公元前186年甘肃武都地震考证与发震构造探讨

根据历史地震资料的重新考证和野外调查,认为现行地震目录所给出的公元前186年甘肃武都地震的参数不确切,应做如下修正:其重破坏区位于武都县桔柑乡——舟曲县坪定乡之间,震中位于武都县两河口附近,震级为7~71/4级, 烈度达Ⅸ~Ⅹ度. 这次地震重破坏区长轴方向为北西西向,大致与该区的迭部——白龙江断裂带中东段走向相吻合, 时间上与探槽揭露的该断裂段最晚一次古地震事件的年代（83plusmn;46）BC之前可以对比. 该断裂段至今仍保存有部分地震形变带的遗迹. 综合分析认为,公元前186年武都7~71/4级地震的发震构造应为迭部-白龙江断裂带的中东段.      

兰州1125年7级地震考证与发震构造分析

对历史地震资料的详细考证，黄土地震滑坡的调查及兰州地区活动断裂的追踪考察表明：在兰州1125年地震中遭毁坏的“金城六城”之一的益机滩堡在今兰州市西固区河口以南的潍尼龙厂内，由此确定的六城范围在今兰州市西固区以南至河口一带，这与本区黄土地震滑坡的分布范围，全新世活动断裂的展布及地震破裂带遗迹的分布相吻合，综合分析认为，兰州1125年7级地震的发震构造应为兰州市区以南，距市区最近距离仅4km的马衔山北缘活动断裂带西端的咸水沟断裂段。     

1573年甘肃岷县地震史料考证与发震构造探讨

通过对1573年甘肃岷县地震的历史资料考证和发震构造的综合研究表明:在1573年岷县地震中遭受破坏最为严重的地区位于如今的岷县县城一带(当时为岷州府所在地)。综合各种资料确定1573年甘肃岷县地震震级为621,极震区烈度为Ⅷ~Ⅸ度,震中位于北纬34.4°,东经104.0°,震中精度为2类,震中位置偏差小于或等于25km。该地区构造上位于东昆仑断裂带和西秦岭北缘断裂带的应变传递和构造转换的中间过渡区,其中的临潭-宕昌断裂带活动特性差异明显,只有部分地段表现出全新世活动特征,地震极震区一带分布有不同程度的滑坡和基岩崩塌等。综合分析认为,临潭-宕昌断裂带的岷县-宕昌段是甘肃岷县1573年621级地震的发震构造。     

1306年宁夏固原地震考证与发震构造探讨

根据历史地震资料重新考证和野外实地调查结果,圈定的1306年宁夏固原地震重破坏区(Ⅷ度区)位于固原、开城和朝那一带,极震区(Ⅸ～X度)位于固原开城附近,其震级达7级左右.地震重破坏区长轴方向为NNW向,大致与该区六盘山东麓断裂的固原—和尚铺段相吻合,该段断裂为全新世活动的左旋逆冲断裂,局部段残存有类似地震破裂带遗迹,推测与本次地震有关.     

对1556年81/4级大地震震中位置和发震构造的新认识

郭增建先生(1957)称1556年8 1/4级大地震为关中大地震,并绘制了等震线图.1983年版中国地震目录将其称为华县地震.之后,中国地震目录几经修改,但对震中位置都没再进行过进一步的研究和修订.80年代以来,几位研究者从不同角度渐次提出这次地震的震中位置不在华县的新见解.本文同意这些见解,并通过分析大量史料和对发震构造的研究作进一步论证,提出对这次地震震中位置和发震构造的新认识.(1)1556年8 1/4级大地震的震中位置不在华县.极震区分布在蒲州(今永济西黄河东岸)、朝邑、潼关卫、华阴、华州、解州一带,故震中位置宜定在蒲州、潼关卫、华阴、朝邑之间,即北纬34°44',东经110°16',震级仍沿用1995年版中国地震目录修订的8 1/4级.由于蒲州最重,可称为1556年蒲州8 1/4级大地震.(2)1556年81/4级大地震的发震构造不只是华山山前断裂,而是大致沿黄河分布的北北东向右旋走滑断裂带及其南北两端相反方向分布的渭河拉分盆地和运城、临猗一带张性地堑、地垒带,由它们共同组合而成的走滑型发震构造带,为该次大地震的发震构造.     

