造血干细胞表达同源盒基因与妊娠期糖尿病的易感性分析

目的探讨我国中部地区人群中造血干细胞表达同源盒(HHEX)基因多态性与GDM易感性的关系。方法采用病例对照研究,选取GDM患者311例(GDM组)和正常糖耐量的孕妇345名(GNGT组)。采用PCR-RFLP方法检测两个SNP位点多态性分布。结果GDM组TG、FPG以及HbA1c水平均高于GNGT组(P0.05)。HHEX基因SNP位点rs5015480基因型(CC、CT、TT)及等位基因频率与GNGT组比较,差异有统计学意义(χ2=7.623,P=0.022;χ2=5.803,P=0.016),携带CC基因型人群GDM的风险比其他基因型风险高(OR3.899,95%CI1.808~8.409)。而SNP位点rs1111875基因型(GG、GA、AA)以及等位基因频率与GNGT组比较,差异均无统计学意义(χ2=3.151,P=0.207;χ2=1.671,P=0.196)。SNP位点CC基因型患者TG水平高于其他基因型患者(t=2.401,P=0.027);不同基因型HDL-C,LDL-C、FPG及HbA1c水平比较,差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 HHEX基因SNP位点rs5015480与GDM的易感性相关,且该位点多态性可能与TG水平有关。     

褪黑色素受体1B基因多态性与妊娠期糖尿病的相关性研究

目的探讨我国褪黑色素受体1B(MTNR1B)基因SNP位点rs10830963和rs1387153的多态性与妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)遗传易感性的关系。方法采用病例对照研究,分别选取GDM患者(GDM组)184例和对照(NC)组235名,利用PCR-RFLP的方法测定2个SNP位点多态性分布,并进行统计学分析。结果 GDM组FPG高于NC组(P=0.039),但孕前BMI比较差异无统计学意义。SNP位点rs10830963基因型(GG,GC,CC)频率、等位基因频率与NC组比较,差异均无统计学意义(P=0.637,P=0.422)。而SNP位点rs1387153基因型(TT,CT,CC)与NC组比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.012),且风险基因型TT的频率高于NC组(TTvs TC+CC,P=0.01)。GDM组T等位基因高于NC组(OR:1.517,95%CI:1.147~2.006,P=0.003),且该SNP位点的TT基因型的GDM患者FPG高于其他两个基因型的患者。结论 MTNR1B基因SNP位点rs10830963与GDM无相关性,而SNP位点rs1387153与GDM的易感性相关。     

SLC30A8、CDKN2A/2B、HHEX、TCF7L2基因多态性与中国东北汉族人2型糖尿病的关联

目的探讨SLC30A8、CDKN2A/2B、HHEX、TCF7L2基因多态性与中国东北汉族人群2型糖尿病(T2DM)的相关性。方法应用连接酶检测反应(LDR)技术对中国吉林省长春地区113例T2DM患者及107例正常对照(NC)者SLC30A8基因rs13266634位点、CDKN2A/2B基因rs10811661位点、HHEX基因rs1111875位点、TCF7L2基因rs7903146位点的SNP进行检测。结果 SLC30A8(rs13266634)CC、CT基因型的空腹胰岛素(FINS)、胰岛B细胞功能(HOMA-B)均低于TT基因型(P0.05),总胆固醇(TC)、甘油三酯(TG)均高于TT基因型(P0.05),CC基因型的空腹血糖(FPG)高于TT基因型(P0.05)。三组CC、CT、TT基因型合并心血管并发症的构成比,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。CDKN2A/2B(rs10811661)TT、CT基因型的FINS、HOMA-B均低于CC基因型(P0.05),FPG、糖化血红蛋白(Hb A1c)、TC均高于CC基因型(P0.05),TT基因型的TG高于CC基因型(P0.05)。三组CC、CT、TT基因型合并微血管并发症的构成比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。HHEX(rs1111875)GG、GA基因型的FINS、HOMA-B均低于AA基因型(P0.01),FPG、TC、TG均高于AA基因型,GG基因组的低密度脂蛋白胆固醇(LDL)-C高于AA基因组(P0.05)。三组GG、GA、AA基因型合并心血管并发症的构成比差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论 SLC30A8基因多态性位点rs13266634、HHEX基因多态性位点rs1111875与T2DM心血管并发症存在一定的相关性,CDKN2A/2B基因多态性位点rs10811661与T2DM微血管并发症存在一定的相关性。     

云南地区汉族2型糖尿病患者二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶1、二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶2基因单核苷酸多态性与动脉粥样硬化关系的研究

