八公山腐乳工业发酵过程中生物胺的变化规律

为探究八公山腐乳在工业发酵过程中生物胺变化,对各发酵阶段的生物胺、游离氨基酸、主要理化指标(氨基态氮、总酸、pH、食盐和水分)以及微生物群落变化进行检测,并分析生物胺与各指标间的相关性。结果表明,腐乳样本中共检测到组胺、腐胺、亚精胺、尸胺和酪胺5种生物胺,发酵过程中总生物胺呈先升后降趋势,含量为54.05～641.03 mg/kg,以组胺为主。氨基态氮和总酸在发酵过程中呈增加趋势,到后发酵中期趋于稳定。谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、精氨酸为腐乳主要游离氨基酸,总游离氨基酸含量呈升降交替变化。细菌总数、霉菌/酵母菌总数在腐乳前发酵及盐坯阶段均有显著变化,均在盐坯阶段显著降低(P<0.05),后发酵阶段细菌总数呈增加趋势,霉菌/酵母菌数无显著变化。宏基因组分析腐乳中微生物群落结果显示,各发酵阶段共有优势细菌门为厚壁菌门、变形菌门,优势细菌属为不动杆菌属、乳球菌属;毛霉菌门为优势真菌门,放射毛霉菌属为优势真菌属,其他菌群随发酵进行有明显差异。通过Pearson和冗余分析发现,组胺和总生物胺与氨基态氮和总酸呈极显著正相关(P<0.01),总生物胺与总游离氨基酸呈显著正相关(P<0...     

乌虾酱长期发酵过程中细菌群落演替及对生物胺形成的影响

针对长期发酵（1、2、3 a和8 a）的乌虾酱进行感官评价，用高通量测序技术探究细菌群落演替规律，高效液相色谱技术同步检测6 种生物胺含量。结果发现：随发酵时间延长，虾酱逐渐呈深褐色、L*值下降、b*值先上升后下降、颗粒感消失、腥味和氨味下降、鲜味在发酵2 a达到最大值。虾酱中测得的细菌分属42 个门，894 个属和600 个种；厚壁菌门和变形菌门为优势菌门，四联球菌属、嗜冷杆菌属、假单胞菌属、肠球菌属、乳酸菌属和玫瑰变色菌属为优势菌属；细菌群落多样性在发酵2 a达到峰值。虾酱中生物胺种类及含量在发酵2 a后逐渐上升，发酵8 a，样品检出腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺。Pearson相关性分析显示，与组胺呈显著正相关的为德沃斯菌属（P＜0.05），与组胺呈极显著负相关的为芽孢杆菌属、劳尔氏菌属、发光杆菌属和葡萄球菌属（P＜0.01）；与腐胺呈极显著正相关的为劳尔氏菌属（P＜0.01），与腐胺呈显著正相关的为假单胞菌属、亚硫酸杆菌属和慢生盐场菌属（P＜0.05）；与尸胺呈极显著正相关的有不动杆菌属（P＜0.01）。本研究为虾酱中功能菌株筛选和生物胺精准防控提供一定理论依据。     

西式发酵香肠中生物胺含量的调查分析

综述生物胺的种类、危害及在西式发酵香肠中存在的可能,采集了西式发酵香肠的样本,检测了其5种生物胺(尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺)及4种微生物(乳酸菌、微球菌、肠细菌、假单胞菌)的含量。经分析得出结论:5种生物胺在西式发酵香肠中普遍存在;肠细菌的数量与生物胺的含量有显著的相关性,未发现其他3种微生物与生物胺含量之间的关系。     

霉菌纯种制曲豆豉在传统后发酵中的成分变化及其与生物胺相关性的研究

以大豆为原料,总状毛霉、米曲霉沪酿3.042分别纯种制曲,研究豆豉在"传统后发酵"中有关成分变化及其与生物胺的相关性。结果表明,此过程中豆豉水分基本稳定,总酸、氨基酸态氮和游离氨基酸先增加后稳定,pH先下降后稳定。对照组无脱羧酶活力但有少量的4种生物胺;曲霉组有鸟氨酸与苯丙氨酸的脱羧酶活力,生物胺种类由腐胺、2-苯乙胺、亚精胺和精胺减少为腐胺和2-苯乙胺;毛霉组有鸟氨酸和酪氨酸的脱羧酶活力及腐胺、亚精胺和酪胺。后发酵期间,曲霉和毛霉组总生物胺分别增加3.05、3.40倍,但前者含量更高。苯丙氨酸与2-苯乙胺呈弱相关,精氨酸与亚精胺、精胺呈极显著负相关(P0.01);除水分外,pH、总酸、氨基酸态氮都与检出的生物胺显著相关(P0.05)。     

