浪的方向分布对波浪的传播及其与工程结构物的作用都具有明显影响,目前现有的研究大多是基于单向波浪进行的。为了研究方向分布对群墩结构上的爬高影响,基于规则波浪与群墩作用的理论解,结合多向不规则波浪的造波方法,建立了多向不规则波浪与群墩作用的计算模型,同时进行了物理模型试验对模型的有效性进行了验证。系统地对群墩周围及表面上的波浪爬高进行了计算分析,结果表明,方向分布对波浪爬高具有较大的影响,且不同位置处的影响并不相同,在实际的工程设计中如果按照单向波浪计算,可能低估或者高估群墩周围的爬高。     

M2 tidal currents near the continental shelf margin in the East China Sea

Time series of velocity and water temperature were measured at three stations on the continental shelf, on the shelf margin and on the slope off the northwest Tokunoshima in December 1980 to study influences of the slope on tides.Tidal currents with semidiurnal periods were dominant at the stations on the shelf and shelf margin. However, semidiurnal components in temperature fluctuations were dominant at the stations on the shelf margin and the slope. We estimated horizontal currents due to semidiurnal internal tides from the vertical distribution of water density and temperature, assuming that the temperature fluctuations were caused by the vertical displacement of water particles due to semidiurnal internal tides. The tidal ellipses at the station on the shelf and the phase relation of the tidal currents between the two stations on the shelf and shelf margin indicated that the M₂ surface tide on the shelf was a Sverdrup wave propagating to the northwest.Semidiurnal tidal currents on the slope were also caused by tides of surface and internal modes. Furthermore, the axis of the tidal ellipse was not perpendicular to the co-tidal line estimated by Ogura (1934) but rather parallel to the isobaths on the slope, which shows a striking effect of the bottom topography on the tidal currents.     

紫外线B对海洋生态系统的影响

本文根据国内外的相关研究资料，讨论了紫外线辐射(主要是紫外线B)对海洋生态系统中各个层次的海洋生物(包括浮游植物、细菌、底栖藻类、微型和小型动物以及养殖经济生物等)的影响及其对海洋环境中的污染物的效应，结果表明紫外线辐射不但对各类海洋生物有比较明显的直接作用，并且通过生态关系进一步影响到整个海洋生态系统的结构，对海洋生态系统造成威胁．     

附着基粗糙度等因素与海藻密度的相关性研究

海藻附着基表面粗糙度与孢子附着密度有密切的相关性;已经由许多研究证实。但是海藻苗的密度是否仍然受到附着基粗糙度的影响;还缺乏明确的结论。本文以尼龙和亚克力两种材料作为海藻附着基;悬挂于自然海区中使海藻孢子附着并萌发生长;用以研究附着基表面粗糙度对4种海藻密度的影响。结果显示;多管藻、尾孢藻、点叶藻、硬毛藻这4种海藻;在不具沟槽的光滑面;密度显著低于任何有沟槽的粗糙面;但粗糙度不同的附着基之间比较;对海藻密度的影响并不显著。室内培育的海带苗;在尼龙上的密度与粗糙度成正相关;但是将海带苗移至海上培育后;不再与粗糙度有相关性;可能与其假根状固着器下海后的发育有关。本文还试验了海泥、灭活海泥和低栖硅藻3种沉积物与附着基粗糙度对海藻密度的影响;结果表明;沉积物和附着基粗糙度;以及它们的交互作用对海藻密度的影响;因附着基的材料和海藻种类而有差别。     

基于ScienceDirect数据库的国外北极问题研究综述（2007—2021年）

随着北极海冰融化的加剧,北极问题研究的重要性逐渐凸显。文章以ScienceDirect数据库为主要搜索范围,系统梳理了2007—2021年国外北极问题研究文献,从北极航线、北极经济、北极政治和北极环境4个方面对国外北极问题研究现状进行了分析。认为未来的国外北极问题研究中,北极航线相关问题研究将聚焦于北极航线运营模式的研究;北极经济问题研究将注重区域经济和北极产业发展;北极政治研究依然会着力探讨如何在北极治理中的合作问题,虽然目前的北极政治研究中定性分析和描述性分析较多,但未来将增加定量分析和理论创新的研究;北极环境问题研究将注重北极经济开发和环境保护的平衡,进一步关注北极的可持续发展问题。     