目的探讨云南地区汉族T2DM患者发生动脉粥样硬化(AS)与二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶1(DDAH1)基因rs233113、二甲基精氨酸二甲胺水解酶2(DDAH2)基因rs805304单核苷酸多态性(SNP)的相关性。方法选取2016年10月至2018年12月于昆明医科大学第一附属医院内分泌二科住院的T2DM患者464例,根据有无AS分为单纯T2DM组(n=208)和合并AS组(AS,n=256)。另选取同期我院体检健康人群294名为正常对照(NC)组。ELISA法检测各组血浆非对称性二甲基精氨酸(ADMA)的浓度,聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性分析法(PCR-RFLP)对DDAH1、DDAH2基因SNP进行基因分型。结果 T2DM、AS组CC基因型频率高于NC组(P0.05),AS组CC基因型频率高于T2DM组(P0.05)。AS组DDAH1基因rs233113 AA基因型ADMA水平低于TT+AT基因型(P0.05),DDAH2基因rs805304 CC基因型LDL-C水平高于AA、AC基因型(P0.05)。Logistic回归分析显示,SBP、FPG、LDL-C、ADMA、DDAH2基因rs805304位点CC基因型是T2DM患者发生AS的影响因素。结论云南地区汉族T2DM患者DDAH2基因rs805304CC基因型可能与AS易感性相关,携带该基因型患者LDL-C水平升高。DDAH1基因rs233113位点SNP可能与T2DM发生AS无相关性,携带该位点AA基因型患者ADMA水平降低。     

Lp-PLA2基因多态性与急性心肌梗死患者的易感性和临床特征的相关性研究

目的探讨脂蛋白相关磷脂酶A2(Lp-PLA2)基因多态性与急性心肌梗死(AMI)易感性之间的关系。方法选取2017年1月～2018年2月于西安交通大学医学院第一附属医院住院的AMI患者176例(AMI组)以及健康体检志愿者191例(对照组),采集受试者血清标本,采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)技术检测Lp-PLA2基因rs1805017、rs16874954、rs1051931位点单核苷酸多态性(SNP);采用Logistic回归分析Lp-PLA2基因突变与AMI易感性的相关性。结果 rs1805017位点检测到GG、GA、AA三种基因型;rs16874954位点检测到CC、AC两种基因型;rs1051931位点检测到AA、AC、CC三种基因型;AMI组rs1805017位点AA基因型以及rs16874954位点CC基因分布频率相对对照组更高(P0.05)。rs1805017位点GA+AA基因型患者三酰甘油(TG)水平高于GG基因型患者,而高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(HDL-C)水平明显低于GG基因型患者(P0.05);rs16874954位点AC基因型患者TG水平明显高于CC基因型患者(P0.05);其余血脂水平在不同基因型患者之间并无统计学差异(P0.05)。经单因素二元Logisitic回归分析,rs1805017(OR=0.788,95%CI:0.713～0.923,P0.05)、rs16874954(OR=0.923,95%CI:0.859～0.983,P0.05)位点SNP与AMI密切相关。多因素回归分析结果表明rs1805017位点多态性与AMI发病独立相关(OR=0.839,95%CI:0.804～0.975,P0.05)。结论本研究人群Lp-PLA2基因rs1805017、rs16874954多态性位点与急性心肌梗死的发生有关,而rs1051931位点SNP与AMI的发生可能无直接相关性。     

mTOR基因多态性与2型糖尿病及其临床特点的相关性研究

目的 探讨我国汉族人群中mTOR基因的单核苷酸(SNP)位点(rs2295080)多态性与T2DM及其相关临床指标变化的相关性. 方法 采用病例对照研究,分别选取T2DM患者(T2DM组)213例和同期体检健康者(NC组)248名.采用聚合酶链反应-限制性片断长度多态性分析法(PCR-RFLP)测定mTOR基因SNP位点(rs2295080)多态性分布,并进行统计学分析. 结果 T2DM组SNP位点(rs2295080)基因型频率与NC组比较,差异有统计学意义(P=0.046),等位基因T频率高于NC组(OR=1.493,95％CI:1.077～2.069,P=0.016).T2DM组该位点多态性与FPG、HbA1 c、HDL-C、LDL-C及TC无相关性(P＞0.05),与TG相关(P＜0.05). 结论 mTOR基因SNP位点多态性与T2DM发病相关,且在T2DM患者中,SNP位点rs2295080多态性与TG水平相关.     