1884年云南宁洱6 3/4地震补充考证与发震构造讨论

对1884年11月14日云南宁洱地震参数进行了重新核定。这次地震的震中位置位于普洱府（今宁洱）周围,即23.1°N、101.0°E,精度为1类,误差≤10 km,震级6 3/4级,震中烈度Ⅷ度。等震线破坏区呈NE走向,而有感区长轴呈NE向,二者之间有一定差异。1884年宁洱地震区位于滇西南地区的龙陵—澜沧江断裂与红河断裂之间思茅次级地块内的普洱断裂带附近,其极震区长轴方向与断裂走向一致,应为本次地震的发震构造。     

1884年云南宁洱6 3/4地震补充考证与发震构造讨论

对1884年11月14日云南宁洱地震参数进行了重新核定。这次地震的震中位置位于普洱府（今宁洱）周围,即23.1°N、101.0°E,精度为1类,误差≤10 km,震级6 3/4级,震中烈度Ⅷ度。等震线破坏区呈NE走向,而有感区长轴呈NE向,二者之间有一定差异。1884年宁洱地震区位于滇西南地区的龙陵—澜沧江断裂与红河断裂之间思茅次级地块内的普洱断裂带附近,其极震区长轴方向与断裂走向一致,应为本次地震的发震构造。     

TEXTUAL RESEARCH OF 1568 M7 GAOLING EARTHQUAKE IN SHAANXI AND ANALYSIS OF ITS SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE

Study of historical earthquake is one of the important methods to understand the seismic activities and analyze the seismogenic faults. On the May 25^th, 1568 AD, a destructive earthquake occurred to the northeast of the present-day city of Xi'an, Shaanxi Province. Because this earthquake happened shortly after the 1556 M8 earthquake and was regarded as an aftershock, it has received little attention in previous studies. Previous earthquake catalogue agreed in assigning a magnitude 6 3/4 to this earthquake but had different epicentral locations and seismic intensity, and the seismogenic structure remains ambiguous. Based on textual research of historical earthquake and field investigation, the Jingyang County, Gaoling County, and Xianning County, were the worst hit area by the earthquake, and the areas, including Yongle Town, Gaozhuang Town at southeastern Jingyang County to Gaoling County and its southeastern present-day Jijia and Zhangbu, should be the mesoseismal area of this earthquake. The epicenter intensity of this earthquake is Ⅸ⁺(9~10 degrees), and the magnitude is estimated to be 7. The isoseismal lines were drawn to exhibit the various intensities of the areas damaged during the event, with its major axis directed NWW. Intensities reached Ⅸ⁺ in the zone extending west-northwest parallel to the Weinan-Jingyang Fault. This fault, characterized by a normal fault that developed during the Cenozoic extensional history of the Weihe Basin, dipping to the north at an angle of 60°~80°, is one part of the southern boundary faults in Weihe graben. There are geomorphological and geological evidences of recent activity of the fault during (180±30)a BP to (1 600±30)a BP. At T₁-T₂ fluvial terraces on the north bank of Weihe River, the scarps were faulted during Ming Dynasty, and sandy soil liquefaction, dense structural tensional fissures and faulted strata are noted in stratigraphic profiles and trenches. Thus, we suggest that this fault can reliably be regarded as being active during Holocene, and re-name the earthquake as the Shaanxi Gaoling earthquake.     

公元842年甘肃碌曲地震考证与发震构造分析

唐会昌二年(公元842年),在中国西北的汉藏交界地区(现甘肃省东南部地区)发生了一次大地震,造成"地震裂,水泉涌,岷山崩,洮水逆流三日"的严重震害。经过对这次地震史料的系统梳理、考证和综合分析,认为其极震区大致位于今甘肃省甘南藏族自治州碌曲、卓尼和迭部三县交界的光盖山—迭山山区,发震时间很可能为唐会昌二年十二月二十四日(公元843年1月31日或27日),震级可达7~71/2级,震中烈度达Ⅸ~Ⅹ度。在这次地震破坏区附近发育了临潭-宕昌断裂、光盖山-迭山断裂和迭部-白龙江断裂等3条以挤压逆冲为主兼具左旋走滑特征的晚第四纪活动断裂带。根据近年来对上述断裂的最新考察结果和对该区现今小震活动的对比分析,认为这次地震应与其中的光盖山-迭山断裂西段的最新构造活动有关,为这次地震的发震断裂。光盖山-迭山断裂为中国大陆近10多年来7级以上大震主体活动区——巴颜喀拉块体北部边界断裂(东昆仑断裂)东段的重要分支断裂,具备发生7级以上大震的构造条件。     

1585年安徽巢县南地震核查与发震构造探讨

1585年安徽巢县南5级地震,各版本地震目录中给出的地震参数不尽一致。文中对该次地震的历史资料进行了考证,进一步核实了该次地震的参数。通过对该地区的野外地质调查,结合在隐伏区的浅层地震勘探与钻探验证等工作,探讨了1585年巢县南地震的构造背景,认为早、中更新世活动的严家桥-枫沙湖断裂可能是该次地震的发震构造。该研究成果有助于加深对中国东部中等和弱地震活动区发震构造背景的认识     

