内镜辅助下经鼻蝶显微手术切除垂体瘤94例分析

目的 探讨神经内镜辅助下经单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除方法的优缺点.方法 回顾总结2008-03~2011-03 94例内镜辅助下的显微手术病人的临床资料.分析术式的优缺点和克服其弊端的方法.结果 94例垂体腺瘤肿瘤全切除74例(78.7%),次全切除18例(19.1%),部分切除2例(2.1%).结论 神经内镜辅助下经鼻蝶显微手术切除垂体瘤技术简便、安全和有效.在经鼻蝶人路过程及鞍区肿瘤切除方面具有优势,可提高肿瘤全切率.     

神经内镜在经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤显微手术中的应用

目的 探讨神经内镜在鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术中的应用价值。方法 对经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤手术中应用神经内镜的30例病人的资料进行回顾性分析，并进行随访观察。结果 神经内镜辅助下30例垂体腺瘤均全切。术后8例出现一过性尿量增多，4例病人出现尿崩，经对症处理治愈；无脑脊液漏及颅内感染发生。神经内镜可清晰地观察蝶窦内结构及分隔情况、鞍底及周围重要结构(海绵窦、颈内动脉隆凸及斜坡等)，并了解肿瘤的切除程度。结论 经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤切除术中应用神经内镜有助于术中辨认鞍底及周围重要结构，保持正确的中线手术操作方向，避免损伤重要结构，提高肿瘤的切除程度及减少手术并发症。     

神经内镜辅助下扩大经鼻蝶窦入路治疗鞍区非垂体腺瘤性病变

目的探讨神经内镜辅助下扩大经蝶窦入路切除鞍区非垂体腺瘤性病变的可行性和安全性。方法回顾性分析11例鞍区非垂体腺瘤性病变病人的临床资料,其中鞍结节脑膜瘤5例。脊索瘤4例,鞍上颅咽管瘤2例。均在神经导航定位下行扩大经鼻蝶窦入路,以内镜和显微镜结合切除鞍区病变。结果肿瘤全切除9例,其中5例鞍结节脑膜瘤均达SimpsonI级切除：次全切除2例,均为脊索瘤。术后3例发生脑脊液漏需二次手术修补。2例脊索瘤次全切除病人行常规放疗。随访6。58个月．3例脑脊液漏病人经再次手术修补均治愈;M对复查均未见肿瘤复发;本组无死亡病例。结论神经内镜辅助下扩大经蝶窦入路切除鞍区非垂体腺瘤性病变是安全可行的。     

多模态技术辅助神经内镜下切除复发侵袭性垂体大腺瘤

目的探讨应用神经导航血管融合重建和神经电生理监测等技术,在神经内镜下经鼻扩大入路切除复发垂体侵袭性大腺瘤的手术经验。方法回顾性分析9例复发侵袭性垂体大腺瘤病例资料。术前行鞍区薄层CT、垂体MRI与MRA或CTA融合重建图像,并均行多模态技术辅助下内镜经蝶入路手术。结果肿瘤全切除6例,次全切除3例。术后短暂脑脊液鼻漏3例,尿崩4例,均对症治疗后缓解。无颅内感染、出血及手术死亡。随访1～40个月,平均15个月,肿瘤无复发。结论术前详尽影像评估联合神经导航技术,对术中确定鞍底开窗范围,辨认颈内动脉位置,评估病人前后交通动脉开放情况及预判肿瘤切除程度有重要意义。多模态技术导引下,内镜手术可更彻底切除复发的侵袭性垂体大腺瘤,并且更好保护颈内动脉、海绵窦、鞍区周围脑神经及垂体相关结构。     

经鼻蝶入路切除鞍区斜坡肿瘤

目的:探讨经鼻蝶入路切除鞍区斜坡肿瘤的优缺点。方法:经鼻蝶显微手术。结果:对118例鞍区斜坡肿瘤采用鼻蝶入路手术切除,效果满意,107例垂体腺瘤行全切或次全切除。3例囊性颅咽管瘤行永久性引流,6例脊索瘤行次全切除。结论:合理应用本手术入路,对某些颅底肿瘤的切除是一有效的途径。     