p53基因多态性与鼻咽癌遗传易感性的关系

目的研究广西南宁鼻咽癌患者p53基因遗传多态性与鼻咽癌发生的关系。方法采用病例-对照研究方法,以200例鼻咽癌患者、200例对照人群为研究对象。选取p53基因SNP rs117562731位点作为遗传标记,用聚合酶链式反应-限制性片段长度多态性(PCR-RFLP)和测序方法检测rs117562731位点基因型频率和等位基因频率,比较两组不同基因型与鼻咽癌易感性的关系。结果通过对rs117562731位点多态基因型检测分型发现,在鼻咽癌组和对照组CC、CT、TT基因型频率分别为80.0%、17.0%、3.0%和93.0%、5.5%、1.5%。rs117562731位点等位基因及基因型频率在鼻咽癌组与对照组间分布有显著性差异(P0.05)。结论 p53基因SNP rs117562731位点多态性与鼻咽癌之间存在显著的相关性。     

GABAA受体基因多态性与癫痫易感性的关系

目的探究γ-氨基丁酸A型(GABAA)受体的亚基基因GABRG2和GABRB2单核苷酸多态性(SNP)与癫痫(EP)易感性的关系。方法应用限制性片段长度多态性(RFLP)技术对GABAA受体亚基基因GABRB2(rs12653921、rs2964773)、GABRG2(rs2268581)3个标签单核苷酸多态性(Tag SNP)的等位基因和基因型测定分析。结果 EP组和对照组等位基因频率和基因型分布比较,SNP(rs12653921)位点(基因型χ2=8.651,等位基因χ2=8.649)有统计学意义;SNP(rs2268581)、SNP(rs2964773)位点(rs2268581:基因型χ2=0.354,等位基因χ2=0.294;rs2964773:基因型χ2=1.397,等位基因χ2=0.643)无显著差异(P0.05)。结论 SNP(rs12653921)可能与EP易感性相关,SNP(rs2268581)、SNP(rs2964773)可能与EP易感性不相关。     

江苏地区汉族人群白细胞介素28B基因多态性与丙型肝炎易感性的关系

目的探讨江苏地区汉族人群白细胞介素(IL)28B基因多态性分布及其与丙型肝炎易感性的关系。方法选取2011年南京市第二医院就诊的丙型肝炎患者88名,体检中心健康体检的健康人群100例。应用聚合酶链式反应(PCR)和直接测序法检测丙型肝炎患者和健康人群IL-28B rs8099917、rs12979860、rs12980275、rs8113007和rs12972991位点的单核苷酸多态性(SNP),并统计分析这些位点的基因型和等位基因在两种不同人群中分布的差异。采用Pearsonχ2检验进行分析,计算Hardy-Weinberg遗传平衡以判断样本的代表性。结果两者间性别和年龄差异均无统计学意义(P=0.92、0.28),在检测人群中IL-28B基因5个位点的主要基因型分别是TT、CC、AA、AA、AA;丙型肝炎患者IL-28B基因SNP位点与健康人群在基因型(χ2=0.31、0.50、0.60、0.15、0.07,P均0.05)和等位基因(χ2=0.29、0.48、0.56、0.14、0.07,P均0.05)分布上差异均无统计学意义。结论 IL-28B的SNPs位点(rs8099917、rs12979860、rs12980275、rs8113007、rs12972991)可能与江苏省汉族人群丙型肝炎易感性无关。     

IL-28B基因多态性与丙型肝炎易感性的关系

目的:探讨白介素-28B(interleukin-28B,IL-28B)单核苷酸多态性位点rs8099917与中国丙型肝炎易感性的关系.方法:采用TaqMan SNP基因分型的方法检测中国天津地区263名丙型肝炎患者和244名健康人IL-28B rs8099917基因型和等位基因分布情况,并统计分析rs8099917基因型和等位基因在2组中分布的差异.结果:在263名丙型肝炎患者中,TT基因型223人(84.8%),TG基因型39人(14.8%),GG基因型1人(0.4%).T等位基因频率为92.2%.244名健康对照者中,TT基因型222人(91.0%),TG21人(8.60%),GG1人(0.40%),T等位基因频率为95.3%.丙型肝炎患者和健康人群TG/GG基因型频率差异有统计学意义(OR=1.810,95%CI:1.042-3.145;P=0.033).丙型肝炎患者G等位基因频率也高于健康人(OR=1.709,95%CI:1.010-2.893;P=0.044).结论:中国人群IL-28B rs8099917基因多态性与丙型肝炎病毒(hepatitis C virus,HCV)感染易感性相关联.G为HCV感染的风险等位基因.     

