Mercury indicating inflow zones and ruptures along the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake fault

Acta Geochimica - During the Wenchuan Fault Scientific Drilling Project, we determined the values of total mercury (HgT) and gaseous elemental mercury (GEM) from drilled cores and drilling mud,...     

四川汶川地震断裂活动和次生地质灾害浅析

为了揭示汶川地震断裂活动与次生地质灾害的关系,在对汶川地震重灾区进行快速调查的基础上,分析了影响汶川地震的龙门山断裂带震后的断裂活动、地表破裂与崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害发育特征的关系。野外调查发现,龙门山3条断裂带的地表变形破坏（包括沿断裂带的道路、农田、建筑物和边坡变形破坏）特征具有明显的差异性和分段性,映秀-北川断裂地震活动最剧烈,南坝-关庄断裂、灌县-安县断裂、平武-青川断裂等活动性次之的“横向”差异性,以及龙门山断裂带由南向北地震活动性减弱的“纵向”分段性。地震断裂活动的差异性和分段性明显控制了崩塌、滑坡、泥石流等次生地质灾害的发育特征,即映秀-北川断裂区域的次生地质灾害规模大、分布密度大、危害严重,沿其余断裂的次生地质灾害危害相对较轻。     

Preliminary investigation of some large landslides triggered by the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, Sichuan Province, China

The M _s 8.0 Wenchuan earthquake or “Great Sichuan Earthquake” occurred at 14:28 p.m. local time on 12 May 2008 in Sichuan Province, China. Damage by earthquake-induced landslides was an important part of the total earthquake damage. This report presents preliminary observations on the Hongyan Resort slide located southwest of the main epicenter, shallow mountain surface failures in Xuankou village of Yingxiu Town, the Jiufengchun slide near Longmenshan Town, the Hongsong Hydro-power Station slide near Hongbai Town, the Xiaojiaqiao slide in Chaping Town, two landslides in Beichuan County-town which destroyed a large part of the town, and the Donghekou and Shibangou slides in Qingchuan County which formed the second biggest landslide lake formed in this earthquake. The influences of seismic, topographic, geologic, and hydro-geologic conditions are discussed.     

Field-observed phenomena of seismic liquefaction and subsidence during the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in China

In the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake in Sichuan Province, a large number of buildings, water conservancy facilities, and transportation facilities were severely damaged. The damage caused by liquefaction and earthquake-induced soil subsidence was widely distributed, diverse, and extensive. Typical liquefaction and earthquake-induced subsidence damage for this region has been described by investigations of soils and foundations in the earthquake-stricken area. Factors that influenced the liquefaction of soils in Dujiangyan County were analyzed, accounting for regional geological conditions. The results identify several factors that may affect the process of liquefaction and general damage to buildings, roads, levees, and dams. Such factors could serve as the basis for further research into mitigating the damage caused by earthquake-induced liquefaction and subsidence. The importance of detailed ground reconnaissance and the implementation of reasonable and effective measures to improve soft soil are proposed for earthquake hazard reduction in similar areas.     

Geochemistry of soil gas in the seismic fault zone produced by the Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake, southwestern China

The spatio-temporal variations of soil gas in the seismic fault zone produced by the 12 May 2008 Wenchuan Ms 8.0 earthquake were investigated based on the field measurements of soil gas concentrations after the main shock. Concentrations of He, H₂, CO₂, CH₄, O₂, N₂, Rn, and Hg in soil gas were measured in the field at eight short profiles across the seismic rupture zone in June and December 2008 and July 2009. Soil-gas concentrations of more than 800 sampling sites were obtained. The data showed that the magnitudes of the He and H₂ anomalies of three surveys declined significantly with decreasing strength of the aftershocks with time. The maximum concentrations of He and H₂ (40 and 279.4 ppm, respectively) were found in three replicates at the south part of the rupture zone close to the epicenter. The spatio-temporal variations of CO₂, Rn, and Hg concentrations differed obviously between the north and south parts of the fault zone. The maximum He and H₂ concentrations in Jun 2008 occurred near the parts of the rupture zone where vertical displacements were larger. The anomalies of He, H₂, CO₂, Rn, and Hg concentrations could be related to the variation in the regional stress field and the aftershock activity.     

