农产品农药残留检测技术研究进展

现阶段,我国食用农产品的种类与数量在不断增加,其安全问题受到高度关注与重视,因此,要加强食用农产品的农药残留检测工作,避免给消费者带来食品安全隐患.为了实现对农产品农药残留的有效检测,对检测技术的研究尤为重要.结合农产品农药残留检测技术的应用及发展现状进行探索,提出具体策略,以期能为同行从业人员提供参考.     

Conversion of agricultural residues into cation exchange materials

A series of cation exchange resins were prepared from some low-value agricultural residues. Carboxylate (maleate, succinate, and phthalate), phosphate, and sulfate groups were incorporated onto the complex polysaccharide matrix of oat hulls, corn cobs, and sugar beet pulp. Standard reaction conditions were established, using cellulose as the model polysaccharide. The magnitude of functional group incorporation, under standard conditions, was taken as a measure of the reactivity of the agricultural residues studied. In general, the order of reactivity was sugar beet pulp > corn cob > oat hull. The unsubstituted and the functionalized agricultural residues were tested for their potential ability to remove cations from waste water discharges. The capability of these materials to remove cations from waste waters was estimated from their calcium binding capacity. The calcium binding capacities of the resins prepared from the agricultural residues varied from around 559–3466 μequiv/g. © 1996 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

蔬菜中有机磷及氨基甲酸酯类农药残留量的快速检测

由于农药毒性及使用的不合理性,为了确保蔬菜的食用安全,对蔬菜瓜果等农产品进行农残检测十分重要.文章通过对我国农产品农药残留现状及农残检测方法研究现状的讨论,分析了农残检测工作的必要性及酶抑制法作为农残速测手段的可行性.     

农林废弃物的高效生物利用

介绍农林废弃物高效生物利用的几条主要途径,生物技术在农林废弃物的利用领域有着广阔的前景。     

Global degradation kinetics of wood and agricultural residues in air

Degradation in air has been carried out of some woods and agricultural residues at heating rates of 20 K/min. The thermal behaviour has also been investigated with commercial products taken as representative of the main biomass components. Weight loss curves for woods and agricultural residues can be interpreted by a three-step reaction scheme. The first, very fast step, can be attributed to the degradation of all the main components, the very slow second stage to lignin and hemi-cellulose degradation, while the third is the combustion of the solid residual. The amount of volatiles released in the first stage is higher for woods (75 to 77% of the total solid against 50 to 60%) of residues) and the process is displaced towards higher temperatures and thus associated with higher activation energies (values of about 75 to 100 kJ/mol for woods and 72 to 78 kJ/mol for residues). In all cases, devolatilization rates are very slow and almost constant in the second stage, with small amounts of volatiles released (6 to 9% for woods and 5 to 16% for residues) and comparable activation energies (86 to 92 kJ/mol for woods and 83 to 87 kJ/mol for residues). Combustion of chars from agricultural residues again starts at lower temperatures and is described by activation energies of 73 to 80 kJ/mol (against 71 to 90 kJ/mol for woods).     

农产品农药残留及其清洁生产控制措施

农产品农药残留污染问题关系到人民的生命安全与健康,并影响农业的对外贸易,越来越受到社会的关注和科学工作者的高度重视.本文分析了农药残留的现状、农药残留的污染源及其产生原因,概述了当前农药残留检测分析的先进技术与方法.提出了农产品农药残留的清洁生产控制措施.     

作物秸秆资源开发与利用

中国是农业生产大国,各种秸秆资源来源广泛、数量巨大,是一项宝贵的农业资源,利用是否合理直接关系到中国的农业可持续发展。本文论述了作物秸秆的种类、作物秸秆的结构特性、资源利用情况,重点介绍了作物秸秆作为生物质能源的情况。     

活体生物在农药残留降解跟踪试验的研究与应用

农药残留是影响蔬菜品质提高的重要因素之一,利用活体生物对蔬菜病虫害防治中使用频率较高的三氯氟氰菊酯、乐果、吡虫啉等三种高效、低毒、低残留的农药在甘蓝中的残留浓度降解作了为期17 d的跟踪检测,结果表明,利用生物检测法对农产品农药残留浓度降解进行定性反应是可行的。     

我国农产品农药残留监管进程与检测技术应用

农药残留超标是影响农业生产中农产品品质提高的重大因素之一。对近年来农药残留分析技术进展做了综述,从样品检测环节上样品前处理、样品分析、样品确定应用技术状况等做了介绍,并指出农药残留检测技术朝着简单、快速、高效、准确的方向发展,农药残留监管与检测水平是农业产业化、规模化、效益最大化的重要保障。     

农药残留分析中的样品前处理和残留量检测

建立高效快速的农药检测技术,对加强环境和农副产品中农药残留的监测和快速诊断以及有效防治农药中毒等具有重要的意义.综述了农药残留分析中的样品处理和含量检测等方面技术的最新进展.     

强化禁限用农药管理 保障农产品质量安全

介绍了目前我国禁限用农药管理的现状,2007年全面禁止了甲胺磷、对硫磷、甲基对硫磷等高毒高残留农药的生产和使用,逐步限制了甲拌磷、甲基异柳磷等农药在部分农作物上的使用,使农产品污染问题得到了根本改观,农产品质量安全水平有了大幅提升.提出了禁限用农药管理的建议.     

