太阳能平板集热器件纵横比与板间距优化

为减小平板集热器件边框对吸热板的遮光损失,该文应用几何光学基本原理建立了平板型集热器件平均有效吸热面积系数的数学模型。利用此模型对年均有效面积系数随集热器件纵横比、板间距、倾角、纬度的变化进行了详细分析。结果表明,年均有效面积系数随板间距的增大而减小,纵横比越大越明显;倾角小于15°或大于75°对集热器件平均有效面积系数都是不利的。为便于应用,文中给出了年均有效面积系数不小于0.90的临界板间距。鉴于对流热损失较小的合理板间距为4～6 cm,该文拟推荐合理纵横比≤2/1,北纬20°、30°、40°、50°     

我国加温温室蔬菜生产合理布局探讨

本文从充分利用地区光热资源,节省能源出发,根据我国冬季总辐射,日照时敬,日照百分率和日平均气温≤5℃期间的间隔日数和负积温的地理分布,提出了我国加温温室蔬菜生产合理布局的探讨。指出①东北、内蒙、甘新北部,不宜发展加温温室。②辽东半岛、华北平原,加温温室不宜大量发展,但可选择小气候条件较优越的局部地区,建造保温和透光性能好的温室群.③黄淮地区,大致在32°N—37°N范围内,适宜发展加温温室。④江淮平原,日照条件差,成为发展加温温室蔬菜生产的限制因子     

冰雹冲击下塑料薄膜的损伤分析

塑料薄膜的力学性能分析是薄膜结构设计的主要方向。该研究采用试验和数值模拟结合的方式分析了冰雹冲击下塑料薄膜的破坏形式和损伤规律,并通过试验结果验证了数值模拟方法的有效性。通过数值模拟对冰雹在不同尺寸、不同冲击角度下单次和二次冲击塑料薄膜进行了分析,此外对薄膜厚度和两层薄膜之间的间距的影响进行了分析。结果表明：1）0.12 mm厚度的塑料薄膜可抵挡直径10 mm以下的冰雹冲击。但冰雹尺寸在30 mm以上时,塑料薄膜因拉伸应力波的作用导致薄膜发生破坏。2）冰球二次冲击塑料薄膜时会造成应力波的叠加,导致薄膜的加速破坏。3）在0°、30°、60°这3种冲击角度下,冰球冲击角度为60°时造成薄膜的破坏面积最大。4）双层薄膜的破坏面积随薄膜之间的间距增大而增大,当双层薄膜的间距控制在5 mm内可实现双层薄膜抗冰雹冲击效果优于厚度相同的单层薄膜。分析结果表明：改进薄膜结构的抗拉强度是提高薄膜抗冰雹冲击能力的主要方向。该研究可为薄膜结构设计和薄膜损伤分析提供参考。     

温室透光覆盖材料透光特性的测试

透光特性是温室透光覆盖材料的一个重要指标,其数值的表达却因测试方法的不同而有所差异.该文介绍了透光覆盖材料太阳辐射透过率的测试及计算方法,选用聚乙烯塑料膜(PE)、浮法玻璃、聚碳酸酯双层中空板(PC)三种典型的覆盖材料进行了测试,计算了国际照明委员会(CIE)规定的标准C、标准A和标准D65三种光源下,在可见光与PAR波段范围内,基于4种权重系数下的覆盖材料透光率和光合有效辐射(PAR)透过率.结果表明,PE薄膜几乎不受影响,浮法玻璃相差2%左右,聚碳酸酯双层中空板差异达2%～3.7%.     

河床泥沙堆积发生泥石流时的形态

为研究泥石流发生、流动和堆积结构机理,常规采用水文模型试验。而研究泥石流发生时河床堆积泥沙的形状与时间和空间变化关系的相对甚少。2009年日本学者池田晓彦等进行了模拟自然河流的缓慢河道坡度,发生泥石流的试验,结果表明:当坡度为30°~27,°明显在前峰形成流动层,相对流动速度大。在24°~21°流动层停止时形成沙堆。在18°~12°区流动速度慢。相对于陡坡区间形成流动层是表面流或渗透流,在河床堆积的泥沙为饱和状态流动;相对于缓坡区间形成沙堆的表面流与渗透流,河床堆积泥沙是饱和状态。表面流具有越过沙堆肩胛流动的趋势。在坡度变化点等泥沙有大量堆积的现象。有关泥石流发生条件有待于深入研究。     