四川汶川Ms 8 级地震重灾区地质灾害危险性评价和预测

在地质灾害调查和遥感解译资料的基础上,采用专家评判方法,利用GIS技术对重灾区14个县市的地质灾害进行快速定量的危险性评价,并在此基础上进行定性评价。强烈的地震诱发大量的次生地质灾害,主要为滑坡和崩塌,其次为地裂缝、泥石流和地面塌陷,局部有沙土液化,主要分布在龙门山断裂带附近及山区。总结了14个县市重灾区内地质灾害的分布特征,分析了地质灾害的形成条件,建立了地质灾害评价指标体系,确定了地质灾害危险性判别标准,进行了地质灾害危险区划。共划分为高危险区、中危险区、低危险区3个等级,在此基础上又划分了若干个亚区。对地质灾害的可能发生区带进行了分析预测,针对高危险区提出了相应的防治对策。     

四川汶川Ms 8 级地震重灾区地质灾害危险性评价和预测

在地质灾害调查和遥感解译资料的基础上,采用专家评判方法,利用GIS技术对重灾区14个县市的地质灾害进行快速定量的危险性评价,并在此基础上进行定性评价。强烈的地震诱发大量的次生地质灾害,主要为滑坡和崩塌,其次为地裂缝、泥石流和地面塌陷,局部有沙土液化,主要分布在龙门山断裂带附近及山区。总结了14个县市重灾区内地质灾害的分布特征,分析了地质灾害的形成条件,建立了地质灾害评价指标体系,确定了地质灾害危险性判别标准,进行了地质灾害危险区划。共划分为高危险区、中危险区、低危险区3个等级,在此基础上又划分了若干个亚区。对地质灾害的可能发生区带进行了分析预测,针对高危险区提出了相应的防治对策。     

四川汶川Ms 8.0级地震的同震位移量

2008年5月12日四川汶川映秀发生了旷世罕见的8.0级大地震.这次震发生在盆地之间的龙门山断裂带,其主震震级之大、余震次数之多令世人震惊.     

Fluid infiltration associated with seismic faulting: Examining chemical and mineralogical compositions of fault rocks from the active Chelungpu fault

In order to understand the fault zone architecture and mechanisms that caused the Chi-Chi earthquake, the Chelungpu drilling project was conducted during April 2000 through a collaborative project between Japan and Taiwan. In this study, chemical and mineralogical variations within the overall Chelungpu fault zone, including variations between less damaged host rocks, damaged zones, and fault cores caused by the Chi-Chi earthquake were examined. Slopes of TiO₂ immobile isocons were consistently > 1 for analyses comparing host rocks with rocks from damaged zones or with gouges from fault cores, indicating that volume loss occurred in damaged zones and the fault cores. These results strongly imply that pervasive fluid infiltration occurred within the fault zone. Volume loss within the damaged zone and fault core is interpreted to result from a two-stage process involving: (i) coseismic mechanical wearing and/or dissolution in the fault core, and (ii) fluid infiltration within the fault zone during postseismic and interseismic periods along cracks caused by seismic failure. Semi-quantitative XRD analysis indicates that the kaolinite content consistently increases from the less damaged host rocks to the damaged zone and gouges in each fault core. Mineralogic changes indicate that pervasive acidic fluid infiltration occurred within the fault zones and reacted with the feldspars or muscovite to form kaolinite. Enrichment of kaolinite and illite found in the fault zones of southern drilling site could play some role on the slipping behavior of the southern part of the Chelungpu fault. Greater volume loss in the fault core may have resulted from moderate permeability, combined with the very fine grain nature of pulverized material in the fault core, which enhanced chemical reactions including transformation of feldspars and muscovite to clay minerals. The study results indicate that pervasive fluid infiltration occurred and changed the mineralogical and chemical architecture of fault zones caused by the cyclic earthquakes.     