乳酸杆菌对东北酸菜发酵特性的影响解析

为研究不同种乳酸杆菌对于酸菜的接种效果,从自然发酵酸菜中筛选出短乳杆菌（Lactobacillus brevis）、寡发酵乳杆菌（L. oligofermentans）、弯曲乳杆菌（L. curvatus）和植物乳杆菌（L. plantarum）作为接种剂进行酸菜发酵。分析接种组和对照组的酸菜发酵体系的生化指标,使用MiSeq高通量测序技术分析发酵12 d和30 d的细菌群落组成及动态变化。结果显示,接种处理组的酸菜发酵体系中pH下降与乳酸的产生速度均超过对照组,乳酸菌数量在前6天显著高于对照组。高通量测序结果显示,相比对照组,接种处理乳杆菌属（Lactobacillus）相对丰度更高,肠杆菌科（Enterobacteriaceae）和假单胞菌属（Pseudonomnas）的相对丰度更低。各接种处理之间比较的结果显示,在发酵30 d时,L. plantarum接种处理的酸菜pH值最低,L. curvatus和L. plantarum处理乳酸质量浓度相对较高,两组处理间差异不显著。L. brevis和L. oligofermentans接种处理的酸菜乙酸质量浓度最高。从微生物纲水平组成来看,所有处理细菌均由厚壁菌门（Firmicutes）和变形菌门（Proteobacteria）组成。在接种水平上,发酵30 d时,L. plantarum接种处理的酸菜Lactobacillus相对丰度最高,Enterobacteriaceae和Pseudonomnas相对丰度最低。该结果将为筛选符合不同发酵目的的接种剂提供技术参考。     

黄酒中生物胺的形成及其影响因素

采用高效液相色谱技术,分析了黄酒酿造原料、发酵剂和不同年份酒中的生物胺含量,并对传统工艺和机械化生产过程中生物胺含量的变化进行了跟踪分析,剖析了影响生物胺含量的因素。结果表明,腐胺和酪胺是黄酒中的主要生物胺,糯米原料和曲中生物胺含量很低,检出的3种脂肪族生物胺(腐胺、尸胺和精胺)总量不超过6.01mg/kg;7种酒母中生物胺总含量差异极显著(P<0.01),总量变化范围为16.43～87.72 mg/L;酒母中生物胺总量与总酸呈正相关,与酒精度和感官品质呈显著性负相关;机械化工艺和传统工艺发酵过程中生物胺均呈先升后降的变化趋势,但传统工艺比机械化工艺生物胺含量高;发酵过程中氨基酸逐渐增多,与生物胺含量变化无相关性;发酵醪中细菌总数在前期急剧增加到最大值,之后逐渐降低,变化趋势与生物胺含量变化相同;陈酿时间对传统工艺生物胺含量影响明显,随着时间延长,生物胺含量降低,但陈酿时间对机械化工艺无明显影响。本实验检测的黄酒发酵醪及年份酒中生物胺总量范围为0.14～175.15 mg/L,不存在安全问题。     

冷藏期内猪肉肌苷酸与生物胺两者变化关系的研究

采用高效液相色谱法测定生鲜猪肉的背最长肌在4℃温度条件下肌苷酸(IMP)和腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺、精胺这六种生物胺含量的变化情况,从而进一步分析它们之间的相关性。结果表明,随着货架期的延长,IMP含量呈先上升后降低的趋势,并在第2d达到最高;精胺含量基本保持在4.0mg/kg左右,组胺的含量始终很低,其它的胺类物质都有所增加,尸胺的变化最为突出;虽然腐胺和亚精胺的含量比较低,但是仍然有明显的变化;酪胺变化也非常明显。从Person积差相关系数可以看出,IMP与其他指标相关系数呈负相关显著,有的指标是不显著的;在0.01水平上,IMP与亚精胺之间的负相关性最强,达到了-0.981;其次是尸胺与IMP之间,相关系数是-0.960,呈显著负相关;酪胺也与IMP显著负相关;IMP与腐胺、组胺、精胺的相关系数都不显著。因此,通过测定IMP含量变化可以预测猪肉新鲜度,且可作为猪肉保藏与加工过程中品质控制的重要指标之一。     