黄土残塬区坡耕地小麦休闲期土壤侵蚀控制研究

通过人工模拟降雨,研究小麦休闲期坡耕地采取不同耕作措施的产流产沙规律 ,减流减沙机理,并辅以调查充实,从而为选取最佳水土保持耕作措施提供依据.试验中采用当地典型的2种雨强1.7,0.8 mm/min进行人工模拟降雨,在坡度为5,10,15°三种坡面上分别布置高茬、低茬、低茬覆盖、翻茬、翻茬覆盖、裸地等措施进行实验,结果表明,在同样条件下,坡面产流起始时间与坡面比降成负相关,并对起始产流时间、产流量、产沙量与坡面比降进行了拟合.另外,大雨强下,翻茬覆盖措施减流减沙效果最好,在坡度为5,10,15°坡面上的减流率分别为81%,70%,77%;减沙率分别为95%,96%,97%.小雨强条件下,低茬覆盖和翻茬覆盖措施的减流率和减沙率在25 min 30 s内均为100%.而在同样条件下,裸地覆盖、高茬、低茬、翻茬措施的减流率和减沙率依次减小.     

地表覆盖种植技术工艺的构建方法研究

以机械设计方法学为理论基础,探讨了以改善作物生长的土壤物理条件为目标的地表覆盖种植技术工艺在种植业生产上的应用特点,进而阐述了自然环境-地表覆盖层-土壤-作物系统中构建地表覆盖种植工艺的功能要求、交互作用要求、技术要求和操作要求,并根据各种要求的重要程度建立了满足要求的地表覆盖技术工艺的三级优先原则。以此为基础,研究了地表覆盖的部分功能以及部分功能的组合总体功能,并对其功能进行了检验分析。在列举可能作为地表覆盖材料的前提下,提出构建地表覆盖种植工艺的5种方案:农业生产废弃物覆盖地表,如碎秸秆、谷物颖壳和碎草等;不透光合成材料覆盖地表,如黑色沥青涂层纸和黑色塑料薄膜;透光合成材料覆盖地表,如各种无色塑料薄膜;无机地表覆盖材料,如细沙、砾石等;低矮活体植物生长条件下的地表覆盖,如苜蓿草和各种其它草类。根据覆盖方案的技术评价方法,建立了10项指标的评价体系,并以5级指标值为评价准则,对5种覆盖方案进行了技术总值和相对价值的计算。在检验各种覆盖方案相对评价指标体系的部分值分布均衡性以及相对有效值大小的基础上,确定了农业有机废弃物覆盖地表的相对价值为80%,是满足对作物生长土壤物理因素改善的较佳覆盖方案。研究过程所遵循的原则和地表覆盖种植工艺的构建原理和方法对于地表覆盖种植技术的正确应用以充分发挥其功能具有重要的实际意义     

近30 a黄土高原植被覆盖时空演变监测与分析

为监测黄土高原植被建设成效,采用GIMMS和SPOT VGT 2种数据集的归一化植被指数作为植被覆盖评价指标,分析了近30 a黄土高原植被覆盖时空演变趋势。结果表明,大规模植被建设开始前,黄土高原植被覆盖以小幅波动为主,个别地区有所好转,但大部分区域无显著变化。1999年以后研究区归一化植被指数年度平均值增加显著,并以夏、秋两季增长贡献最大。植被覆盖在空间上呈现出明显的区域性增加趋势,其中黄土高原丘陵沟壑区增加趋势最为明显,植被恢复成效显著。研究区15°～25°和6°～15°坡地植被覆盖状况得到明显改善,对控制水土流失可产生积极影响。大规模植被建设促进了该区植被恢复,但截止2009年,黄土高原处于较低植被覆盖水平的区域面积依然占较大比重,生态环境建设仍须进一步加强。     

考虑覆盖材料蒙皮效应的温室结构稳定承载力计算

为研究覆盖材料蒙皮效应对温室结构稳定承载力的影响,该文在考虑温室结构的实际工作状态、材料非线性和几何大变形的前提下,采用ANSYS有限元分析软件,选取华北型、文洛型和日光型3种温室结构类型,建立了单榀骨架、整体骨架、整体骨架覆盖薄膜、整体骨架覆盖玻璃和整体骨架覆盖PC板5种计算模型,模拟了风雪灾害下温室结构破坏的全过程,得到了其破坏模式和荷载与位移关系曲线,分析了温室结构的稳定承载力和空间作用效应,并给出了其极限荷载系数和稳定承载力提高系数。结果表明:考虑覆盖材料蒙皮效应时,雪荷载作用下温室结构易发生失稳破坏,风荷载作用下温室结构稳定承载力较高,温室结构抗雪灾能力低于抗风灾能力;荷载工况由风荷载控制时,覆盖材料使日光温室结构稳定承载力提高20%~50%,设计时可考虑相应蒙皮效应;荷载工况由雪荷载控制时,覆盖材料使华北型和文洛型温室结构稳定承载力分别提高1~2倍和1~4倍,设计时可考虑相应蒙皮效应;覆盖玻璃使温室结构稳定承载力提高20%~280%,覆盖PC板使之提高20%~240%,覆盖薄膜使之提高0~40%。研究成果可为温室结构抗风雪灾害设计提供参考。     