Three layer functional model and energy exchange concept of aging process

Relying on a certain degree of abstraction, we can propose that no particular distinction exists between animate or living matter and inanimate matter. While focusing attention on some specifics, the dividing line between the two can be drawn. The most apparent distinction is in the level of structural and functional organization with the dissimilar streams of ‘energy flow’ between the observed entity and the surrounding environment. In essence, living matter is created from inanimate matter which is organized to contain internal intense energy processes and maintain lower intensity energy exchange processes with the environment. Taking internal and external energy processes into account, we contend in this paper that living matter can be referred to as matter of dissipative structure, with this structure assumed to be a common quality of all living creatures and living matter in general. Interruption of internal energy conversion processes and terminating the controlled energy exchange with the environment leads to degeneration of dissipative structure and reduction of the same to inanimate matter, (gas, liquid and/or solid inanimate substances), and ultimately what can be called ‘death.’ This concept of what we call dissipative nature can be extended from living organisms to social groups of animals, to mankind. An analogy based on the organization of matter provides a basis for a functional model of living entities. The models relies on the parallels among the three central structures of any cell (nucleus, cytoplasm and outer membrane) and the human body (central organs, body fluids along with the connective tissues, and external skin integument). This three-part structural organization may be observed almost universally in nature. It can be observed from the atomic structure to the planetary and intergalactic organizations. This similarity is corroborated by the membrane theory applied to living organisms. According to the energy nature of living matter and the proposed functional model, the decreased integrity of a human body's external envelope membrane is a first cause of the structural degradation and aging of the entire organism. The aging process than progresses externally to internally, as in single cell organisms, suggesting that much of the efforts towards the restoration and maintenance of the mechanisms responsible for structural development should be focused accordingly, on the membrane, i.e., the skin. Numerous reports indicate that all parts of the human body, like: bones, blood with blood vessels, muscles, skin, and so on, have some ability for restoration. Therefore, actual revival of not only aging tissue of the human body's membrane, but the entire human body enclosed within, with all internal organs, might be expected. We assess several aging theories within the context of our model and provide suggestions on how to activate the body's own anti-aging mechanisms and increase longevity. This paper presents some analogies and some distinctions that exist between the living dissipative structure matter and inanimate matter, discusses the aging process and proposes certain aging reversal solutions.     

Unusual responses of nocturnal pineal melatonin synthesis and secretion to swimming: Attempts to define mechanisms

Abstract: The effect of swimming at night on rat pineal melatonin synthesis was compared with that of light exposure at night. Rats were forced to swim at 0030 hr (lights out at 2000 hr) and sacrificed by decapitation 15 and 30 min later, immediately after swimming. Other groups of animals were exposed to white light (650μW/cm²) for 15 and 30 min at same time. Swimming caused a rapid and highly significant drop in the melatonin content in the pineal gland; however, the activity of N-acetyltransferase (NAT), the supposed rate limiting enzyme in the melatonin production, was not changed. Despite the drop in pineal melatonin levels, serum concentrations of the indole remained elevated in the rats that swam. In contrast, melatonin levels in the pineal and serum of light exposed rats fell precipitously, accompanied by a significant suppression of NAT activity. Since we anticipated that the strenuous exercise associated with swimming may induce release of artrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) from the heart, which in turn could cause the release of pineal melatonin, in a second study we injected physiological saline intravenously to stretch the cardiac muscle and release ANP. Three milliliters of normal saline was injected during the day into the jugular vein of anesthetized rats that were pretreated with isoproterenol to stimulate pineal melatonin production. Animals were killed 15 min after the saline injection, and pineal NAT activity and pineal melatonin levels were measured. The saline injections caused no alteration in the elevated levels of either NAT or melatonin. These data suggest that the disparity in pineal NAT activity (which was high) and pineal melatonin (which was low), in animals swum at night, may not be caused by ANP which is released during strenuous exercise such as swimming.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Melatonin and photoperiodic time measurement: Seasonal breeding in the sheep

Abstract: Well-established circadian physiology supports the view that photoperiodic time measurement utilizes the coincidence between the presence of light and a photosensitive phase of a 'biological clock' to alter reproductive status—the so-called external coincidence model of seasonal breeding. In this review, we examine the mechanism whereby photoperiod interacts with presumed suprachiasmatic nuclei activity to allow endogenous melatonin to normally synchronize reproductive activity to the optimal time of year. The Romney Marsh sheep is particularly explored as an experimental model. It is suggested that the on/off activity of seasonal reproduction may be a robust mechanism able to be predictably manipulated by the judicious use of the light/dark cycle and exogenous melatonin, but firmly based on circadian principles.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.