X射线荧光光谱法测定镁合金中Al含量的不确定度评定

对X射线荧光光谱法测定镁合金中Al含量的不确定度来源进行分析,并对相应的不确定度分量进行评定。测量不确定度主要来源于测量重复性、标准样品和工作曲线回归。计算各分量的标准不确定度、合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。不确定度评定结果表明,工作曲线回归引起的不确定度对合成不确定度贡献最大。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定钒铁合金中V的不确定度评定

对X射线荧光光谱法测定钒铁合金中V元素的不确定度来源进行分析,并对测量过程中的不确定度分量进行评定。测量不确定度主要来源于测量重复性、试样称量、标准样品和工作曲线回归。计算各分量的标准不确定度和合成标准不确定度。合成标准不确定度乘以95%置信概率下的包含因子2,得到测量结果的扩展不确定度。不确定度评定结果表明,工作曲线回归引起的不确定度对总不确定度贡献最大。     

X射线荧光光谱法测定钒铁合金中Mn含量的不确定度评定

对X射线荧光光谱法测定钒铁合金中Mn含量的不确定度来源进行分析,并对测量过程中的不确定度分量进行评定。测量不确定度主要来源于测量重复性、称量、标准样品和工作曲线回归。计算各分量的标准不确定度、合成标准不确定度和扩展不确定度。不确定度评定结果表明,标准样品引起的不确定度对总不确定度贡献最大。     

氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定液态奶中总砷含量的不确定度评定

本文对氢化物发生-原子荧光法测定液态奶中总砷含量的不确定度进行了评定。分析了方法中不确定度的来源,测量结果的不确定度由样品制备、重复测量、标准物质、回归工作曲线等所引入的不确定度分量组成。在对各不确定度分量进行量化的基础上,通过合成得到测量结果的标准不确定度,在95%的置信概率下得到其扩展不确定度为0.0051mg/L。评定结果表明,校准曲线的线性回归和测量的重复性是影响该方法不确定度的主要因素。     

能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定PVC塑料中铅、铬、汞、镉、溴含量的不确定度评定

对能量色散X射线荧光光谱法测定PVC塑料中铅、铬、汞、镉、溴元素含量的不确定度进行了评定。分析了测量结果的不确定度由测量重复性、回归工作曲线、标准物质、仪器综合稳定性等因素引入的不确定度分量组成。在对各个不确定度分量进行量化的基础上,通过计算得到测量结果的合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。     

食品接触材料中三聚氰胺单体迁移量的不确定度评定

对BB CEN/TS 13130-27：2005 HPLC法测定食品接触材料中三聚氰胺单体迁移量的不确定度进行了评定。通过建立数学模型,分析和评定了浸泡液体积、标准曲线、浸泡面积、浸泡时间、酸浓度等主要不确定度分量,并计算了测量结果的合成不确定度和扩展不确定度。各不确定度分量中标准溶液的配制和校准曲线拟合对合成不确定度的贡献较大。     

逆反射测量标准装置的测量不确定度评定

通过对逆反射测量标准装置的测量原理和测量过程的研究,建立标准装置测量发光强度系数和逆反射系数时的数学模型,对两个模型中影响测量结果的分量进行了分析,得到了标准装置测量不确定度的主要来源和分布特征。采用标准不确定度评定方法对各不确定度分量进行了评定,进而利用各分量合成和扩展标准装置的测量不确定度。评定结果表明在不同的值区间范围内,逆反射测量标准装置的测量不确定度为4.0%或4.3%。     

铝基复合材料抗拉强度测量不确定度评定

对铝基复合材料抗拉强度的测量不确定度来源进行分析,并对测量过程中的不确定度分量进行评定。测量不确定度主要来源于测量重复性、测量器具、人员、试验设备和数值修约。计算各分量的标准不确定度和合成标准不确定度。合成标准不确定度乘以95%置信概率下的包含因子2,得到测量结果的扩展不确定度。     

溶解法测定铝基复合材料中SiC增强体体积含量的不确定度评定

对溶解法测定铝基复合材料中Si C增强体体积含量的不确定度来源进行分析,并对测量过程中的不确定度分量进行评定。测量不确定度主要来源于测量重复性、试样称量、坩埚称量和恒重称量。计算各分量的标准不确定度和合成标准不确定度。合成标准不确定度乘以95%置信概率下的包含因子2,得到测量结果的扩展不确定度。不确定度评定结果表明,测量重复性引起的不确定度对总不确定度贡献最大。     

硫氰酸盐光度法测定矿石中钼含量的不确定度评定

根据《测量不确定度评定与表示》,以硫氰酸盐光度法测定矿石中钼含量为例,对测量结果进行不确定度评定。分析了不确定度的重要来源,包括称样质量、工作曲线拟合、标准工作溶液及试液定容体积等引入的不确定度分量组成。对各不确定度分量进行分析计算,求得钼含量为0.38%,合成标准不确定度为0.0022,扩展不确定度为0.01。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。