Grinding surface roughness measurement based on the co-occurrence matrix of speckle pattern texture

Surface speckle pattern intensity distribution resulting from laser light scattering from a rough surface contains various information about the surface geometrical and physical properties. A surface roughness measurement technique based on the texture analysis of surface speckle pattern texture images is put forward. In the surface roughness measurement technique, the speckle pattern texture images are taken by a simple setup configuration consisting of a laser and a CCD camera. Our experimental results show that the surface roughness contained in the surface speckle pattern texture images has a good monotonic relationship with their energy feature of the gray-level co-occurrence matrices. After the measurement system is calibrated by a standard surface roughness specimen, the surface roughness of the object surface composed of the same material and machined by the same method as the standard specimen surface can be evaluated from a single speckle pattern texture image. The robustness of the characterization of speckle pattern texture for surface roughness is also discussed. Thus the surface roughness measurement technique can be used for an in-process surface measurement.     

Surface characterization from doubly scattered light

When a translucent diffuser is illuminated by a speckle pattern, a new speckle pattern is produced. We show that the decorrelation of this intensity pattern by displacement of the diffusing surface is related to the standard deviation of the slope's distribution when the illuminating speckle grain is chosen appropriately small. The experimental results are compared with those obtained by measuring the angular distribution of the mean scattered intensity, and they show good agreement with each other.     

Glossiness distribution over the surface of stoneware floor tiles due to the polishing process

The industrial process for polishing floor tiles requires several polishing stages in order to produce the desirable glossiness. Works on floor tile polishing with focus on the distribution of glossiness still lack in literature. The present work intends to measure and analyze the distribution of glossiness over the surface of porcelain stoneware tiles polished using forward speed of 7.5 cm s⁻¹ and lateral oscillation frequency and amplitude of 0.2 s⁻¹ and 12 cm. The glossiness pattern generated by the polishing process over the surface of six tiles were presented in grey-scale graphics, where each pixel was univocally associated with a portion of the tile surface. Correlations between the glossiness pattern found and the polishing kinematics were developed. Significant differences of glossiness were registered either between tiles polished under the same polishing condition, or within the surface of the same tile, between adjacent regions. The use of lateral oscillation motion caused the glossiness pattern over the tile surface to follow a waveform pattern, and two corroborative hypotheses were made in order to explain such fact, considering the light-surface interaction as well as the overlapping of trajectories of adjacent polishing heads.     

Rear-Surface Laser Damage on 355-nm Silica Optics Owing to Fresnel Diffraction on Front-Surface Contamination Particles

Light intensity modulations caused by opaque obstacles (e.g., dust) on silica lenses in high-power lasers often enhance the potential for laser-induced damage. To study this effect, particles (10-250 mum) with various shapes were sputter deposited on the input surface and irradiated with a 3-ns laser beam at 355 nm. Although a clean silica surface damages at fluences above 15 J/cm(2), a surface contaminated with particles can damage below 11.5 J/cm(2). A pattern that conforms to the shape of the input surface particle is printed on the output surface. Repetitive illumination resulted in catastrophic drilling of the optic. The damage pattern correlated with an interference image of the particle before irradiation. The image shows that the incident beam undergoes phase (and amplitude) modulations after it passes around the particle. We modeled the experiments by calculating the light intensity distribution behind an obscuration by use of Fresnel diffraction theory. The comparison between calculated light intensity distribution and the output surface damage pattern showed good agreement. The model was then used to predict the increased damage vulnerability that results from intensity modulations as a function of particle size, shape, and lens thickness. The predictions provide the basis for optics cleanliness specifications on the National Ignition Facility to reduce the likelihood of optical damage.     

Plasmonic whispering gallery cavities as optical nanoantennas

We study the resonant modes of surface plasmon whispering gallery cavities based on a circular groove in a Au surface. We use spatially, angle-, and polarization-resolved cathodoluminescence spectroscopy to measure the resonant plasmonic local field distribution at deep-subwavelength resolution and determine the far-field radiation distribution for each plasmonic mode. We show mode-selective excitation of the plasmonic modes and resolve the modal angular radiation pattern. The results show that plasmonic whispering gallery resonators can be used as versatile antennas both in receiving and transmitting mode.     

