Al-Cu-Mn合金铸锭均匀化工艺及组织性能分析

采用光学金相显微镜、扫描电子显微镜及能谱分析、电导率等检测手段,对铸态和均匀化态的2219合金微观组织、第二相分布及电导率进行研究分析。结果表明,2219合金铸态组织存在着枝晶偏析,在晶界上聚集大量的Al₂Cu相,并有长条状的脆性相Al₇Cu₂（Fe、Mn）穿插在晶界上。经525 ℃均匀化处理22 h后,晶界上Al₂Cu相回溶到基体中,枝晶网络被破坏,枝晶偏析消除,Cu元素从晶界到晶内的分布趋于平稳;处于亚稳态的溶质原子从过饱和固溶体中析出,在晶内呈细小、弥散地分布,基体溶质原子固溶度降低,电子散射作用减弱,电导率提高10 %IACS。     

Cu-Fe-P-Zn合金铸态及均匀化组织

采用大气熔炼的方法制备3种成分的Cu-Fe-P-Zn合金,并利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜和能谱分析等测试手段对合金的铸态组织及成分偏析进行了研究.结果表明:Cu-2.3Fe-0.03P-0.12Zn合金合适的均匀化处理制度为960℃保温6h.Cu-2.3Fe-(0.4～0.6)P-0.12Zn合金的铸态组织除存在明显的枝晶外,还有大量未溶解的富Fe和P的Fe2P和Fe3P相,最大粒径可达15μm.随着P含量的增加,未溶相也逐渐增多.经过960℃均匀化退火处理后,各合金的枝晶组织可基本消除,但Cu-2.3Fe-(0.4～0.6)P-0.12Zn合金的未溶相熔点高,很难通过均匀化退火来消除.模拟得到铜铁合金的均匀化动力学计算公式为:1/T=3.835×10-5 ln(1.2×10-3 t/L2).     

快速凝固Al-Mn-Cu合金中准晶相的研究

采用X射线衍射、透射电镜(TEM)和差热分析(DTA)等手段在快速凝固A_(66)Mn_(14)Cu_(20)合金中发现一个二十面体相。这个相的选区电子衍射花样显示出准晶体结构的五次对称性。X射线能谱分析结果表明它是一个成分为Al_(11)Mn_3Cu_6的三元相。差热分析结果反映出这个准晶相有很高的热稳定性。以20K/min的速度加热时,这个相的晶化峰值温度为818K,其转变激活能约为405.7kJ/mol。     

5083铝合金铸锭均匀化退火的组织与性能

摘要：为研究5083铝合金均匀化退火后的组织及力学性能,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、万能力学实验机,分析了5083铝合金铸锭不同均匀化退火工艺后组织演变与力学性能变化。结果表明：随均匀化退火温度的提高,铸锭枝晶卢相大部分溶解,剩余卢相有球化的趋势。常温力学性能测试表明,均匀化退火后,拉伸强度明显提高,延伸率下降,显示脆性断裂;高温瞬时拉伸表明,均匀化退火降低了铸锭的拉伸强度,显示解理断裂。     

Nd-Fe-B包晶合金的定向凝固组织及相选择

对Nd11.76Fe82.36B5.88包晶成分和Nd13.5Fe79.75B6.75过包晶成分合金进行了高梯度定向凝固和激光快速定向凝固实验,研究了Nd-Fe-B合金组织形成及相选择与凝固参量(温度梯度G,生长速度V,合金成分C0)之间的对应关系.针对包晶相为无固溶度的化学计量比结构的Nd-Fe-B合金体系,讨论计算了合金定向凝固过程γ-Fe及包晶T1相的界面温度随生长速率的变化,获得了Nd-Fe-B合金定向凝固相/组织选择图,确定了合金凝固中各相及生长形态转化的条件.Bridgman定向凝固实验中,随着抽拉速率的增加,T1相由平面/小平面向枝晶形貌转变;Nd13.5Fe79.75B6.75合金的激光实验中,凝固速率由4.4~5.0mm/s时,领先析出的组织由γ-Fe枝晶转变为T1相枝晶.实验结果与理论计算给出的相/组织选择图吻合较好.     

