当代丝绸手绘产品的工艺与市场

当代丝绸手绘产品是在特定的社会环境和工艺条件下产生和发展的.丝绸手绘在恢复、传承和创新的过程中,形成了一系列有别于传统丝绸绘画的新工艺与新技术,丰富了丝绸手绘的表现语言,优化了作为产品的丝绸画的特性,扩大了丝绸产品的品种和使用空间.但当代的丝绸手绘产品因缺乏创新而存在趋同化和层次不足等问题,为此,在分析总结手绘产品的工艺与生产现状的基础上,以发展的眼光指出了其工艺和市场方面有待重视和解决的问题,并提出了一些建议.     

丝绸手绘的历史与传统

手绘是我国历史最悠久、传承最古老的一种丝绸装饰工艺,与传统绢本绘画同出一源.两者在材料、工艺与技法上有颇多类似之处.从各地出土的历代丝绸实物看,虽然手绘织物数量不多,但几千年来绵绵不绝,直至1 8世纪,手绘工艺仍在外销丝绸上发挥着重要作用.文章从历史文化的角度,对我国古代丝绸手绘的记载与考古文物作了梳理,阐述了其发展脉络.     

丝绸手绘壁纸在内檐墙面装饰中的应用

通过对丝绸手绘壁纸的渊源和特点、当代丝绸手绘壁纸的应用及装饰类型的研究,以及丝绸手绘壁纸的原料选择和绘制工艺流程的分析,了解这种工笔画般的手绘壁纸。丝绸手绘壁纸纯手工的加工工艺,可以满足大尺度的单独纹样表现和多色晕染,可以根据实际的空间要求任意改变纹样的尺寸和形式,呈现出独特的装饰效果和个性化品位;同时,它还有良好的可揭除性、更换性。丝绸手绘壁纸是传统绘画和内檐装饰材料的完美结合,纯手工的绘制工艺更是高品质生活的体现,为丝绸手绘壁纸传承和复兴提供了有利的参考。     

丝绸手绘的创新设计思考

织物手绘起源于中国,是历史悠久、传承古老的织物装饰工艺。通过分析丝绸手绘的工艺特点和在现阶段设计上存在的问题,提出要改善现阶段丝绸手绘设计面貌和市场接受度,需要在题材、表现手法和后续设计方面进行创新,同时还需要拓展丝绸手绘制品的应用范围。     

肌理在丝绸手绘中的艺术表现

以丝绸手绘肌理为研究对象,通过对肌理本体特性的研究和丝绸手绘技法的总结,将丝绸手绘的肌理艺术表现方法分为直接手绘、防染手绘、印绘结合、助剂染绘多种绘法综合运用等。结合相关的实例,对肌理应用于丝绸手绘的艺术表现手法进行探索,拓宽了丝绸手绘的设计空间。对丝绸手绘肌理的研究与探讨,不仅可以增加丝绸手绘的艺术魅力,给丝绸产品的创新提供了一些新思路。     

丝绸与现代礼服设计的碰撞、兼容和升华

通过对大量设计案例的分析,阐述了丝绸在现代礼服设计中的应用与表现.重点分析了丝绸刺绣工艺在现代礼服设计中的装饰方法,丝绸形成的蝴蝶结、荷叶边、褶皱等立体造型在现代礼服设计中的造型表现,以及丝绸手绘艺术在现代礼服设计中的应用.并以印第安图腾纹样为素材,选择手绘方式进行了丝绸礼服的设计实践.     

丝绸手工染绘在工艺及设计上的几点新探索

当代丝绸手绘产品是在特定的社会环境和工艺条件下产生和发展的。本文分析丝绸手绘在现阶段的工艺特点和设计表现上的一些问题,建议在创作题材、表现技法和产品设计方面进行创新,使丝绸手绘艺术更好地表现自身的艺术语言,优化自身的独特魅力,拓宽产品的种类和使用空间。     

画花与现代丝绸手绘

本文将中国古代画花技艺与现代手绘技法进行了比较分析，认为丝绸手绘技术应在现代工艺和传统技艺两方面深化挖掘，并提出一些具体拓展工艺。     

画花与现代丝绸手绘

本文将中国古代画花技艺与现代手绘技法进行了比较分析，认为丝绸手绘技术应在现代工艺和传统技艺两方面深化挖掘，并提出一些具体拓展工艺。     

丝绸手绘技法

手绘丝绸工艺简单,经济价值高,产品风格特殊。作为一项新兴的丝绸产品,正在日益引起人们的注意。以下是作者在手绘实践中的点滴体会,提供同行探讨和指正。手绘产品取材广泛,一般以山水、花鸟为主,人物、动物亦可采用;凡是中国画能用的题材,都可用于手绘丝绸。可以画装饰性较强的纹样,或配合画带装饰性的纹样;必要时还     

Changes in smoking prevalence in Ukraine in 2001-5

Objectives

To analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine from three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes, in order to estimate the stage of tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.

Design

Repeated national interview surveys in Ukraine in 2001, 2002 and 2005.

Main outcome measure

Prevalence of current smoking among the population aged ⩾15 years.

Results

The age‐standardised prevalence of current smoking in Ukrainian men was 54.8% in 2001 and 66.8% in 2005. Among Ukrainian women, prevalence increased from 11.5% in 2001 to 20.0% in 2005. ORs for yearly increase in prevalence were estimated as 1.164 (95% CI 1.111 to 1.220) for men and 1.187 (1.124 to 1.253) for women, which implies that, on average, 3–4% of men and 1.5–2% of women living in Ukraine join the smoking population each year.