陡坡细沟含沙水流剥蚀率的试验研究及其计算方法

细沟剥蚀土粒随着细沟股流中含沙量的增加而减少，这一概念已在一些侵蚀模型（如WEPP）中得到应用。用黄土高原一种典型的粉壤土，在5种坡度（5°，10°，15°，20°，25°），3种流量（2，4，8 L/min）条件下进行了细沟侵蚀模拟试验，试验沟长0.5～8 m。通过405次试验，确定了不同坡度、入流量条件下，侵蚀产沙量与细沟长度的定量函数关系。在假定细沟径流和土壤侵蚀沿细沟的行为相同条件下，提出了一种计算含沙水剥蚀率的方法，并进一步表达了细沟剥蚀率随含沙量以及沟长变化的函数关系。实验结果在15°，20°，25°时表现出很好的显著性。     

Soybean preference for Bradyrhizobium japonicum for nodulation

For the increase of the occupation ratio of inoculum strain in the competition with indigenous rhizobia, the relationship between Rj-genotypes of soybean and the preference of Rj-cultivars for various types of rhizobia for nodulation was investigated by using the Rj ₂ Rj ₄-genotype of soybean isolated from the cross between the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivar IAC-2 and Rj ₄-one Hill (Ishizuka et al. 1993: Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., 39, 79-86). Firstly, these Rj ₂ Rj ₄-genotypes were found to harbor the Rj ₃-gene. The Rj ₂Rj₃Rj₄-genotypes of soybean were considered to exhibit a more narrow microsymbiont range for nodulation than the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-and Rj₄-cultivars. Therefore, rhizobia were isolated from the nodules of various Rj-genotypes of soybeans grown in soils, and the preference of the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotype for indigenous rhizobia was examined. The nodule occupancy of serotype 110 was significantly higher in the bacteroids of the nodules from the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-rgenotypes than in those from the other genotypes, non Rj-, Rj ₂ Rj _3-, and Rj ₄-cultivars. These results demonstrated that the Rj ₂ Rj ³ Rj ⁴-genotype prefers more actively serogroup USDA110 to the others of rhizobia. Thus, Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotype is superior to non- Rj-, Rj ₂ Rj ₃-, and Rj ₄-genotypes for the formation of efficient nodules for nitrogen fixation.     

Soybean preference for Bradyrhizobium japonicum for nodulation

For examining the probability of increase in the occupation ratio of inoculated rhizobium in nodules, various Rj-soybean cultivars including the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-lines of soybean were grown in a field of the Kyushu University Farm. Bradyrhizobium japonicum USDA110 that carries uptake hydrogenase (Hup⁺) was used as an inoculum. The relative efficiency of nitrogen fixation generally increased by the inoculation. However, there were no significant differences in the effects among the genotypes of the host plants. The occupation ratio of serogroup USDA110 in the nodules on the taproot of the inoculated plants was in the range of 77–100%, suggesting that the B. japonicum strain USDA110 infected taproots immediately after inoculation. The occupation ratios in the nodules on the lateral roots were 53–67, 40–86, 63–83, and 62–77% in inoculated plants of the non-Rj-, Rj ₂ Rj ₃-, Rj ₄-, and Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotypes, respectively, and they decreased in all the genotypes with the progression of growth. At the time of the first sampling, the occupation ratios on the lateral roots of these Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotypes showed values intermediate between those of IAC-2 (Rj ₂ Rj ₃) and Hill (Rj ₄) , which were the parent cultivars of the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-lines, B340, B349, and C242. The reduction in the occupation ratio of the serogroup USDA110 for about 1 month after the first sampling was the lowest (0.13–0.16) in the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotypes, excluding B349, followed by the non-Rj- and Rj ₂ Rj ₃-genotypes and highest (0.52–0.69) in the Rj ₄-genotypes, excluding Hill. Therefore, it was considered that the population of compatible rhizobia with host soybean plants increased in the rhizosphere with the progression of the development and growth. The results showed that with the expansion of the root area of host plants, the occupation ratio of type A rhizobia including the serogroup USDA110 was high. Therefore, the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotypes were superior to other Rj-genotypes in terms of the inoculation effects of nodulation type A rhizobium, B. japonicum USDA110. However, the preference of the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄-genotype for serogroup USDA110 is not sufficient to rule out the competition with the other serogroups in this study. Therefore, the study should be centered on the isolation of more efficient (Hup⁺) and highly compatible rhizobial strains with the Rj ₂ Rj ₃ Rj ₄- genotypes.     