废弃农林生物质在废水处理中环境友好利用的研究进展

综述近年来国内外利用废弃农林生物质环境友好处理各种废水的现状,重点阐述了废弃农林生物质作为吸附剂对印染、重金属等工业废水的处理以及通过改性手段来提高农林生物质处理效果的研究进展。     

农林废弃物制备活性炭的化学方法

综述了三种化学活化法制备活性炭的方法及其效果,并分析了化学活化法的优缺点,为今后制备活性炭提供了参考。     

木糖发酵微生物的研究进展

木糖广泛存在于林业及农业废弃物中,木糖发酵生产乙醇是再生资源的有效利用。简述了木糖发酵微生物和木糖代谢工程菌的种类及研究进展。     

QuECHERS-气相色谱法测定阿克苏特色农产品中的农残

建立QuECHERS-气相色谱法检测阿克苏特色农产品中25种农药残留量。样品用乙腈溶液振荡提取,QuECHERS净化,分别采用GC-ECD和GC-FPD检测,外标法定量。结果 25种农药在0.05～0.5mg/L线性关系良好,相关系数均大于0.990,加标浓度为0.05、0.1、0.2mg/kg,平均回收率在70.1～111.7%,相对标准偏差均小于15%,检出限在0.01～0.05mg/kg。该方法操作简便,准确可靠,稳定性强,适用于农产品中25种农药残留量的测定。     

轻工生物质过程残渣高值化利用必要性与技术路线分析

以农产品为原料的轻工业在产品转化过程中产生大量的生物质残渣,如甘蔗渣、酒/醋糟、茶/咖啡渣、中药渣、抗生素/有机酸菌渣等,是一种已被集中的生物质资源. 本工作通过分析种类繁多的轻工生物质过程残渣的物化与生物特性,根据组成特性将其分为富含纤维素、蛋白质、木质素3大类,进一步通过提炼共性,从残渣的收集、预处理和转化利用3个环节,提出了基于过程工程思想的轻工生物质过程残渣高值化利用技术路线,以期为发展支撑以农产品为原料的轻工产业、实现洁净生产和原料全量利用,并提高能源效率、控制污染源头和增加企业效益的集成化技术体系提供思路和方法指导.     

典型农林废弃物处理含铬废水的研究进展

介绍了花生壳、木屑、柚子皮、玉米秸秆及玉米芯等5种典型农林废弃物在处理含铬废水中的应用和处理效果,并展望了其应用前景。     

Impregnation of Hardboard with Poly(methyl methacrylate)

The increasing deficiency of natural woods has led to the use of agricultural residues in the preparation of pulp and boards. The important agricultural residues are bagasse, straws, and cotton stalks, which accumulate in vast amounts. Some studies concerning the use of bagasse (Lumen et al., 1963), rice straw (Mobarak et al., 1975; Fadl et al., 1984), cotton stalks (Mobarak and Nada, 1975), and other agricultural residues (Lathrop and Naffziger, 1949; Aronosky and Lathrop, 1949) for producing hardboards are available. Actually, resins are added to pulp before board formation to give a final board of high strength and water resistance. The common resins are phenol-formaldehyde, urea-formaldehyde, and melamine- formaldehyde. Also, in one of our previous works, whole black liquor (Nada et al., 1982), produced from rice straw pulping process or its separated components (lignin, hemicellulose, and silica) (El-Saied et al., 1982) in the presence or absence of phenol-formaldehyde resin during hardboard preparation, was used to improve the strength properties of board. Other treatments are used to modify the hardboard or paper sheet properties, by impregnation of the sheets in resin solution (Plomely and Cottstein, 1968; Nada et al., 1981) or by polymer solution (Calleton et al., 1970; Youssef et al., in press). In addition, chemical modifica-tions such as acetylation, grafting (Smraishi et al., 1982). and cyanoethylation are carried out on wood and hardboard to improve their dimensional stability.     

Textural characteristics of activated carbons prepared from agricultural residues-review

Agricultural residues are the most available biomass resources in the world and can be exploited to produce various activated carbons at low cost. The textural properties of activated carbon, including surface area, pore size, pore size distribution, and certain surface functionalities are the main factors in the application of bio-based electrode materials for energy storage devices and electrochemical catalyst for CO₂ reduction reactions, gas adsorption and separation, in water and wastewater treatment. This paper reviews the physical characteristics of activated carbons produced from various biomass resources using different methods. The effects of different activation methods, sources of biomass, and other parameters on the surface properties such as specific surface area and pore volume of activated carbon are discussed. The differences in the characteristics of activated carbon made from different agricultural biomass resources under the same parameters are evaluated. Eventually, the application of abundant agricultural residues for fabricating supercapacitors' electrode materials is also discussed.     

Toxic chemical monitoring of agricultural bioproducts using nanomaterials-based sensors

Owing to the fast growth of the agricultural bioproducts industry, which requires its products to be fresh and visibly appealing, the increased use of imidacloprid pesticides has raised deep concerns about environmental effects, food quality, and the toxicity of residues. This has led to the development of various extraction methods of biochemicals and chemicals and their effective sensors for monitoring pesticide residues. We review the current commercial and nanotechnology-adopted techniques available in order to draw attention to the primary issues in the development of novel extraction and sensing systems using nanotechnology.