Conclusions

In Ukraine, smoking prevalence is increasing in most population groups. Among men, the medium deprivation group with secondary education has the highest smoking prevalence. Among women, while the most educated, young and those living in larger cities are the leading group for tobacco use, other groups are also increasing their tobacco use. Tobacco promotion efforts appear to have been significantly more effective in Ukraine than smoking control efforts. The decrease in real cigarette prices in Ukraine in 2001–5 could be the main factor explaining the recent growth in smoking prevalence.Ukraine is a large eastern European country with high smoking prevalence. Tobacco products are widely available at very low prices, and the transnational tobacco industry is extremely successful in promoting its products and lobbying for its interests in the legislative field. Advocacy of tobacco control has only recently achieved some success in the legislative field, with the first tobacco control law being adopted in late 2005. Ukraine ratified the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control in 2006, but there is still much cause for concern regarding the enforcement and effectiveness of the adopted legislative measures. Unfortunately, the government is not yet involved in nationwide surveillance of the tobacco problem, and the available data have mostly been gathered with funding from foreign donors. Several attempts have been made to measure the extent of the tobacco epidemic in the countries of the former Soviet Union (FSU).^{1,2,3,4,5,6,7} Most of these studies have shown rather high smoking prevalence among men (50–70%) and comparatively low prevalence among women (5–20%). Most countries in the FSU have similar smoking rates, while certain trends are shown to be related to the differences in how the transnational tobacco industry succeeds in every national tobacco market.⁶ Unfortunately, few studies have been published showing trends in smoking prevalence in the FSU.⁷ In Ukraine, two studies^3,4 provided point estimates of smoking prevalence.The aim of this study was to analyse trends in smoking prevalence in Ukraine, on the basis of three surveys conducted in 2001–5, and to explore correlates of observed changes in order to estimate the stage of the tobacco epidemic in Ukraine.     

2010年河南省部分食品中重金属污染状况分析

了解河南省部分食品中重金属污染的现状。方法 在河南省18个省辖市采集8大类3 657份食品样品,按照国家标准检测食品中铅、镉和汞的含量,检测结果按照GB 2762—2012《食品安全国家标准食品中污染物限量》进行评价。结果 河南省部分食品中铅含量的平均值为0.34 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.8%(320/3 656),其中粮食、肉类和蔬菜中超标率较高,分别为17.2%(95/552)、14.5%(85/587)和10.7%(57/534);部分食品中镉含量的平均值为0.054 mg/kg,总体超标率为3.9%(143/3 657),其中食用菌和蛋类中超标率较高,分别为9.6%(49/508)和8.1%(42/518);部分食品中汞含量的平均值为0.077 mg/kg,总体超标率为8.3%(303/3 657),其中蔬菜和粮食中超标率较高,分别为25.3%(135/534)和12.3%(68/551)。结论 河南省部分食品中铅、汞污染情况较为严重,其中粮食、蔬菜和肉类食品中污染情况尤为突出,需要加强监管。     

Moulds and mycotoxins in sorghum stored in traditional containers in India

Various traditional containers have been used in India for storage of sorghum grains. Sorghum is susceptible to fungal infestation and toxin elaboration. The present study relates to the mould and mycotoxin contamination (aflatoxin B₁ and T-2 toxin) in stored sorghum in different storage containers viz. “Kotlu” (Storage rooms), earthenware pots, gunny bags and reed baskets. Aspergillus sp. and Fusarium sp. were the prominent genera and the “Kotlu” form of storage was most susceptible to fungal attack. Storage treatment had little effect on fungal contamination, but despite the fungal infestation, the mycotoxin contamination was found to be very low.     

中国固态发酵白酒中功能细菌研究进展

细菌是白酒酿造3大类微生物之一,其在白酒生产中有着重要的作用,如:芽孢杆菌、乳酸菌、放线菌和梭菌等,它们能产生酯类、有机酸、吡嗪、萜烯等微量成分,从而影响白酒的风味与品质。基于细菌在白酒中的重要功能以及微生物分离培养技术和分析检测技术的进步,近年来相关研究越来越深入。该文综述了近年来白酒功能细菌的研究进展,介绍了酿酒各个环节中主要功能细菌及其在白酒中的作用,旨在为白酒功能细菌的研究提供参考。     

2010年山西省食品中食源性致病菌监测分析

目的 了解山西省食源性致病菌的污染现状.方法 按照2010年度《全国食源性致病菌监测工作手册》进行.结果 1 576份样品中共检出阳性菌株149株,检出率为9.45％,其中单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性弧菌污染比较严重,总检出率为9.50％和8.22％,金黄色葡萄球菌、阪崎肠杆菌和沙门氏菌的总检出率分别为3.02％、1.11％和0.87％.不同类别食品中致病菌的检出率差异较大,生肉中致病菌的检出率高居榜首为49.33％,主要污染菌为沙门氏菌、单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌;沙拉中致病菌的检出率为17.39％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌;生食水产品中致病菌的检出率为16.94％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、副溶血性孤菌;熟肉制品中致病菌的检出率为9.84％,主要污染菌为单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌;中式凉拌菜中致病菌的检出率为8.89％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜榨果汁中致病菌的检出率为6.67％,主要污染菌为金黄色葡萄球菌;鲜冻水产品中致病菌的检出率为5.00％,主要污染菌为副溶血性弧菌;婴幼儿配方粉/米粉/谷粉/豆奶粉中阪崎杆菌的检出率为1.11％.结论 山西省多种食品均存在食源性致病菌不同程度的污染,应加大对散装食品、即食食品和生食水产品的监管.