电解转印表面织构的定域性研究

研究表明,摩擦副表面织构可以有效地改善表面摩擦学性能.电解转印工艺是加工摩擦副表面织构的有效途径.以加工阵列微坑为例.从电解转印的定域性角度出发,提出了以微坑腐蚀系数作为电解转印定域性的评价指标.根据电场理论,建立了电解转印过程阴阳极间电场理论模型,采用有限元电场分析方法探讨阴阳极间距对电解转印过程中阳极表面电场分布的影响.构建电解转印表面织构试验平台,通过试验研究考察了阴阳极间距和电解加工电压对微坑形貌和腐蚀系数的影响.试验结果表明,阴阳极间距由20岬增加到100 μm时,微坑直径由55μm增加到130 μm,微坑腐蚀系数由3减小到0.012 5,电解转印的定域性降低.加工电压对电解转印定域性有一定的影响,当其他参数不变,加工电压增加到20 V时,微坑腐蚀系数略有下降,微坑轮廓较为清晰.     

Lateral patterning of multilayer InAs/GaAs(001) quantum dot structures by in vacuo focused ion beam

We report on the effects of patterning and layering on multilayer InAs/GaAs(001) quantum dot structures laterally ordered using an in vacuo focused ion beam. The patterned hole size and lateral pattern spacing affected the quantum dot size and the fidelity of the quantum dots with respect to the lateral patterns. 100% pattern fidelity was retained after six layers of dots for a 9.0 ms focused ion beam dwell time and 2.0 μm lateral pattern spacing. Analysis of the change in quantum dot size as a function of pattern spacing provided a means of estimating the maximum average adatom surface diffusion length to be approximately 500 nm, and demonstrated the ability to alter the wetting layer thickness via pattern spacing. Increasing the number of layers from six to 26 resulted in mound formation, which destroyed the pattern fidelity at close pattern spacings and led to a bimodal quantum dot size distribution as measured by atomic force microscopy. The bimodal size distribution also affected the optical properties of the dots, causing a split quantum dot photoluminescence peak where the separation between the split peaks increased with increasing pattern spacing.     

Role of Surface RGD Patterns on Protein Nanocages in Tumor Targeting Revealed Using Precise Discrete Models

The effectiveness of active targeting in cancer nanomedicine is becoming increasingly more debatable. Here, the role of the ligand functionalization patterns (number and distribution) on nanoparticle surfaces in tumor targeting is investigated using a 9 nm sized miniferritin protein nanocage, Dps modified with Arg‐Gly‐Asp (RGD) ligands whose functionalization patterns are precisely controlled. In vitro and in vivo experiments show that RGD modification endows Dps with tumor targeting capacity no matter what the surface pattern is. The tumor targeting of 2‐ligand Dps, which is better than that of 1‐ligand Dps, rivals or surpasses that of the 12‐ or 24‐ligand Dps. The 12‐ligand Dps with clustered RGD distribution shows 2.3 times the in vivo targeting efficiency of that with even distribution. The surface ligand pattern effects are correlated at least to receptor clustering and opsonization. This study provides insights into the understanding of the controversial findings on active tumor targeting in the literature and highlights the necessity of precise functionalization to achieve optimal active targeting in developing cancer nanomedicine.     

Two-dimensional self-organization of gold nanoparticles on supramolecular aggregates

Alkanethiol-capped gold (Au) nanoparticles, dispersed in toluene and spin-coated on atactic polystyrene films that are themselves spin-coated on fused quartz plates, self-assemble into a characteristic two-dimensional pattern-a network of the Au-thiol nano-composite separating polystyrene 'islands' of dimensions around 200 nm. This pattern changes on varying the concentration of the nanoparticles in the coating solution, evolving into the network from isolated nanoparticle clusters, and then going over to a distribution of 'pinholes' on a surface covered by the nano-composite, resembling a partially wetted surface with near-full coverage. Study of the pristine polystyrene surface reveals a pattern of low-cohesion regions separating 'islands' of polystyrene, where the latter are known to be supramolecular aggregates. It is suggested that these regions play the role of low-resistance channels to the flow of the nano-composite during spin coating.     