四川汶川Ms 8.0地震报道

据国家地震台网测定,北京时间2008年5月12日14时28分,在四川汶川县(北纬31度,东经103.4度)发生Ms 8.0级地震（图1）。宁夏、青海、甘肃、河南、山西、陕西、山东、云南、湖南、湖北、上海、重庆等省市均有震感……。这次地震造成约7万人死亡,1.7万人失踪,38多万人受伤,令人震撼。重灾区14个县（市）主要公路全部瘫痪,主要铁路、水库和城镇遭受重大破坏,特别是北川县城和映秀镇成为一片废墟,这次地震是继唐山地震之后我国又一个死亡和损失巨大的毁灭性地震。根据中国地震局台网中心和美国地质调查局公布资料,汶川地震的震中位于映秀镇西南2~3 km处,滑动面西倾,倾角40~59°,属于逆冲断裂型地震。主震之后一月时间内,记录了51次≥5级的余震,沿整个龙门山中段和北段分布。根据远程地震台站资料的反演结果显示汶川地震产生的破裂带长度超过300 km,震源深度在16~19 km,属于典型的大陆浅源地震,地震类型为单震—余震型,地震破裂属于单向扩展型,从西南震中区向北东方向快速扩展（图2）。汶川地震的发震构造为龙门山中央断裂带（传统上称为映秀-北川断裂）,是这条断裂向东逆冲运动的结果,从更大的大陆动力学尺度上考虑,这次地震破裂事件是印度/欧亚大陆持续汇聚作用下青藏高原向东扩展的表现（图3）。众所周知,龙门山构造带横亘于四川盆地和青藏高原之间,主体由三条主边界断裂组成,从西到东分别命名为茂-汶断裂、映秀-北川断裂、安县-灌县断裂。这些断裂主体形成于三叠纪印支运动时期,在中新生代多次活动。晚新生代以来,伴随着青藏高原向东构造挤出,龙门山构造带中、南段强烈挤压复活和基底拆离,形成青藏东缘宏伟的逆冲推覆构造和飞来峰群,其东缘映秀断裂向东逆冲运动,使彭-灌杂岩体推覆在龙门山前陆带中生界地层之上,推覆距离在几公里以上。野外调查和震后航空照片解译结果初步分析表明,汶川地震不仅使映秀-北川断裂发生破裂,摧毁了沿断裂带建设的所有城镇与乡村,最大地震烈度达到XI级,同时也使龙门山山前断裂带（灌县-安县断裂带）发生破裂。地震产生的地表破裂构造表现为地表拱曲、挤压脊、地震鼓包、张裂隙等。地表破裂构造几何特征指示断层由西向东逆冲运动,同震垂向位移量在2.5~3 m,北川以北伴有明显的右旋走滑分量。两个地点在这次地震中受到特别关注：一个汶川县映秀镇,另一个是北川县城。映秀镇靠近震中很近,映秀断裂恰好经过该镇,从而成为断裂的命名地点。它坐落在岷江及其支流的交汇处,其中发育至少三级河流阶地。汶川地震使该镇毁灭（图版Ⅰ）。北川县城远离震中150 km之遥,但整个县城完全被地震毁灭,是汶川地震中破坏程度最大、人员伤亡最多的县城。北川县城是北川断裂的命名地点,该断裂切过县城所在的峡谷地带,呈NE-SW向延伸。这次强震产生的动能不仅使北川县城产生毁灭性破坏,同时由于地震动触发的崩滑等山地灾害,导致人员的重大伤亡（图版Ⅱ）。汶川地震带给科学家带来诸多新的思考。历史地震记录显示,龙门山断裂带在历史上没有发生过>7级地震,中小地震数量也少。而位于龙门山断裂带以北的岷山构造带和以南的川滇断裂带,在历史上均发生过震级≧7级的强震,如1933年叠溪7.5级地震和1976年松潘7.2级地震（图4）,说明龙门山构造带长期处于构造应力能量的累积过程中。全球定位系统（GPS）重复测量结果也显示,横穿该带现今地壳近东西向缩短率很小,数量级在1~2 mm/a,与青藏高原其他边缘相比相对较弱。这种小应变构造区孕育大地震,在世界其它大陆地区很少见,其机理和破裂过程需要科学家深入的研究和持续的探索。     