138年金城-陇西63/4级地震的史料考证与发震构造背景探讨

对 138年金城 -陇西 6 3/4 级地震的历史资料考证、黄土滑坡分布及活动构造的综合研究表明 :在 138年地震中遭破坏的东汉金城郡郡治允吾县应在今青海省民和县马场垣乡下川口附近 ;陇西郡治狄道县在今甘肃省临洮县城。由此确定 138年地震的极震区位置大致在今甘肃省永靖县西北的湟水、黄河交汇地带。该区也是黄土滑坡密集分布区 ,其中的大型滑坡应为地震滑坡。在构造上该区位于拉脊山北缘弧形逆冲断裂带的前缘。拉脊山北缘断裂带为一条晚更新世活动断裂 ,部分地段为全新世活动 ,其向NE方向的逆冲推覆致使古近系泥岩和早更新世砾岩等发生了明显的挤压褶皱变形。石油勘探资料也证实拉脊山北缘弧形构造带前缘在深部存在隐伏的挤压逆冲断褶带。由此推断 138年金城 -陇西 6 3/4 级地震的发生很可能与该逆断裂 -褶皱带的新活动有关     

张北-尚义地震序列的重新定位和发震构造/

1998年1月10日在北京西北约180 km的河北省张北县和尚义县交界地区发生的ML＝6.2地震是华北地区近年的重要地震事件．历史上这一地区的地震活动水平不高,迄今在地表未发现有明显活动的断裂．张北-尚义地震发生后,不同机构给出的主震定位结果不尽相同,他们所给出的余震分布也没有显示出优势的展布方向．因此,张北-尚义地震的发震构造亟待研究．本文应用相对定位方法,对张北-尚义地震序列的主震和ML3.0余震重新精确定位．得出：张北-尚义地震序列的主震震中位置为41.145N、114.462E,位于宏观震中的北东方向约4 km处,震源深度15 km;余震震源分布在与震源机制解给出的走向为180～200的节面一致的、接近于竖直的平面内及其附近．张北-尚义地震序列的重新精确定位的结果清楚地表明了张北-尚义地震的发震构造是一近南-北向～北北东向的断层．这次地震是在与华北地区构造应力场方向一致的﹑近水平的、北东东向主压应力作用下发生的右旋-逆断层错动．     

TEXTUAL RESEARCH OF LONGXI EARTHQUAKE IN 47 BC IN GANSU PROVINCE AND ANALYSIS OF ITS CAUSATIVE STRUCTURE

On the day Wu-wu of the second month in the second year of Chuyuan period in the reign of Emperor Yuan of the western Han Dynasty, that is, April 17, 47 BC, an earthquake occurred near the county seat of Huandao County, Longxi Prefecture. This earthquake caused serious damages to the city wall, government office buildings and civilian houses in the Huandao county seat, many people died, landslides, ground fracturing and spring gushing, etc. occurred. On the basis of textual research on the historical earthquake data and the field investigation, we affirm that the ancient Huandao county seat locates at the new Wangjia Village of Santai, southeast of Wenfeng Town in Longxi County at present. The ancient Huandao county seat is the most seriously damaged area according to the historical earthquake data, so it should be in the meizoseismal area of this earthquake. The epicenter intensity of this earthquake is about 9~10 degrees, and the magnitude of this earthquake is estimated to be about 7. Considering the intensities of other towns damaged during this earthquake, we draw the isoseismal lines of this earthquake, with its major axis directed NNW. The direction of the major axis of the isoseismal lines and the location of the epicenter are approximately consistent with the strike of the western segment of the Gangu-Wushan secondary fault on the northern margin of western Qinling fault zone. This fault segment has clear evidences of new activity during late Holocene, which are characterized by left-lateral strike-slip faulting with normal components; the fault dips NE and faulted the T₁-T₂ pluvial and alluvial terraces. Up to now, there are some surface deformation traces, such as deeply-incised seismic fault grooves, densely developed structural tensional fractures in the loess stratum, landslides and a series of beaded dolines etc. Combining the results of relocation of small to moderate earthquakes in the research area and comprehensive analysis on their distribution features in plane and profile, we get the results that the causative structure of the 47 BC Longxi earthquake is the western segment of Gangu-Wushan secondary fault on the northern margin of western Qinling fault zone. This fault zone is an important active block boundary fault in the eastern margin of Tibeten block, and has the tectonic condition to generate M ≥ 7 large earthquakes in the past and in the future.     