外定标中海面参数对发射率影响研究

星载微波辐射计外定标的关键问题是通过辐射传输方程计算天线入瞳处亮温。根据辐射传输方程,海面成份对亮温的影响包括海面的微波辐射和对下行大气辐射的反射,其中的关键参数分别为海面发射率ep和海表面反射率R。文中对平静海面Fresnel反射率模式和粗糙海面反射率模式进行了研究分析,在此基础上着重研究了海面温度TS、海面盐度SS、海面风速W、以及观测角度θ等物理参数对海面发射率ep的影响,进而分析了这些物理参数的测量误差对亮温的计算精度的影响。     

Experimental analysis of the hydrodynamic force on the net panel in wave

The hydrodynamic force on net panels in waves plays a significant role in the wave-resistant design of net cages in the open sea. To investigate the hydrodynamic force on net panels in waves, a series of experiments about different types of net panels in waves were conducted in a wave flume. The effects of the net solidity, the net material and the knot pattern were experimentally analyzed in this study. A wave force model for the net panel was proposed based on the hydrodynamics of cylinder in waves. The experimental results indicated that the horizontal force on the net panel in waves was larger than the vertical force, and the horizontal force was heavily depended on the KC number; In addition, the horizontal force on the steel net was smaller than that on the nylon net, and the knot pattern had a negligible influence on the hydrodynamic force on the net panel in waves. The model was also compared with existing experimental measurements and previous numerical results. The comparison results indicated that the wave force model could calculate the wave force on the net panel accurately.     

翡翠贻贝对塔玛亚历山大藻的摄食及毒素积累的初步研究

塔玛亚历山大藻是一种可产生PSP毒素的海洋微藻，通过室内摄食实验，初步研究了厦门港水产养殖动物翡翠贻贝对塔玛亚历山大藻的滤食率与光照度、温度、藻液浓度等因素的关系，并对比了翡翠贻贝对其它饵料微藻的摄食压力．同时对比了不同细胞密度的塔玛亚历山大藻浓度对翡翠贻贝毒素累积的影响．     

我国鱼类生殖生理学研究概况

我国从50年代开始,根据渔业生产的需要,成功地进行了几种家鱼的人工繁殖试验。同时,也开展了鱼类生殖生理学的基础研究,使工作不断深入和提高。本文综述了我国40年来一系列有关鱼类生殖生理学的研究概况。     

Comparison of Drags on Fish Cages of Different Shapes

1 .Introduction Commercial fishfarming in net cages is becoming widespread around the world as an importantsource of food.In PRChina ,mostfishfarmingtakes placeincalmcoastal areas .Fishcages work wellat these sites becausethe environmental forces are usua…     

海岛礁磁偏角测量原理与方法

如何在海岛礁上进行地磁测量是当前海洋测量领域面临的技术难题。基于较为成熟的陆上流动地磁测量模式,结合海岛礁磁偏角测量的特殊性,提出了较完整的海岛礁磁偏角测量技术流程,包括工作原理、测量仪器、数据采集和处理过程、指标要求等关键环节,初步构建了海岛礁地磁测量技术基础框架。     

低分子量琼胶的抗氧化活性研究

采用化学发光法研究了低分子量琼胶清除羟基自由基(·OH)和超氧阴离子(O2·-)的活性。结果表明,4个组均有清除自由基的作用,其中A3的清除羟基自由基(·OH)的能力比阳性对照硫脲的效果好得多。S2-2,S2-3,S2-4,A3对超氧阴离子(O2·-)和羟基自由基的IC50值分别为:3.7,1.3,0.96,0.83g/L和1.94,1.28,0.85,0.26g/L。     