川西扎乌龙伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床的锂、铍矿物学特征及其对成矿作用的指示

扎乌龙花岗伟晶岩型稀有金属矿床位于四川省和青海省交界处, 其西部矿体被称为青海草陇矿床, 是我国西部松潘-甘孜稀有金属成矿带的重要组成。扎乌龙矿床Li₂O资源储量预估高达157万t, 最主要的锂、铍矿石矿物为绿柱石和锂辉石。前人以扎乌龙伟晶岩脉内多阶段的流体包裹体为研究对象, 着重剖析了其岩浆热液演化过程。然而, 迄今为止尚缺乏锂铍矿物学和同位素方面的研究来加深对该矿床岩浆热液演化及成矿作用方面的理解。14号钠长石-锂辉石型伟晶岩脉是扎乌龙花岗伟晶岩型矿床出露面积最大、锂储量最高的伟晶岩脉, 也是研究该稀有金属矿床成矿作用过程的理想对象。该伟晶岩脉具有一定的内部分带性, 由边部至核部分为: 石英-白云母带(Ⅰ带)、微斜长石-钠长石带(Ⅱ带)、钠长石-锂辉石带(Ⅲ带)和石英-锂辉石带(Ⅳ带)。绿柱石和锂辉石矿物结构和化学组成表明, 扎乌龙14号脉锂铍矿化主要可划分为两个阶段: 第一阶段为岩浆阶段, 主要形成均一或振荡环带结构的原生绿柱石和锂辉石; 第二阶段为热液阶段, 主要表现为流体与原生矿物发生再平衡, 原生锂辉石发生蚀变形成云母等矿物, 原生绿柱石边部和内部缝隙产出相对富Cs₂O或Na₂O含量的次生绿柱石。14号伟晶岩中原生和次生绿柱石的Cs₂O含量(0.71%~2.28%)均低于世界上许多其他Li-Ta-Cs伟晶岩脉, 表明其岩浆结晶分异程度相对较低。Ⅲ和Ⅳ带原生锂辉石均呈现出不均匀的δ⁷Li值(-1.70‰~1.67‰), 表明锂辉石结晶于流体出溶的环境。次生锂辉石相对略低的δ⁷Li值(-1.90‰~-0.03‰)表明了热液阶段锂的再活化沉淀对于锂同位素组成产生了一定的影响。次生绿柱石较原生绿柱石的Cs₂O含量增加有限, 热液作用未形成高度富铯或锂的矿物如铯馏石和锂云母, 表明热液作用对于原生稀有金属矿物的改造有限。总体而言, 与加拿大Tanco和可可托海3号脉伟晶岩相比, 扎乌龙14号脉伟晶岩熔体的分异程度较低, 出溶的富Cs流体有限, 未发生较大规模的晚阶段热液交代作用, 成矿作用以伟晶岩熔体的结晶作用为主。

     

Trenching exposures of the surface rupture of 2008 Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake,China: Implications for coseismic deformation and paleoseismology along the Central Longmen Shan thrust fault

