武汉东湖泥沙需氧量现场测试

泥沙需氧量(SOD)是综合评价水体水质和环境特征的一个重要参数,也是水质数学模型中的关键参数。本文借鉴国内外SOD现场测试的经验和数值模拟结果,合理设计SOD测试仓布置,研制和开发了泥沙需氧量(SOD)现场实测设备,实现SOD的现场连续测试。在武汉东湖后湖区近岸处进行了SOD现场实测,所测得的SOD平均值为2.25 g/(m2.d),说明水域实测点处泥沙耗氧较高,占水体耗氧的主要部分。对国内外淡水域SOD现场实测和实验室测试的成果进行了总结并与本文成果比较,表明本文成果处于国外文献现场实测SOD值的范围内,略偏高。     

大型低扬程开敞式泵站性能测试研究

苏南某泵站机组进出水流道结构改造之后,对该泵站的性能参数进行了现场测试。对该泵站机组流量进行测量,测试的误差为±0.53%。利用泵站的自动采集系统测得扬程和功率,通过效率的计算公式,得到该泵站在不同工况下的效率值。利用CFD软件建立该泵站的泵装置三维模型,并进行数值模拟计算,得到水力性能参数。将现场测试的结果与数值模拟结果相比较,结果表明,数值模拟的结果与现场测试的结果较为吻合,设计工况下,效率的误差为±1.25%,数值模拟方法具备较高精度,其结果可靠性较高。对泵装置内的水流流态进行分析,进水流道和出水流道封闭侧的漩涡影响该泵站泵装置的效率。     

动态纳污能力计算方法与应用研究

通过环境水槽实验获取了COD和NH3-N衰减系数与流速效应之间的定量关系式,建立了反应污染物衰减与流速动态变化的二维水流水质数学模型。以广东省飞来峡水利枢纽库区为例,利用二维水流水质数学模型和常规的完全混合模型对库区COD和NH3-N纳污能力进行了计算。结果表明:前者计算的纳污能力大于后者,其计算出的主流区纳污能力为库湾区的8.4倍左右。分析认为二维水流水质数学模型计算结果更符合实际。     

抽水蓄能电站上下池水质相互影响研究

本文通过现场水质测试，并采用数学模型，对某抽水蓄能电站上、下池水质的相互影响进行了研究。预测采用的数学模型部分得到了现场实测结果的验证。预测结果表明，电站运行对上、下池局部区域的水质有一定影响，但影响的范围和程度都十分有限。本文采用的数学模型及提供的实测数据对类似问题具有借鉴和参考价值。     

田山泵站前池进水流态数值模拟与验证

为验证田山泵站前池工程改造对改善流态的效果,运用三维紊流模拟技术,建立了泵站前池进水流态的三维湍流数学模型,对改造前后泵站前池水流流态进行了模拟,用现场实测结果对数值模拟结果进行了验证。结果表明:数值模拟流速值与现场测试值存在一定的差异,但是数值模拟的流速分布与现场测试的流速分布基本一致,能较好地模拟泵站前池水流流态,为泵站安全运行管理提供参考;在前池增设稳流、整流设施后,前池流态得到明显改善。     

曹娥江船闸引航道冲淤研究

曹娥江船闸引航道冲淤面貌采用泥沙数学模型和泥沙实体模型进行研究.两种模型均采用与船闸引航道内水流、泥沙运动特性相类似的陶家路闸下引潮沟现场冲淤试验资料进行验证,结果基本满意.     

太湖湖流耦合模式和水质可预报性研究

<正>河海大学、江苏省水文水资源勘测局江苏省水文水资源勘测局无锡分局把"水流-水质-泥沙-大气"系统当成一个整体,采用现场实测、数值模拟、资料同化、可预报性理论等学科交叉手段,建立太湖"水流-水质-泥沙-大气"耦合数学模型,并进行了系列数值验证,初步揭示了太湖"水流-水质-泥沙-大气"体系的多时间尺度特征。在水沙监测方面,积累了太湖水流(流速、流量)、水质、地     

梅山连拱坝两岸坝基水质特性及评价

对梅山连拱坝两岸坝基的水质监测和现场水pH值测试资料进行分析,对比库水和坝基地下水的水质特征,认为该坝在发生渗漏后采用帷幕、固结灌浆以及坝基预应力钢束锚固等加固措施效果明显.拱廊道内大流量排水孔中的水主要来自库水,拱廊道内部分排水孔水中K+,Na+含量较丰富,是坝基水和岩石作用的产物,应引起重视.     

数学模型在三峡葛洲坝间河道整治中的应用

采用非规则网格有限体积法和显式MacCormack预测-校正数值方法求解水深积分方程,建立了三峡梯级平面二维水流数学模型.数学模型以莲沱河段为例分析了整治前后水流平面流速分布、流态以及水位变化.模拟结果表明,所建立的数学模型合理地模拟了两坝间河道水流现象以及整治前后各水力要素的变化,研究成果可为拟定经济合理的整治方案提供依据.     