豆豉中生物胺含量的动态变化研究

采用高效液相色谱法对豆豉中生物胺含量进行动态检测。结果表明,纯种强化发酵和自然发酵豆豉样品中均检测出色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺。纯种强化发酵条件下生物胺总含量在前、后发酵时期都呈先上升后下降的趋势,而自然发酵条件下均呈缓慢上升趋势,且前发酵总生物胺含量高于后发酵时期。两种发酵条件下,酪胺和亚精胺为主要生物胺,苯乙胺存在纯种发酵中。纯种强化发酵豆豉总生物胺含量高于自然发酵,酪胺和苯乙胺的含量分别高出2倍和4倍,与生产环境中粪肠球菌的污染关联性较大。豆豉发酵过程和成品中总生物胺含量均＜250 mg/kg,短期内不存在食品安全问题。     

阿魏酸对风干鲈鱼中N-亚硝胺及生物胺的抑制作用

在风干鲈鱼腌制过程中分别添加0、50、100、150、200 mg/kg的抑制剂阿魏酸,15 ℃、相对湿度80%～90%条件下风干84 h,研究阿魏酸对风干鲈鱼中N-亚硝胺及生物胺含量等安全指标影响。结果显示,阿魏酸对风干鲈鱼中腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺的生成具明显的抑制作用,但对样品中精胺和亚精胺的生成具有促进作用。当阿魏酸添加量不超过150 mg/kg时,随着阿魏酸添加量的提高,N-二甲基亚硝胺含量显著降低。贮藏27 d时对照组菌落总数为7.59 （lg（CFU/g））,添加200 mg/kg阿魏酸组菌落总数为5.45（lg（CFU/g））,相对于对照组降低了28.20%。结果表明：添加阿魏酸在不影响风干鲈鱼感官品质的基础上能显著降低风干鲈鱼中生物胺总量、微生物菌落总数、N-二甲基亚硝胺含量、亚硝酸盐残留量。     

传统自然发酵四川香肠加工贮藏过程中生物胺含量变化

采用高效液相色谱法对传统自然发酵四川香肠加工贮藏过程中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺、酪胺和亚精胺)含量变化进行测定。结果表明:传统自然发酵四川香肠原料肉中只检测出了色胺、苯乙胺和亚精胺,贮藏120天检测出了7种生物胺,除亚精胺外,6种生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、尸胺、组胺和酪胺)的含量在加工过程中均显著增加(P0.01)。传统自然发酵四川香肠中以酪胺、组胺、尸胺和腐胺为主,含量分别达到153.06、127.90、132.46和92.83 mg/kg,4种生物胺占生物胺总量的89.66%。传统自然发酵四川香肠中生物胺(色胺、苯乙胺、组胺和酪胺)含量均低于20 mg/100 g。生物胺总量在加工贮藏过程中变化显著(P0.01),总量低于1 000 mg/kg。     

宣威火腿加工过程中生物胺变化规律

用40条重量在9～11 kg的原料腿按照传统工艺加工宣威火腿,分别在腌制前(24 h)、腌制结束(18d)、风干结束(125 d)、成熟中期(250 d)与成熟结束(360 d)这5个加工阶段随机取出5条火腿,以股二头肌为中心取约100 g样品,以HPLC方法测定生物胺含量。结果表明,宣威火腿样品中共检测出7种生物胺,分别是色胺、苯乙胺、腐胺、酪胺、尸胺、亚精胺和精胺。在各个加工阶段,精胺的含量都是最高的,其次是酪胺与亚精胺。酪胺、亚精胺与精胺的含量在5个加工阶段都没有显著变化(P>0.05)。苯乙胺与腐胺含量显著增加(P<0.05),在成熟中期(250 d)时达最高值,随后含量有所降低(P>0.05)。生物胺总量随着加工过程的进行有所增加,在成熟中期(250 d)达最大值11.51mg/100 g,随后生物胺总量有降低的趋势,但差异不显著(P>0.05)。     

Irradiation Effects on Biogenic Amines in Korean Fermented Soybean Paste During Fermentation

ABSTRACT: Irradiation effects on biogenic amines (BAs) and microbiological populations of Korean fermented soybean paste were investigated during fermentation. Soybean paste was prepared and irradiated with doses of 5,10, and 15 kGy, and then fermented at 25 °C for 12 wk. Bacillus spp. and lactic‐acid bacteria decreased by irradiation but increased during fermentation. Biogenic amines detected were putrescine, cadaverine, β‐phenylethylamine, spermidine, spermine, tryptamine, histamine, tyramine, and agmatine. A significant difference was not observed in BA content between control and irradiated samples immediately after gamma irradiation. However, 4 kinds of BAs, putrescine, tryptamine, spermidine, and histamine, showed significant reduction by irradiation during fermentation (P < 0.05).     