低氧胁迫对军曹鱼幼鱼免疫相关基因转录水平表达的影响

为研究低氧胁迫对军曹鱼幼鱼免疫功能的影响,将幼鱼暴露于溶氧浓度为(3.15±0.21) mg/L的水体28 d,测定不同时间点肿瘤坏死因子α (TNFα)、肿瘤坏死因子α诱导蛋白3 (TNFAIP3)、白细胞介素1β (IL-1β)、白细胞介素1受体2 (IL-1R2)、白细胞介素17C (IL-17C)和热休克蛋白70 (HSP70)等免疫相关基因在幼鱼鳃、肝脏、肠道和脾脏中的转录水平表达量。结果显示:(1)在幼鱼的鳃中,TNFα 和 IL-1R2 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d和14 d时极显著低于对照组(p<0.01),胁迫 28 d则分别表现为极显著(p<0.01)和显著下降(p<0.05);TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时极显著升高(p<0.01),在胁迫7 d和14 d时则分别表现为显著(p<0.05)和极显著(p<0.01)下降;IL-1β在胁迫1 d时极显著下降(p<0.01)后极显著升高 (p<0.01);IL-17C在胁迫7 d和14 d时极显著下降(p<0.01);HSP70 在胁迫1 d时显著下降(p<0.05),在胁迫14 d和28 d时均极显著降低(p<0.01);(2)在肝脏中,TNFα 和 IL-1R2 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d和28 d时显著下降(p<0.05),在胁迫14 d时则极显著降低(p<0.01);TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时极显著上升(p<0.01),在胁迫14 d和28 d时则极显著下降(p<0.01);IL-1β在所有胁迫时间点均极显著上升(p<0.01);IL-17C 在胁迫7 d、14 d和28 d时均极显著低于对照水平(p<0.01);HSP70基因表达量持续上升,并于胁迫28 d时达到顶峰(p<0.01);(3)在肠道中,TNFα、IL-1β、IL-1R2、IL-17C和HSP70基因转录水平表达量在胁迫的所有时间点均极显著高于对照组(p<0.01),TNFAIP3在胁迫1 d时表达量极显著升高(p<0.01)后下降,在胁迫7 d和14 d时分别与对照组具有显著(p<0.05)和极显著差异(p<0.01);(4)在脾脏中,TNFα和IL-17C 基因转录水平表达量在胁迫1 d、7 d和14 d时极显著下降(p<0.01),在胁迫28 d时则显著降低(p<0.05);IL-1β在胁迫1 d和28 d时极显著下降(p<0.01),在胁迫7 d和14 d时则显著降低(p<0.05);IL-1R2在胁迫1 d、7 d和28 d时极显著下降(p <0.01),在胁迫14 d时则显著下降(p<0.05);HSP70基因表达量在胁迫1 d、7 d和28 d时均极显著下降(p<0.01)。研究结果表明,28 d的低氧胁迫后,军曹鱼幼鱼免疫基因的转录表达水平发生显著性变化,预示长时间的低氧可能抑制了军曹鱼的免疫功能,引发肠道炎症,并增加了军曹鱼感染病原菌的风险。     

非淹没刚性植物对海啸作用下海堤水动力特性影响数值模拟研究

基于非静压单相流模型NHWAVE建立了高精度数值波浪水槽。通过设计不同的计算工况,系统研究了非淹没刚性植物对海啸作用下海堤周围水动力特性的影响。着重分析了不同入射波高、不同植物分布密度以及不同植物分布宽度条件下海啸波沿程波形特征以及海堤堤顶越浪流空间分布特征。结果表明:不同入射波高、植物分布密度以及植物宽度条件下,堤顶流厚度和水体流速具有明显单调的变化趋势,并且随着植物分布密度和宽度增大,波能衰减增大;随着入射波非线性增强,植物分布密度和分布宽度对堤顶前段水流厚度的影响也随之增强,而对堤顶后段水流厚度的影响则减弱,且堤顶后缘水流厚度约为堤顶前缘厚度的二分之一;在波浪非线性较大情况下,植物的存在对堤顶流速度的空间分布趋势几乎没有影响,但相对堤顶流速度增加程度均大于无植物情况,且堤顶后缘水流速度约为堤顶前缘的1.6倍。     

基于粘性流模型的筒型基础防波堤波浪力数值分析

筒型基础防波堤是一种新型港口海岸工程结构,其基础上部是由连续排列的圆筒构成的直立防浪墙.采用粘性流数值模型,研究连续圆筒防波堤上波浪力竖向分布、水平(沿圆筒环向)分布和波浪力合力特性,并对粘性流数值模型计算的平面直墙波浪力与海港水文规范方法计算结果;粘性流数值模型计算的连续圆筒墙面波浪力与平面直墙波浪力;无限长连续圆筒墙面波浪力与有限长连续圆筒墙面波浪力进行比较分析.针对所选工程算例,建议按<海港水文规范>中平面直墙波浪力计算方法确定连续圆筒防波堤上的波浪力时,波峰时考虑0.90左右的折减系数,波谷时考虑0.95左右的折减系数.