Numerical simulation of periodic cracking mechanism in microscopic surface films during roll bonding processes

The microscopic surface films existing on the top of metallic layers play an important role in the process of joining by plastic deformation. The bond formation during cold welding processes is basically associated with the fracturing of surface films to produce intimate metallic contacts. The present paper aims at providing a numerical model to describe the cracking pattern of brittle surface films bonded to the ductile substrates. A microscale finite element model is developed which takes into account the fracturing mechanisms of thin surface films in roll bonding processes. The presented model is calibrated by using the existing experimental data for an aluminum alloy covered by a thin layer of oxide film. The model is also validated against a well‐known analytical model for periodic cracking. The distribution of stresses within the fractured surface film demonstrates that the generated cracks in the surface film have essentially a periodic pattern. Moreover, it is shown that the crack spacing is highly dependent on the properties of the surface film. Finally, the obtained results for the roll bonding show that a crack density saturation takes place at the entry of the roll bite where a small surface expansion is applied to the rolled samples.     

消失模铸造镁合金表面陶瓷化研究

利用消失模铸造工艺,以PbO-ZnO系低温玻璃粉作为主要的陶瓷化材料,进行了镁合金表面陶瓷化研究。利用SEM、XRD、线能谱分析和极化曲线等手段研究了镁合金表面陶瓷涂层的组织结构、相组成和元素的分布,测试了陶瓷层的耐腐蚀性能。结果表明,在基体的表面形成厚度为40～80μm左右的陶瓷涂层,涂层的主要成分有低温玻璃粉组成,并且成分组成由表层到基体变化明显,与基体之间形成了良好的结合界面。通过电化学性能测试表明,表面陶瓷层的腐蚀电位大幅度的提高,腐蚀电流密度降低,经过表面陶瓷化的镁合金耐腐蚀性能得到了提高。     

AFM imaging and analysis of local mechanical properties for detection of surface pattern of functional groups

In this work we evaluate the applicability of different atomic force microscopy (AFM) modes, such as Phase Shift Imaging, Atomic Force Acoustic Microscopy (AFAM) and Force Spectroscopy, for mapping of the distribution pattern of low-molecular-weight biomimetic groups on polymer biomaterial surfaces. Patterns with either random or clustered spatial distribution of bioactive peptide group derived from fibronectin were prepared by surface deposition of functional block copolymer nano-colloids and grafted with RGDS peptide containing the sequence of amino acids arginine–glycine–aspartic acid–serine (conventionally labeled as RGDS) and carrying biotin as a tag. The biotin-tagged peptides were labeled with 40 nm streptavidin-modified Au nanospheres. The peptide molecules were localized through the detection of bound Au nanospheres by AFM, and thus, the surface distribution of peptides was revealed. AFM techniques capable of monitoring local mechanical properties of the surface were proved to be the most efficient for identification of Au nano-markers. The efficiency was successfully demonstrated on two different patterns, i.e. random and clustered distribution of RGDS peptides on structured surface of the polymer biomaterial.     

Direct bonding of silicon carbide wafers with a regular relief at the interface

The direct bonding of two oxide-free 6H-SiC(0001) silicon carbide single crystal wafers, one smooth and another bearing an artificial microscopic relief, has been studied. According to the X-ray topography data, the bonded surface fraction reaches 85% of the total area. The pattern of stress distribution at the interface is aperiodic, which is indicative of an inhomogeneous microroughness of the surface of bonded wafers.     

Video-rate fringe analyzer based on phase-shifting electronic moiré patterns

We have developed a fringe analyzer that delivers the phase distribution at a video rate from a fringe pattern containing a spatial carrier. It is based on parallel generations of three phase-shifted moiré patterns through electronic multiplication with computer-generated reference gratings and low-pass filtering. The phase distribution is derived by the subsequent parallel processing of these patterns on the basis of a three-step phase-shifting algorithm. By modification of the bias phase distribution of the reference gratings, several functions, such as correction of an initial wave-front error, are realized in real time. The usefulness of this analyzer is demonstrated experimentally for phase measurements by grating-projection surface topography and interferometry.     