三峡水库整体一维水质数学模拟研究

以三峡整个库区作为研究对象体，根据三峡水库河道型特点，开发了一维非恒定水流水质数学模型，利用稳定性比较好的四点隐格式有限差分法进行模型数值求解。以主要污染指标BOD5、DO为例，介绍了三峡水库一维水流水质数学模型的开发、研制过程。模型中充分考虑了三峡水库建成前后水流条件巨大变化对库区水流水质的影响，对主要水质模型参数，如污染物纵向离散系数、有机污染物衰减系数和大气复氧系数等建立了与水流条件相关的经验关系式，建立的数学模型经过三峡库区江段长河段水文水质和污染源同步观测资料验证，具有较高的模拟精度，可为预测三峡水库水流水质总体变化趋势提供技术支持。     

生活污水对蚕豆的氧化损伤实验研究

研究了某污水处理厂不同取样点的污水对蚕豆根部和叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性及丙二醛(MDA)含量的影响。结果表明:各取样点的污水引起蚕豆根部和叶片SOD活性增加和叶片中POD和CAT活性的增加;随着各取样点CODCr增加,根部的CAT和POD的活性均表现为先升后降。且除了B沉外,各取样点的污水均使得根部和叶片的MDA含量显著增高。由于加氯消毒,出水的毒性高于B沉池污水。     

Automatic load-frequency control of the united power system of Siberia

A centralized system for automatic load-frequency control (ALFC) has been developed by the Siberian Division of the Central Computing Center of the Power Industry and realized on the basis of a commercial OMRON controller that performs all control functions. The algorithmic and software support of ALFC performs several new functions, i.e., helps to produce control actions on regulating stations with allowance for the specified daily output, perform second-after-second (cumulative sum) accounting for the power produced by a power station due to participation in the control, initiate combined regulation of power flow and frequency (APFR), ensure maintenance of a 1-sec archive with a depth of over 30 days for any telemetry (TM) used in the ALFC, etc. The software has been developed with the help of special language based on the IEC 1131-3 standard.Translated from Élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 11, November 2004, pp. 17 – 20.     

城市河道溢流堰对水体溶解氧及氮和磷的影响

研究了河道溢流堰对水体DO及氮、磷的影响,结果表明:经溢流堰后,水体DO平均增加1.75 mg/L。当水温超过15℃,堰下DO低于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN低于堰上,堰下DO高于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN低于堰上。当水温低于15℃,堰下DO高于4.00 mg/L时,堰下TN高于堰上,TN升高。当DO增加较少时,堰下TP高于堰上,DO增加较多时,堰下TP低于堰上,TP得到一定降低。     

黑龙江省西部地区玉米需水量与灌溉制度制定

黑龙江省西部地区频发的干旱情况影响该地区农业水循环与粮食安全,研究玉米水分供需关系对于理解该地区干旱机理有重要意义。根据FAO-56单作物系数法,计算玉米生育期参考作物蒸散量(ET0)、作物需水量(ETc)和灌溉需水量(Ir),依托CROPWAT模型制定灌溉制度,并通过计算作物水分盈亏指数(CW)分析玉米水分盈余情况。结果表明：1960—2015年黑龙江省西部玉米生育期ET0和ETc呈下降趋势,有效降水量(Pe)、Ir和CW呈上升趋势;平均ET0、ETc、Pe和Ir分别为639.64、438.13、224.40和273.87 mm;由于不同水文年干旱条件不同,Pe并不能在所有年份满足玉米水分需求,丰水年、平水年、枯水年和特枯水年的平均净灌溉定额分别为152.43、236.33、276.53和353.47 mm。黑龙江省西部玉米生育期水分供需关系的研究和灌溉制度的制定有助于区域水资源调控和农业发展     

Ecological Water Requirement (EWR) Analysis of High Mountain and Steep Gorge (HMSG) River—Application to Upper Lancang–Mekong River

As “corridor” in the south–north and “barrier” in the west–east direction, Lancang River, the upstream of Lancang–Mekong River, has an obvious spatial–temporal characteristic and unique regional attributes. Recently, the hydropower development of the mainstream along Lancang River has disturbed the regional ecosystem to have unstable factors, and threatened the ecosystem health. This paper used the couple model of Grading Coefficient of ecological water requirement (GCEWR) and the ecological runoff (ER) to simulate the ecological water requirement (EWR) of Lancang River, in a broad sense, this method belongs to hydrology–ecology methodology. In the GCEWR–ER, We adopted ecological characteristic indexes (ECI) and hydrological characteristic variables (e.g. variance index) to calculate the GCEWR, and used three methods to calculate the basic variable (e.g. ER) of EWR: the first method directly used annual average runoff as ER; the second method was used frequency method and took year as basic time unit, and the third method took season (e.g. flood season, non-flood season) as the basic time unit to evaluate ER. Finally, in order to demonstrate applicability of this developed methodology, this paper adopted GCEWR–ER method to calculate the EWR of Lancang River in the Longitudinal Range-Gorge Region. By the systematic analysis of the results, we could get the minimum, satisfying and optimal EWR for the Lancang River, which were 142.53 × 10⁸, 286.46 × 10⁸ and 385.96 × 10⁸ m³. The three EWR respectively occupied 25.10%, 50.46% and 67.98% of the average measured run-off (567.75 × 10⁸ m³) of the Lancang River, and respectively occupied 18.63%, 37.45% and 50.45% of the natural run-off (765 × 10⁸ m³) of the Lancang River.     