The May 12, 2008, Mw 7.9 Wenchuan earthquake was induced by failure of two of the major faults of the Longmen Shan thrust fault zone along the eastern margin of Tibet Plateau. Our study focused on trenches across the Yingxiu–Bichuan fault, the central fault in the Longmen Shan belt that has a coseismic surface break of more than 200 km long. Trenching excavation across the 2008 earthquake rupture on three representative sites reveals the styles and amounts of the deformation and paleoseismicity along the Longmen Shan fault. Styles of coseismic deformation along the 2008 earthquake rupture at these three sites represent three models of deformation along a thrust fault. Two of the three trench exposures reveal one pre-2008 earthquake event, which is coincident with the pre-existing scarps. Based on the observation of exposed stratigraphy and structures in the trenches and the geomorphic expressions on ground surface, we interpret the 2008 earthquake as a characteristic earthquake along this fault. The interval of reoccurrence of large earthquake events on the Central Longmen Shan fault (the Yingxiu–Beichuan fault) can be inferred to be about 11,000 years according to ¹⁴C and OSL dating. The amounts of the vertical displacement and shortening across the surface rupture during the 2008 earthquake are determined to be 1.0–2.8 m and 0.15–1.32 m, respectively. The shortening rate and uplift rate are then estimated to be 0.09–0.12 mm/yr and 0.18–0.2 mm/yr, respectively. It is indicated that the deformation is absorbed mainly not by shortening, but by uplift along the rupture during the 2008 earthquake.     

四川汶川县银杏乡地震灾后重建安置区地质灾害及防治

银杏乡是距离5.12汶川大地震震中映秀最近的乡镇之一,地震导致全乡618人死亡,11人失踪,近千人受伤,88%的房屋倒塌,灾害损失极为严重。本文在实地调查的基础上,分析了区域地质环境背景,对银杏乡东界脑村、兴文坪村、一碗水村、沙坪关村、桃关村等10处灾后安置区的地质灾害发育特征和灾害成因进行了初步研究,研究发现安置区共有滑坡、崩塌危岩和泥石流灾害62处,灾害规模较小,暴发频率较高,绝大多数地质灾害均属本次汶川地震的次生地质灾害。结合对未来灾害发展趋势的分析,文章提出了防灾减灾的对策和建议。     

四川平武板状绿柱石矿物学特征及板状成因

在综合该区绿柱石产出背景的基础上,从围岩蚀变、矿物共生组合、矿物标型形态和绿柱石测温测压等方面确定平武绿柱石矿床是气成高温浅成石英脉型矿床。文中对绿柱石矿物进行了湿法化学分析、X射线粉晶衍射分析、微形貌分析,研究了该区绿柱石的形态、物性、化学成分及类质同象特征,确定该区绿柱石为板状晶形的含铯钠锂绿柱石,碱金属平均质量分数为2.412%(Li2O+Na2O+K2O+ Rb2O+Cs2O)。板状含碱绿柱石一般发育在伟晶岩中,气成高温热液矿床中产出板状含碱绿柱石极为罕见。在以上工作基础上,从绿柱石形成的内因和外因两方面探讨了绿柱石的板状成因。     

四川汶川地震地质灾害活动强度分析评价

为了探索区域群发地质灾害活动强度评价方法和指标体系,以汶川地震诱发地质灾害活动强度评价为例,在简单分析汶川地震地质灾害宏观特征的基础上,利用高精度遥感解译资料和GIS技术,计算汶川地震诱发地质灾害分布最大面密度,结合对近年来陕西宝鸡市地质灾害调查统计的历史资料分析,提出以地质灾害分布最大面密度为衡量区域地质灾害活动强度指标的基本思路和分级标准,初步建立了地质灾害活动强度指数8级划分标准,并计算出汶川地震诱发地质灾害活动强度指数最高为7级,属于极端强烈活动。其中,地质灾害活动最强地段（7级活动区）位于强震震中区映秀镇附近的岷江两岸和绵竹汉旺镇银厂沟上游发震断裂两侧;次强地段（6级活动区）位于北川县城湔河两岸和平武县南坝镇北东小流域两岸。初步揭示：地质灾害活动强度从发震断裂带向两侧具有明显衰减的趋势。最后,简要讨论了汶川地震引发地质灾害活动如此强烈的主要原因及其发展趋势。     