基于亚波长光学谐振腔的纳米聚焦器件

提出了一种基于亚波长金属光学谐振腔的纳米聚焦器件.通过利用亚波长金属结构激发表面等离子体波在谐振腔中发生干涉,形成驻波条纹,并被耦合进相邻的锥形微尖结构中,从而在锥形尖端进行聚焦,焦斑的尺寸达100nm.研究表明:通过改变亚波长光学谐振腔的长度,可以对聚焦能量进行连续调制.利用电磁仿真软件FDTD进行了针对性仿真,描绘出该器件的强度分布图,揭示出其内在工作机理,并总结出能量聚焦的规律.     

蒸发源位于半球面正下方膜厚分布理论研究

对蒸发源位于非平面基底一半球面正下方时膜厚均匀性进行了理论研究。通过建立无量纲模型计算了此种几何配置下,半球表面在两种常见理想蒸发源下各位置的膜厚公式以及膜厚分布方程。选择基底与蒸发源问较大的距离,可获得更大的可镀膜区域,同时该距离对基底上镀制的膜层厚度分布影响也较大。最后对实用蒸发源的发射系数,对该几何配置下半球面膜厚分布影响进行了理论研究。     

Some Effects of Temporal Coherence on the First Order Statistics of Speckle

Moments and the first order probability density function of the intensity in a speckle pattern are considered as a function of the spectral bandwidth of the incident light. It is shown that the standard deviation of the intensity generally depends on the surface roughness of the diffuser, and on the position of measurement in the far field. Numerical results are given for a diffuser with a Gaussian distribution of surface height limited by a circular aperture. Exact and approximate forms of the probability density function are discussed. The analysis applies when the fluctuations in optical path are greater than the maximum wavelength incident.     

Aerothermodynamic Characteristics of an Associated Body under Conditions of Supersonic Flow

An experimental investigation is performed of the distribution of heat flux and pressure over the surface of an associated body located at different distances in the supersonic wake of another body. The results are given of an analysis of the effect of the connection of a pair of bodies on the pattern of flow and distribution of the above-identified parameters under conditions of symmetric and asymmetric flow. An increase in the perforation of an associated concave body to 5.3% causes an increase in the heat flux on its inner surface for both schemes of flow between models both in the presence of a unified separation zone and in the presence of a pressure shock before the rear body. The results of this study enable one to estimate the aerothermodynamic characteristics of deceleration units using experimental or prediction data for associated bodies [1].     

Fabrication method of high-quality Ge nanocrystals on patterned Si substrates by local melting point control

The local melting point of a Ge thin film can be controlled by a hole-array pattern on the host Si substrate due to the variations in the stress distribution and the surface morphology induced by the pattern. A simple annealing process is developed from this effect to produce Ge NCs with a single-domain-crystal size over 20 nm, confirmed by transmission electron microscopy and Raman spectroscopy, from an electron-gun-evaporated Ge thin film on the patterned Si substrate. The effect of the dimensions of the hole array is also investigated. Photoluminescence observed around 1157?nm from some of the samples shows the possibility of improving the infrared emission capability by this proposed method.     

Bilayer self-assembly on a hydrophilic, deterministically nanopatterned surface

We present measurements of the in situ, microscopic architecture of a self- assembled bilayer at the interface between a regularly nanopatterned surface and an aqueous sub-phase using neutron reflectometry. The substrate is patterned with a rectangular array of nanoscale holes. Because of the high quality of the pattern, using neutron reflectometry, we are able to map the surface-normal density distribution of the patterned silicon, the penetration of water into the pattern, and the distribution of a deposited film inside and outside of the etched holes. In this stud; 1,2-dilauroyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine （DLPC） single bilayers were deposited on the hydrophilic patterned surface. For bilayers deposited either by vesicle fusion （VF） or by the Langmuir-Schaefer （L-S） technique, the most consistent model found to fit the data shows that the lipids form bilayer coatings on top of the substrate as well as the bottoms of the holes in an essentially conformal fashion. However, while there is a single bilayer on the unetched silicon surface, the lipids coating the bottoms of the holes form a complex bimodal structure consistent with a rough surface produced by the etching process. This study provides insight into film transfer both outside and inside regular nanopatterned features.