有关1976年唐山地震发震断层的讨论

对《地震地质》刊登的两篇文章中有关唐山断裂是高角度西倾的逆冲走滑断裂及唐山市东侧付庄-西河断裂是唐山地震的发震断裂的观点进行讨论。笔者认为,如果唐山地震断层是西倾的逆冲走滑活动,需要考虑唐山逆冲断裂的活动方式与唐山市西侧第四纪凹陷之间的关系;如果付庄-西河断裂是唐山地震震源构造的地表破裂,需要解释该西倾的倾滑断裂带与唐山市内走滑地裂缝带的成因联系。此外,还需要更有说服力的证据排除该地表破裂带是次生构造破裂的可能。建议对控制草泊第四纪凹陷的活动断裂开展调查     

RELOCATION OF THE HUTUBI MS6.2 EARTHQUAKE SEQUENCE ON 8 DECEMBER 2016 AND ANALYSIS OF THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE

Based on the digital waveforms of Xinjiang Seismic Network, the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake sequence (M_L ≥ 1.0) was relocated precisely by HypoDD.The best double-couple focal mechanisms of the main shock and aftershocks of M_L ≥ 4.0 were determined by the CAP method. We analyzed the characteristics of spatial distribution, focal mechanisms and the seismogenic structure of earthquake sequence. The results show that the main shock is located at 43.775 9°N, 86.363 4°E; the depth of the initial rupture and centriod is about 15.388km and 17km. The earthquake sequence extends unilaterally along NWW direction with an extension length of about 15km and a depth ranging 5~15km. The characteristics of the depth profiles show that the seismogenic fault plane dips northward and the faulting is dominated by thrusting. The nodal planes parameters of the best double-couple focal mechanisms are:strike 292°, dip 62° and rake 80° for nodal plane I, and strike 132°, dip 30° and rake 108° for nodal plane Ⅱ, indicating that the main shock is of thrust faulting. The dip of nodal planeⅠis consistent with the dip of the depth profile, which is inferred to be the fault plane of seismogenic fault of this earthquake. According to the comprehensive analysis of the relocation results, the focal mechanism and geological structure in the source region, it is preliminarily inferred that the seismogenic structure of the Hutubi M_S6.2 earthquake may be a backthrust on the deeper concealed thrust slope at the south of Qigu anticline. The earthquake is a "folding" earthquake taking place under the stress field of Tianshan expanding towards the Junggar Basin.     

云南鲁甸M_S6.5地震余震重定位及其发震构造

整合了鲁甸震区周边的云南省地震台网、昭通市地震台网、巧家台阵,以及流动台站2个月的震相观测数据,对鲁甸地震序列进行了重新定位,得到了1 750个地震的震源参数。重定位结果显示,余震有2个优势分布方向,分别为SE向和SW向,具有不对称的共轭分布特征。2个余震条带的展布长度相当,约为16km,夹角约100°。余震分布显示鲁甸地震的发震断层为高倾角的走滑断层。主震位于2个余震条带中间略偏西南的位置,早期余震主要沿NW-SE向垂直于昭通-鲁甸断裂分布,主震西南侧的余震可能为后期触发的。根据余震分布与周边断层的关系、主震震源机制、烈度分布的长轴方位,以及滑坡分布等资料,认为鲁甸地震的发震断层为NW向的包谷垴-小河断裂。包谷垴-小河断裂南北两侧无论是在地震活动、深部速度结构,还是块体运动方向和速率方面都存在显著差异,断裂北侧的高速异常可能是阻止余震向北继续扩展的主要原因。     

DISCUSSION ON THE SEISMOGENIC STRUCTURE OF THE 2016 MENYUAN M6.4 EARTHQUAKE IN MENYUAN,QINGHAI

On January 21, 2016, a M6.4 earthquake occurred in Menyuan county, Qinghai Province. Its epicenter is located in the Qilian-Hexi Zoulang tectonic zone, which records several moderate-large historical earthquakes. Previous studies on this event are based on geology, remote sensing data and focal mechanism solutions, lacking analysis on its seismogenic structure. In order to study seismogenic fault plane and seismoteconic style of the earthquake, this work uses data of seismic intensity, aftershocks, and geology to address this issue. Furthermore, we calculate Coulomb stress changes imposed by the 1927 Gulang M8 and 1986 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake on the fault plane of the 2016 Menyuan M6.4 earthquake. The results indicate the early two events have posed distinct impacts on two nodal planes:loading or triggering on nodal plane Ⅰ, and unloading or delay on Ⅱ. In some cases such triggering stress is approaching or up to the threshold value of 0.01 MPa. Combining isoseismals, aftershock distribution, geological structure and different Coulomb stress changes aforementioned, the nodal plane Ⅱ of the source model is considered the seismogenic feature. In conjunction with geophysical data, we establish the seismogenic model of the Menyuan earthquake, which is a positive flower structure in a profile, gentle in the upper and steep in the lower, characterized by thrusting in a strike slipping fault system. This is a possible model for thrusting earthquakes generated by strike-slip faults in a compressional tectonic regime.