Nd-Fe-B 包晶合金的定向凝固组织及相选择

对 Nd11.76Fe82.3B5.88包晶成分和 Nd13.5Fe79.75B6.75过包晶成分合金进行了高梯度定向凝固和激光快速定向凝固实验,研究了 Nd-Fe-B 合金组织形成及相选择与凝固参量(温度梯度 G,生长速度 V,合金成分 C0)之间的对应关系.针对包晶相为无固溶度的化学计量比结构的 Nd-Fe-B 合金体系,讨论计算了合金定向凝固过程γ-Fe及包晶T1相的界面温度随生长速率的变化,获得了 Nd-Fe-B 合金定向凝固相/组织选择图,确定了合金凝固中各相及生长形态转化的条件.Bridgman定向凝固实验中,随着抽拉速率的增加,T1相由平面/小平面向枝晶形貌转变;Nd13.5Fe79.75B6 75合金的激光实验中,凝固速率由4.4～5.0 mm/s时,领先析出的组织由γ-Fe 枝晶转变为 T1 相枝晶.实验结果与理论计算给出的相/组织选择图吻合较好.     

高温均匀化对Nb-Ti-Si-Cr基超高温合金组织和成分分布的影响

研究了不同均匀化温度对Nb-Ti-Si-Cr基超高温合金组织和元素分布的影响;结果发现随着高温均匀化处理温度的升高,硅化物的组织形貌由共晶首先转变为细长条状,随后长大为长条状,Laves相Cr_2Nb的形貌由针状转变为粗大的不规则形貌,最后溶解。随着高温均匀化温度的升高,Ti在初生相Nbss中的含量呈现升高的趋势,而Cr在初生相Nbss中的含量呈现先升高后降低的趋势。     

定向凝固包晶合金相和微观组织选择研究进展

综述了定向凝固包晶合金相和微观组织选择的理论模型和实验研究进展,分析相和微观组织的选择规律,同时讨论了对流对凝固微观组织的影响。依据国内外对包晶合金凝固的研究现状,提出进一步研究的方向。     

镍基耐蚀合金扩散均匀化处理及组织性能演变

基于三维扩散理论,对所研制的Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu铸态合金的均匀化、固溶处理工艺的有效性,以及对其显微组织、力学性能和耐蚀性能的演变进行了试验研究.研究结果表明:手工电弧炉熔炼、真空感应炉熔炼和真空自耗电极炉熔炼得到比较粗大的铸态组织(分别为约20μm的胞状结构、间距80~100μm的粗大树枝晶和60~80μm的方向性树枝晶),经1 140~1 170℃,2.5 h的处理后,其胞状或枝晶组织消失、偏析组织达到均匀化.与铸态合金相比,固溶状态合金在4种典型介质中的耐蚀性都获得提高(15%~25%以上),硬度、强度提高近30%;在盐酸、混合酸和FeCl3溶液中Ni-Cr-Mo-Cu合金的耐蚀性比1Cr18Ni9Ti奥氏体不锈钢提高1~3个数量级.通过扩散方程傅里叶级数解的分析,导得适合该耐蚀合金固溶处理时间的半经验公式.     

3003铝合金铸锭均匀化退火工艺及力学性能

为了节能减排,利用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、万能力学试验机等手段,研究分析了3003铝合金不同均匀化退火工艺后的组织演变及力学性能变化。结果表明:随均匀化退火温度的升高,对应的最佳工艺时间减少;620℃下退火5 h时的组织与610℃下退火7 h时基本相同,晶界处无偏析第二相粒子且晶内弥散分布第二相粒子;常温及高温瞬时拉伸时,620℃退火5 h的合金拉伸强度、延伸率均高于610℃退火7 h的。该研究通过升高退火温度、减少时间改善了3003合金铸锭均匀化退火工艺,最佳工艺为650℃下保温5 h。     

Microstructural characterization of as-cast and homogenized 2D70 aluminum alloy

The microstructure of the as-cast 2D70 aluminum alloy and its evolution during homogenization were investigated by means of optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) analysis. The results indicate that the microstructure of the as-cast 2D70 aluminum alloy mainly consists of the dendritic network of aluminum solid solution and intermetallic compounds (Al₂CuMg, Al₂Cu, Al₉FeNi, Cu₂FeAl₇, and Al₇Cu₄Ni). After conventional homogenization, Al/Al₂CuMg eutectic phases are dissolved into the matrix, and a small amount of high melting-point eutectic Al/Al₂Cu phases exist in the matrix, resulting in an increase in the starting melting temperature. Under double homogenization, the high melting point Al/Al₂Cu phases are dissolved, and no obvious change is observed for the size and morphology of Al₉FeNi, Cu₂FeAl₇, and Al₇CuaNi compounds.     