Effects of Plant Polyphenols and α‐Tocopherol on Lipid Oxidation,Microbiological Characteristics,and Biogenic Amines Formation in Dry‐Cured Bacons

Effects of plant polyphenols (tea polyphenol [TP], grape seed extract [GSE], and gingerol) and α‐tocopherol on physicochemical parameters, microbiological counts, and biogenic amines were determined in dry‐cured bacons at the end of ripening. Results showed that plant polyphenols and α‐tocopherol significantly decreased pH, thiobarbituric acid reactive substances content, and total volatile basic nitrogen (TVBN) compared with the control (P < 0.05). Microbial counts and biogenic amine contents in dry‐cured bacons were affected by plant polyphenols or α‐tocopherol, with TP being the most effective (P < 0.05) in reducing aerobic plate counts, Enterobacteriaceae, Micrococcaceae, yeast, and molds, as well as in inhibiting formation of putrescine, cadaverine, tyramine, and spermine. Principal component analysis indicated that the first 2 principal components (PC) explained about 85.5% of the total variation. PC₁ was related with physicochemical factors, parts of biogenic amines, and spoilage microorganisms, whereas PC₂ grouped the TVBN, tyramine, 2‐phenylethylamine, yeast, and molds. These findings suggest that plant polyphenols, especially TP, could be used to process dry‐cured bacons to improve the quality and safety of finished products.     

Limosilactobacillus fermentum FSCBAD033控制带鱼加工下脚料发酵鱼露中生物胺含量研究

目的 控制带鱼加工下脚料低盐发酵鱼露中的生物胺含量。方法 以耐盐性高效生物胺降解乳酸菌Limosilactobacillus fermentum FSCBAD033为功能发酵剂控制带鱼加工下脚料发酵鱼露中的生物胺含量,并研究其对鱼露发酵过程中的pH值、NaCl含量、总可溶性氮(Total Soluble Nitrogen,TSN)含量、氨基酸态氮(Amino Acid Nitrogen,AAN)含量、挥发性盐基氮(Total Volatile Basic Nitrogen,TVB-N)含量以及发酵结束时感官风味的影响。结果 与Control组相比,接种L. fermentum FSCBAD033发酵剂对鱼露发酵过程中的NaCl含量影响不大(p>0.05),但可促进pH值下降以及TSN和AAN含量上升,并显著抑制TVB-N的产生(p<0.05)；显著降低发酵结束时鱼露中52.38%尸胺、40.21%组胺、45.44%酪胺、23.74%腐胺、52.67%苯乙胺和43.26%总生物胺(p<0.05),对含量较低的色胺、精胺和亚精胺影响不大；此外,接种L. fermentum FSCBAD033发酵剂可增强发酵结束时鱼露的鲜味和肉味,减弱氨味、腥味和臭味,整体提升鱼露感官风味。结论 L. fermentum FSCBAD033可作为带鱼加工下脚料低盐发酵的功能发酵剂,用于生产低盐、营养丰富、感官风味好且生物胺含量低的高品质鱼露产品。     

Biogenic amines in commercially produced Yulu,a Chinese fermented fish sauce

Seven biogenic amines were determined in 35 commercially produced Yulu samples from three provinces of China by pre-column derivatisation with dansyl chloride (Dns-Cl) and high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection (HPLC-FLD). Putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine were the major biogenic amines (more than 100 mg kg^?1), while tryptamine, spermidine and spermine were regarded as minor biogenic amines (less than 25 mg kg^?1). Twenty samples contained more than 50 mg kg^?1 histamine (the limit for histamine in seafood products as suggested by the Food and Drug Administration). Twenty-one samples contained more than 100 mg kg^?1 tyramine and 10 contained more than 1000 mg kg^?1 total biogenic amines. This study provided data on biogenic amine levels in Chinese fermented fish sauce. The results suggested that biogenic amine content should be monitored in commercially produced Yulu.     