神经导航与内镜辅助下经鼻蝶切除垂体腺瘤

目的探讨神经导航系统与内镜相结合在单鼻孔经蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术中的应用及其优越性。方法在神经导航系统与内镜辅助下对32例垂体腺瘤患者实施经鼻蝶手术。术前将患者影像信息导入神经导航系统进行解剖三维重建，术中对手术入路．周围重要解剖结构及肿瘤准确定位。结果本组32例患者中，肿瘤全切26例，次全切除6例，无手术死亡病例。术后12例头痛消失，18例视力、视野缺损改善，5例出现一过性尿崩症，2例发生脑脊液鼻漏。结论神经导航系统与内镜的联合应用，在经鼻蝶垂体腺瘤手术中能准确定位肿瘤与周围重要解剖结构，并引导手术操作，可安全、准确地切除肿瘤，提高手术疗效。     

神经内镜与神经导航辅助显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的临床疗效对比分析

目的探讨神经内镜与神经导航辅助显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的临床疗效及优缺点。方法将54例垂体腺瘤病人随机分两组,其中30例病人行神经内镜下单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术(神经内镜组),24例病人行神经导航辅助显微镜下单鼻孔蝶窦入路垂体腺瘤切除术(导航显微镜组)。分析两组病人的术后并发症发生率、住院时间、手术时间和肿瘤全切率。结果神经内镜组与导航显微镜组在术后并发症发生率、肿瘤全切率方面差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。导航显微镜组手术时间短于神经内镜组,而神经内镜组术后住院时间明显短于导航显微镜组(P0.05)。结论神经内镜与神经导航辅助显微镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术的临床疗效相当,需结合病人情况实施治疗。     

经蝶入路显微切除大和巨大型垂体腺瘤

目的 探讨大和巨大型垂体腺瘤较理想的手术治疗原则。方法 所有病例采用经唇下蝶窦入路显微镜下肿瘤切除术。结果 30例肿瘤手术全切除26例,4例肿瘤因侵袭入鞍膈上和/或海绵窦内而行大部分切除,其中1例经额术后再二期经鼻蝶入路显微切除鞍内和蝶窦内肿瘤。结论 多数大和巨大垂体腺瘤可选择经鼻蝶入路全切。     

神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路鞍区肿瘤的手术治疗

目的报道神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路切除59例鞍区肿瘤的方法和效果,探讨其优缺点和手术适应证。方法全部病人采用神经内镜下经鼻内-蝶窦标准入路和改良入路切除肿瘤。其中常规的神经内镜下经单侧鼻内-蝶窦入路36例,简化的神经内镜下经蝶窦入路16例,扩大的神经内镜下经蝶窦入路7例。4例手术中利用了神经导航技术。结果全切除肿瘤42例,次全切(>80%)7例,大部切除5例,引流3例,活检2例;本组病例术后1例死亡,7例有一过性脑脊液鼻漏;19例术后出现一过性多尿,术后3d-1周恢复正常,5例术后出现较长时间的多尿,4例经治疗术后3-6个月恢复正常,1例目前维持用药。随访3个月-3.5年,视力不同程度改善20例,异常增高的激素水平降至正常22例;4例手术后再接受了伽玛刀治疗,21例手术后3个月行普通放疗,1例垂体瘤1年后复发,再次接受导航辅助下内镜手术。结论神经内镜下经鼻蝶窦入路(包括标准入路和改良入路)适用于大多数鞍区肿瘤的切除,如垂体腺瘤、颅咽管瘤、鞍结节脑膜瘤等,可以获得满意的手术效果。     