青海玉树Ms7.1级地震同震地表破裂构造

分析了青海玉树Ms7.1级地震中形成的同震地表破裂分布与构造特征。本次地震造成的地表破裂长达46km,地震造成240cm的最大相对水平走滑错动量,最大垂直错动量60cm。地表破裂所经之处可看到原有断层新近活动的明显迹线。依次分析了按空间尺度划分的4个层次破裂的走向变化、同级破裂排列、破裂末端变化等构造特征。Ⅰ级破裂作为本次地震产生的整个破裂带,总体走向119°,由3段自然分开、左阶斜列的Ⅱ级破裂组成。3段Ⅱ级破裂自NW向SE依次为隆宝镇段、结古镇段和禅古寺段,破裂性质总体以左旋走滑为主,各段略有不同。各Ⅱ级破裂带内部,分别由若干Ⅲ级破裂段落组成,总体呈现右阶斜列排列模式。Ⅲ级破裂本身由一系列简单的Ⅳ级破裂雁列或羽列右阶斜列构成。不同层次的地表破裂具有简单剪切构造带的变形特征,共识别出R、R’、Y、T和P五组基本破裂面。其初始破裂面展布特征可以用库伦破裂准则来解释,其中岩土体材料的内摩擦角大致为26～44°。各级破裂端部出现分叉、转向及逐渐消失等变形特征。     

青海玉树Ms7.1级地震同震地表破裂构造

分析了青海玉树Ms7.1级地震中形成的同震地表破裂分布与构造特征。本次地震造成的地表破裂长达46km,地震造成240cm的最大相对水平走滑错动量,最大垂直错动量60cm。地表破裂所经之处可看到原有断层新近活动的明显迹线。依次分析了按空间尺度划分的4个层次破裂的走向变化、同级破裂排列、破裂末端变化等构造特征。Ⅰ级破裂作为本次地震产生的整个破裂带,总体走向119°,由3段自然分开、左阶斜列的Ⅱ级破裂组成。3段Ⅱ级破裂自NW向SE依次为隆宝镇段、结古镇段和禅古寺段,破裂性质总体以左旋走滑为主,各段略有不同。各Ⅱ级破裂带内部,分别由若干Ⅲ级破裂段落组成,总体呈现右阶斜列排列模式。Ⅲ级破裂本身由一系列简单的Ⅳ级破裂雁列或羽列右阶斜列构成。不同层次的地表破裂具有简单剪切构造带的变形特征,共识别出R、R’、Y、T和P五组基本破裂面。其初始破裂面展布特征可以用库伦破裂准则来解释,其中岩土体材料的内摩擦角大致为26~44°。各级破裂端部出现分叉、转向及逐渐消失等变形特征。     

四川汶川Ms 8 级地震触发的典型滑坡的风险指标反演

2008年汶川大地震触发了数以万计的崩塌和滑坡,特别是沿发震断裂分布一系列大型的高速远程滑坡。为了探索地震诱发大型高速远程滑坡运动速度的反演方法,以汶川大地震典型高速远程滑坡为例,在野外调查和室内分析的基础上,结合前人的研究成果,对沿映秀－北川断裂展布的5个典型滑坡的速度进行了反演和计算。结果表明,5个滑坡的最大速度均大于50m/s,其中大光包滑坡速度最大,其下部滑体的最大速度约为300m/s,上部滑体凌空飞行的初速度高达165.6 m/s。同时,对上述滑坡的视摩擦系数进行了计算,4个滑坡的视摩擦系数介于0.16~0.4之间。这一研究的目的在于为类似地区地震滑坡的速度、最大位移量的预测和风险评估提供基础数据,对于类似地区的防灾减灾具有一定的参考价值。     

Public cognition and response to earthquake disaster: from the 2008 Mw7.9 Wenchuan to the 2013 Mw6.6 Lushan earthquakes in Sichuan Province,China

Natural Hazards - China is one of the countries most affected by earthquakes. Improving public cognition and response to earthquake disaster (EDCR) is an effective means to reduce seismic risk and...