Microstructure evolution of laser rapidly solidified Al-Mn alloys

A series of laser surface remelting experiments of Al-1.1, 3.2 and 5.6 wt% Mn alloys has been conducted using a 5 kW CW CO2 laser, and the microstructures of samples have also been investigated. The experimental results show that no apparent eutectic growth appears in the whole growth rate range for Al-3.2 wt% Mn alloy under laser rapid solidification condition, and the microstructure grows in the form of α(Al) cell/dendrite. With the increase of growth rate, the microstructures of Al-5.6wt%Mn alloy change from Al6Mn dendrite to α(Al) +Al6Mn eutectic, α(Al) cellular/dendrite and segregation-free solid solution. The critical rates of Al-1.1, 3.2 and 5.6 wt% Mn alloys to attain absolute stability are 44.1, 134.6 and 230.1 mm/s respectively, and a reasonable agreement has been found between the experimental results and those calculated according to Mullins-Sekerka's theory.     

Phase stability in high entropy alloys: Formation of solid-solution phase or amorphous phase

The alloy design for equiatomic multi-component alloys was rationalized by statistically analyzing the atomic size difference, mixing enthalpy, mixing entropy, electronegativity, valence electron concentration among constituent elements in solid solutions forming high entropy alloys and amorphous alloys. Solid solution phases form and only form when the requirements of the atomic size difference, mixing enthalpy and mixing entropy are all met. The most significant difference between the solid solution forming high entropy alloys and bulk metallic glasses lies in the atomic size differen ce. These rules provide valuable guidance for the future development of high entropy alloys and bulk metallic glasses.     

高碳马氏体不锈钢8 Cr13 MoV钢铸态组织及碳化物

利用Thermo-Calc软件对8Cr13MoV马氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行计算,利用光学显微镜、扫描电子显微镜和X射线衍射分析仪对铸态组织和碳化物形貌以及类型进行观察与分析,利用Gleeble热模拟试验机测定材料的静态连续冷却转变曲线.结果表明,8Cr13MoV在平衡凝固条件下组织为铁素体和M23 C6型碳化物,而在实际的凝固条件下,组织为铁素体、马氏体、残余奥氏体、M7 C3型和M23 C6型碳化物,由于偏析导致最终组织中碳化物以M7 C3型为主,少量M23 C6以薄片或树枝状分布在晶界上.由于较高的C和Cr含量,以0.1℃·s-1的冷却速率冷却时,奥氏体也会发生马氏体转变.     

Microstructure and magnetostrictive performance of NbC-doped<100>oriented Fe-Ga alloys

The <100> oriented Fe₈₃Ga₁₇ alloy rods with various NbC contents less than 1at% were prepared by the directional solidification method at a growth rate of 720 mm·h-1. Low NbC-content was found to affect the oriented grain growth and slightly improve the <100> orientation. Flat grain boundaries in the alloys with low NbC contents less than 0.2at% became greatly curved at higher NbC contents, and a large amount of Nb-rich precipitates were observed in the alloys with high NbC contents. Small amounts of NbC, less than 0.2at%, resulted in an increase in magnetostrictive strain due to the improvement of the <100> orientation, and a high magnetostrictive strain value of 335×10-6 under a pre-stress of 15 MPa was obtained in the 0.1at% NbC-doped alloys. The magnetostrictive performance obviously decreased with the NbC addition higher than 0.5at%, and the strain sensitivity under no pre-stress was lower than that in the binary Fe-Ga alloy.     