Soybean preference for Bradyrhizobium japonicum for modulation

Abstract

Caldwell and Vest (1968) planted soybeans (Glycine max L. Merr.) with various genotypes at Beltsville, USA, without inoculating them with Bradyrhizobium japonicum, and showed that soybeans preferred certain serotypes of rhizobial strains for nodulation. Recently, the authors have reported that soybeans carrying nodulation-conditioning genes preferred appropriate strains showing specific behavior for nodulation (Ishizuka et al. 1991). For instance, nodulation of soybean cv. Hardee which carries the nodulation-conditioning genes, Rj ₂ and Rj ₃, does not occur with B. japonicum USDA122, USDA33, Is-1, etc. Nodulation of cv. Hill which carries the Rj ₄ gene, does not occur with B. japonicum USDA61, Is-21, etc. while A62-2 which carries a recessive gene rj ₁, does not nodulate with almost any of the strains of B. japonicum. Therefore, the B. japonicum strains can be classified into three nodulation types based on the compatibility with these Rj-cultivars, that is, type A strains which effectively nodulated both Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and Rj ₄-ones, type B strains which did not nodulate the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and type C strains which did not nodulate the Rj ₄-cultivars. When the nodulation types of the isolates from nodules of field-grown soybeans were examined, it was suggested that the Rj ₂ Rj ₃-cultivars and Rj ₄-cultivars preferred the type C and type B strains, respectively (Ishizuka et al. 1991).     

干制黄花菜工业化生产工艺技术

为改进干制黄花菜传统生产方法并实现工业化生产,采用带式汽蒸生产线对黄花菜进行前处理,在干制过程中将全自动隧道式干燥生产线与工业微波生产线相结合,利用正交试验设计对干制黄花菜工业化生产工艺技术条件进行了较为详尽的研究。结果表明,在蒸汽温度95℃,汽蒸时间60s;隧道式干燥生产线装载量5.0kg/m2,热风温度85℃,风速1.5m/s;微波干燥生产线铺料厚度15mm、干燥功率16kW、干制时间90s的条件下,所生产的干制黄花菜经农业部食品质量监督检验测试中心检测其感官、理化和微生物指标均达到了《无公害食品—干制金针菜》NY5186-2002所规定的一级品标准。     

Soil protection for a sustainable future: options for a soil monitoring network for Ireland

The increased recognition of the importance of soil is reflected in the UN Post‐2015 Development Agenda with sustainable development goals that directly and indirectly relate to soil quality and protection. Despite a lack of legally binding legislation for soil protection, the European Commission remains committed to the objective of soil protection. However, the achievement of a legally binding framework for soil protection relies on the implementation of a soil monitoring network (SMN) that can detect changes to soil quality over time. As beneficiaries do not pay for the provision of soil information, the options for soil monitoring are limited. The use of existing data sets should be considered first. Using Ireland as an example, this research explored the opportunities for a SMN for Ireland considering three existing national data sets. The options for a SMN are considered in terms of their spatial and stratified distribution, the parameters to be measured and an economic analysis of the options proposed. This research finds that for Ireland, either a 10 or a 16 km² grid interval stratified by land use and drainage class offers the best potential in relation to the spatial distribution of existing data sets to reflect local data at a national level. With existing data, the stratified SIS data using the 16 km² grid offers the best value for money, with baseline costs for analysis, excluding field costs, of between €706 481 and €2.8 million. Acknowledging the impossibility of measuring all parameters with ideal frequency, this study proposes a two‐tier system for optimized monitoring frequency. Parameters must anticipate future policy requirements. Finally, the implementation of a SMN must be accompanied by standardized methods, defined thresholds and action mandates to maintain soil quality within allowable limits.     

Recommendations for preparing test samples for AOAC collaborative studies of microbiological procedures for foods

Preparation of test samples for microbial collaborative studies poses problems not encountered in studies on chemical analytes. For Associate Referees who are considering a collaborative study of a microbiological procedure for food analysis, these problems have not been adequately addressed. Types of contamination (natural or artificial), number of test samples required, analyte selection, proper controls, and container selection are addressed herein. The discussion is a supplement to the guidelines contained in the Handbook for AOAC Members.     