Regionalization of natural flow regime: application to environmental flow optimization at ungauged sites

In this work we use the regionalization approach (RA) to derive the natural flow regime at an ungauged site. The derived natural flow regime, expressed by the regional cdf models of 32 indicators of hydrologic alteration (IHA) is used in the histogram matching approach (HMA) to seek the optimal environmental flows for a proposed multiobjective diversion weir in Taiwan. The results reveal that the outcomes associated with the planning constant scheme are significantly improved by the optimal time‐varying scheme. The histogram dissimilarities of 32 IHA associated with the planning scheme are consistently greater than those associated with the optimal scheme, especially for low‐flow IHA. Despite the inherent discrepancy between different approaches to generating flow data at the ungauged site, the optimal outcomes resulting from the RA‐based natural flow regime appear to be plausible and consistent with those reported in the previous work, thus validating the RA used in this work. We also explore the effect of weighting factors on the optimal outcomes. The results reveal that the weighting factor of the ecosystem needs objective dominates all optimal outcomes, while those of the agricultural demands and interbasin transfers objectives have minor effects on the optimal outcomes. The global optimal solution is obtained with a full or null weighting assigned to the ecosystem needs objective, while the least optimal solution is obtained as the interbasin transfers objective is given a null weighting and the agricultural demands objective is weighted more than the ecosystem needs objective. River managers and decision makers may select more balanced weir operation strategies based on the results presented in this work. Copyright © 2008 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

壬基酚聚氧乙烯醚(NPEOs)在净水厂中的监测

低浓度内分泌干扰物长期作用会对人体健康产生不可忽视的负面影响.较详细地研究了北方某给水厂现有净水处理工艺对低浓度NPEOs的控制特性,结果表明,该厂常规工艺单元(无预氯化)对NPEOs(聚合度n＝4～15)基本上没有去除作用,后续活性炭单元对NPEOs的去除作用也不是很明显,有待进一步研究.由于氯的强氧化作用的存在,加氯能明显降低水中的NPEOs浓度.     

智能数据采集系统(IDAS)简介

IDA系统是Sinco公司近年来投入市场的新产品。IDA是智能数据采集的缩写。 该系统的主要器件有:传感器、多路模块,接口重发器、终端箱、I/R模块、电源、个人计算机、传感电缆、总线、各种雷击保护器、总线电源控制器、过压保护器、人工读数适配器及便携式读数显示器等。 多路模块把传感信号转换成数字形式并通过IDA总线将其传输到现场的个人计算机中。PC机将转换从工程单位中获得的数据并将其存入软盘。如果需要,PC机也可以分析比较输入数据来预置报警界限和发出警报。数据能打印、显示并能多次不断的从前置PC机反回到后置PC机。 前置PC机用于数据记录而后置机则用于数据分析,数据由调制解调器或软磁盘传输。 后置PC机负责数据库的数据归档,数据分析、绘图和生成报表。 美国田纳西州工程管理局(TVA)在方泰娜坝的监测中采用了IDAS,该系统运行良好,亦可用于滑坡和尾矿坝的监测。     

Connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating first one under the conditions of flow circuits of combined-cycle plants with two gas-turbine units and one steam turbine

Problems arising with connecting the second exhaust-heat boiler to the first exhaust-heat boiler under load in the case of flow circuits of combined-cycle plants of type PGU-450 are considered. Similar problems exist for two-boiler single-turbine units of type PGU-325 and for two-boiler single-turbine units of traditional steampower plants with an output of 200–300 MW upon connection of the second furnace of a two-furnace boiler to the operating first furnace. Analysis of the temperature-induced stressed state and of the cyclic strength of thick-walled elements of the steam-water conduit of PGU-450 and of two-furnace boilers of two-boiler single-turbine units with an output of 200–300 MW (the check valve, the inlet header of the water economizer) is used for determining the steam temperature differences in the high-pressure conduits to the steam turbine and the order of connection of the second exhaust-heat boiler to the operating fist one. Modes of enabling a two-boiler single-turbine unit of a combined-cycle plant, which are most “rigid” from the standpoint of thermal strength, are determined. __________ Translated from élektricheskie Stantsii, No. 2, February 2006, pp. 11–17.     

Motif环境下的交互式监控图形生成技术

本文探讨了Motif环境下，监控图形交互生成与批量化生产的问题，阐述了开放环境下监控图形生成工具开发的必要性，分析了生成工具与实时系统的关系，从监视、控制两方面论述了生成工具的设计思想，并简要介绍了图形生成工具IPM的设计及功能。