Al-La合金不连续枝晶组织形成机理

在Al-La合金的自由凝固试样中,发现Al-35%La合金组织形貌的特殊性,其先结晶相Al11La3枝晶沿主干方向成分是不连续的. 为验证这种组织存在的真实性,采用定向凝固方法制备了不同冷却速度下的Al-35%La合金试样,结果显示出定向凝固Al-35%La合金中Al11La3枝晶沿主干方向成分是不连续的. 在此基础上,分析了化学成分与凝固速度对Al-La合金组织的影响,并初步探讨了这种不连续枝晶的形成机理.     

Effect of stoichiometry and Cu-substitution on the phase structure and hydrogen storage properties of Ml-Mg-Ni-based alloys

To improve the electrochemical properties of rare-earth-Mg-Ni-based hydrogen storage alloys, the effects of stoichiometry and Cu-substitution on the phase structure and thermodynamic properties of the alloys were studied. Nonsubstituted Ml_0.80Mg_0.20(Ni_2.90Co_0.50-Mn_0.30Al_0.30)_x (x=0.68, 0.70, 0.72, 0.74, 0.76) alloys and Cu-substituted Ml_0.80Mg_0.20(Ni_2.90Co_0.50-y Cu_y Mn_0.30Al_0.30)_0.70 (y=0, 0.10, 0.30, 0.50) alloys were prepared by induction melting. Phase structure analysis shows that the nonsubstituted alloys consist of a LaNi₅ phase, a LaNi₃ phase, and a minor La₂Ni₇ phase; in addition, in the case of Cu-substitution, the Nd₂Ni₇ phase appears and the LaNi₃ phase vanishes. Thermodynamic tests show that the enthalpy change in the dehydriding process decreases, indicating that hydride stability decreases with increasing stoichiometry and increasing Cu content. The maximum discharge capacity, kinetic properties, and cycling stability of the alloy electrodes all increase and then decrease with increasing stoichiometry or increasing Cu content. Furthermore, Cu substitution for Co ameliorates the discharge capacity, kinetics, and cycling stability of the alloy electrodes.     

基于Thermo--Calc的中锰中铝Fe--Mn--Al--C低密度钢类Schaeffler相图绘制与评估

含铝低密度钢由于其较好的综合力学性能和低密度特征引起结构钢领域研究人员的广泛关注。本文利用Thermo-Calc热力学计算软件结合TCFE 7数据库,计算中锰中铝含量Fe-Mn-Al-C钢在不同温度的热力学平衡状态,总结其两相区相比例的变化规律,通过平移和修正等处理方法,绘制针对中锰中铝钢合金成分和相设计的类Schaeffler相图。结合马氏体转变温度的计算讨论对应不同合金成分条件下相种类存在可能,并通过已有材料的相比例和相形貌实验结果分析绘制的类Schaeffler相图的准确性和适用性。绘制的Fe-Mn-Al-C类Schaeffler相图可以直观地提供不同合金成分所对应的相比例、相种类等信息,可用于新型含铝低密度钢的合金设计。     

Solidification microstructure formation in HK40 and HH40 alloys

The microstructure formation processes in HK40 and HH40 alloys were investigated through JmatPro calculations and quenching performed during directional solidification. The phase transition routes of HK40 and HH40 alloys were determined as L → L + γ → L + γ + M₇C₃ → γ + M₇C₃ → γ + M₇C₃ + M₂₃C₆→ γ + M₂₃C₆ and L → L + δ → L + δ + γ→ L + δ + γ + M₂₃C₆ δ + γ + M₂₃C₆, respectively. The solidification mode was determined to be the austenitic mode (A mode) in HK40 alloy and the ferritic–austenitic solidification mode (FA mode) in HH40 alloy. In HK40 alloy, eutectic carbides directly precipitate in a liquid and coarsen during cooling. The primary γ dendrites grow at the 60° angle to each other. On the other hand, in HH40 alloy, residual δ forms because of the incomplete transformation from δ to γ. Cr₂₃C₆ carbide is produced in solid delta ferrite δ but not directly in liquid HH40 alloy. Because of carbide formation in the solid phase and no rapid growth of the dendrite in a non-preferential direction, HH40 alloy is more resistant to cast defect formation than HK40 alloy.