Evaluation of soil extractants for silicon availability for sugarcane

Adequate evaluation and interpretation of silicon (Si) phytoavailability in soil is a key to fertilizer recommendation. This study was conducted to determine the effect of soil texture on the choice of Si extractant, and provide baseline data on the relationship between extractable Si and sugarcane Si accumulation. The effects of soil texture and extractant solutions of Si were investigated on soil of nine areas of sugarcane cultivation. Si contents in clayey soils were higher than in sandy soils only in the extraction with standard calcium chloride, acetic acid, potassium chloride (KCl), and sodium acetate buffer. Other extractants failed to reveal differences in the Si availability among the three soil textures. The choice of the extractant should consider soil texture for the determination of adequate Si contents in soils planted with sugarcane, and the extractants that proved to be more efficient in the three soil textures was acetic acid and KCl.     

Critical loads for nitrogen deposition for Great Britain

There is currently much interest in mapping critical loads for nitrogen deposition as part of a strategy for controlling nitrogen emissions. While nitrogen deposition may cause acidification and excess nutrient effects, the former were considered previously in studies of sulphur deposition. In the UK, work on developing nutrient nitrogen critical loads maps has used several methods and databases. Two approaches are described here, one a steady state calculation using a nitrogen saturation limit for soil systems, the other an empirical estimate of critical loads set to prevent changes to vegetation communities. The empirical method uses national species records and land cover data derived from satellite imagery. Maps drawn from the available data are dependent upon a number of factors which reflect the approach used. To apply the nutrient critical loads to a strategy for future abatement measures, the nutrient nitrogen values for soils have been incorporated within a “critical loads function” which takes into account both acidity and nutrient effects as related to deposition loads for sulphur and nitrogen. This function may be used with deposition data to identify the need for sulphur and nitrogen emission reductions.     

Strategy for Innovation in Soil Tests Illustrated for P Tests

Soil phosphorus (P) tests are used for P fertilization recommendations, environmental evaluations, and occasionally for legislation purposes. The basis of fertilization recommendation as function of soil P status was established in the 1950s–1960s. Since then the agroeconomic environment has altered: Environmental protection became increasingly important and P rock resources for fertilizers appeared exhaustible. Also, new insights in soil testing and fertilization recommendations reflecting more efficient use of P became available. However, these new insights seem hard to implement into agricultural practice, to a large extent because replacing existing soil tests and recommendations would imply a very significant effort with respect to introducing new tests and recommendations by fertilization trials in practice. The same would apply for environmental evaluations. Here, a novel, three-step schedule for introducing new soil tests is proposed: (1) establishing new promising soil tests, (2) creating regression models between the old and new soil tests, and (3) implementing the new soil test stepwise by fertilization trials. In this way, the knowledge based on the old soil tests can be used until the new soil tests and their subsequent crop responses are validated sufficiently. As a novel P test we considered combining soil P intensity [as reflected by P–calcium chloride (CaCl₂)] with P capacity [as reflected by P-ammonium lactate (Al)] and P-buffering capacity (as reflected by P-Al/P-CaCl₂ ratio) characteristics. Researchers tested whether this novel soil test can predict P water (Pw), P–calcium lactate?/?acetate (CAL), and P-Olsen values. To test the hypothesis, four datasets were used (two with Pw, one with P-CAL, and one with P-Olsen). In all datasets additional soil characteristics were available including soil type. Regression models with R_adj ² from 0.80 to 0.93 were obtained by using P-Al, P-CaCl₂, and soil type. It can be concluded that these regressions can be used as a helpful intermediate instrument when introducing fertilization recommendations based on new soil tests. Predicting one soil P test out of other soil characteristics, analogous to the predicted Pw, P-CAL, and P-Olsen, could also be helpful in comparing P statuses of agricultural land in different nations.     

Methodology for Creating an Information Tool for Animal Food Facilities

The U.S. Food Safety Modernization Act, administered by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA), requires animal feed and pet food facilities to conduct a hazard analysis by identifying and evaluating potential hazards in animal food. This paper describes the creation of an information tool designed to help animal food facilities comply with this requirement. A thorough search of the scientific literature and FDA recall data identified the occurrence of hazards in animal food, assessed the severity of the hazards, and provided a scoring system useful for the identification and prioritization of specific animal food-hazard-species combinations.