发酵香肠中生物胺生成量的菌株效应分析

本实验对乳杆菌(米酒乳杆菌和戊糖乳杆菌)和片球菌(戊糖片球菌和小片球菌)在发酵香肠中生物胺的生成量进行了分析。结果表明,供试乳杆菌和片球菌均能产生不等量的组胺、尸胺、腐胺、酪胺、亚精胺和精胺,但都不产生色胺,产品中的生物胺生成量表现出明显的菌株效应。采用复配菌种(片球菌+葡萄球菌)发酵可以明显降低香肠中组胺、尸胺、腐胺和酪胺以及总生物胺的含量。     

Biogenic amine content during the manufacture of dry-cured lacón, a Spanish traditional meat product: Effect of some additives

The content of nine biogenic amines (agmatine, tryptamine, 2-phenylethylamine, putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, tyramine, spermidine and spermine) was determined throughout the manufacture of dry-cured lacón, a traditional dry-salted and ripened meat product made in the north-west of Spain from the fore leg of the pig following a similar process to that of dry-cured ham. The effect of the use of additives (glucose, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium ascorbate and sodium citrate) on the biogenic amine content during manufacture was also studied. Tryptamine and spermine were the main biogenic amines in fresh meat, while tryptamine and cadaverine were the most abundant at the end of the manufacturing process. During ripening the total amine content increased significantly (P<0.05) in the batches made both without and with additives. The use of additives significantly (P<0.05) increased the total amine content and the content of tryptamine, tyramine and histamine. The total biogenic amine content at the end of the manufacturing process was low as expected for a product in which there is little active microbial metabolism during manufacture.     

四川区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种牦牛肉发酵香肠中生物胺含量的研究

以四川省10 区域自然发酵香肠及人工接种发酵剂的牦牛肉香肠共21 个样品为研究对象,测定发酵香肠中的生物胺含量。结果发现,21 个发酵香肠样品中均检测到酪胺、亚精胺、精胺、尸胺、腐胺、色胺及组胺,β-苯乙胺均未检出;生物胺总量在57.34～411.12 mg/kg,除采自凉山州西昌的自然发酵牦牛肉香肠和广安的自然发酵猪肉香肠中酪胺含量超过了美国食品及药品管理局（Food and Drug Administration,FDA）规定标准（酪胺含量≤100 mg/kg）,其余均不存在生物胺安全问题。     

腌制蒸煮猪肉切片冷藏期间色泽变化与氮的存在形式及氧化状态的关系

本研究以腌制蒸煮的猪肉切片为研究对象,通过对其冷藏期间的猪肉的色泽、理化指标、游离氨基酸、生物氨和一些氧化指标进行跟踪检测,利用主成分分析法阐明猪肉切片冷藏期间色泽变化与氮的存在形式及氧化状态的关系。结果表明,猪肉切片冷藏期间褪色显著(P<0.05),亮度(L*)、红度(a*)、黄度(b*)、色调(Hue)、色饱和度(C)和亚硝基血色原(NH)均发生了显著性变化(P<0.05)。生物胺中只有酪胺(TYR)、亚精胺(SPD)和精胺(SPM)发生显著性变化(P<0.05),游离氨基酸之和(∑FAA)在冷藏期间无显著性变化,非蛋白氮(NPN)、羰基(CARB)和共轭二烯值(DV)在冷藏期间发生显著性变化(P<0.05)。通过因子分析,可以看到,游离氨基酸之和除跟色调(Hue)正相关(r=0.829)以外,与其他色泽指标呈显著负相关(P<0.05)。生物胺中,除了色胺(TRY)与亮度(L*)呈显著负相关外,其他生物胺与色泽无显著相关(P<0.05)。     

Determination of biogenic amines in traditional Chinese fermented foods by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC)

A survey of biogenic amine content of traditional Chinese fermented foods (douchi, sufu, fermented sausage, yulu, and shrimp paste) was carried out. Eight major biogenic amines including putrescine, cadaverine, histamine, phenylethylamine, tyramine, spermine, spermidine and tryptamine were separated by reversed-phase HPLC-DAD on Inertsil ODS-SP column after pre-column derivatisation with dansyl chloride. The results showed that spermine (1.65–3.96 mg 100 g^?1), putrescine (0.20–10.89 mg 100 g^?1), cadaverine (3.60–12.14 mg 100 g^?1), and histamine (0.57–20.24 mg 100 g^?1) were the most represented amines. All amines were detected in yulu, while sufu showed a much higher content of most amines. Shrimp paste showed the lowest level of total biogenic amines. Moreover, the composition and content of eight biogenic amines in the selected samples varied among different food types, origins and batches. Although the average content for each amine is within the range that may elicit direct adverse reactions, consumers should be aware of the potential synergistic effect among different amines and limit their consumption at each meal.