多模态神经导航影像融合辅助神经内镜在垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路手术的应用

目的探讨多模态神经导航影像融合技术辅助神经内镜在垂体腺瘤经鼻蝶入路手术的临床应用。方法回顾性分析102例垂体腺瘤病例资料,均采用多模态神经导航影像融合技术辅助神经内镜经鼻蝶入路治疗。病人术前均行薄层头颅MRI增强、头部CTA检查,利用MRI、CTA图像、三维CT制定导航计划,引导手术。结果术后肿瘤全切除80例(78.43%),次全切除22例(21.57%)。术后视力视野改善率83.33%(50/60),激素治愈率46.15%(36/78)。术后发生脑脊液鼻漏6例(5.88%),一过性尿崩26例(25.49%),电解质紊乱81例(79.41%),颅内感染2例(1.96%),鞍区血肿4例(3.9%),经对症处理后病人均康复并出院。结论多模态神经导航影像融合辅助神经内镜下经鼻蝶入路垂体腺瘤切除术安全、有效,有助于术者精确定位,方便手术操作,术野显露清晰,可获得满意疗效。     

Hepatic Considerations in the Use of Antiepileptic Drugs

Summary: Virtually all of the major antiepileptic drugs (AEDs) can cause hepatotoxicity, although fatal hepatic reactions are rare. The mechanisms, incidences, and risk profiles for such reactions differ from drug to drug. With carbamazepine and phenytoin, hepatotoxicity may be due to drug hypersensitivity. Although the profiles of patients at risk have not been well-defined for these two antiepileptic drugs, it would appear from reports in the literature that older adolescents and adults are at higher risk than children of developing serious or fatal hepatotoxicity. Once hepatotoxicity develops, mortality rates are 10–38% with phenytoin and 25% for carbamazepine. The risk profile for valproate fatal hepatotoxicity has been more clearly defined. Those at primary risk of fatal hepatic dysfunction are children under the age of 2 years who are receiving multiple anticonvulsants and also have significant medical problems in addition to severe epilepsy. The risk is considerably lower for patients over the age of 2 years on valproate monotherapy. In contrast to the risk profile with other AEDs, adults receiving valproate as monotherapy have the lowest risk of hepatotoxicity. Fatal hepatic dysfunction coincident with valproate may be the result of aberrant drug metabolism. Concomitant use of AEDs that induce microsomal P450 enzymes (e.g., phenytoin and phenobarbital) may enhance the production of a toxic metabolite, and hence the greater risk of hepatotoxicity with polypharmacy.     

Vascular Malformations and Epilepsy: Clinical Considerations and Basic Mechanisms

Summary: Vascular malformations (VMs) are associated with epilepsy. The natural history of the various VMs, clinical presentation, and tendency to provoke epilepsy determine treatment strategies. Investigations have probed the mechanisms of epileptogenesis associated with these lesions. Electrophysiologic changes are associated with epileptogenic cortex adjacent to VMs. Putative pathophysiologic mechanisms of epileptogenesis include neuronal cell loss, glial proliferation and abnormal glial physiology, altered neurotransmitter levels, free radical formation, and aberrant second messenger physiology.     

Diagnostic Difficulties and Treatment Implications

Summary: Differentiation between types of epileptic seizures has been aided in recent years by the introduction of intensive neurodiagnostic techniques and the development of increasingly detailed classification systems. Paradoxically, these developments have not simplified the task of matching the appropriate antiepileptic drug to a particular seizure type. It is reasonable to assume that anticonvulsant drugs will have different effects on different types of seizures, but faulty, circular reasoning can enter the picture if one also assumes that responses of seizures to different drugs signify different seizure types. There are several examples of differential diagnoses that can fall prey to this problem, including the diagnosis between partial seizures with secondary generalization and generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the diagnosis between complex partial seizures and absence seizures with automatisms, among others. Considerations of etiology in future classification systems can further complicate the problem: should one then choose an anticonvulsant drug on the basis of individual seizure type or on the basis of the type of epilepsy? Ramifications of this issue extend even to the drug approval process. Official sanction is not given for use of a drug for a seizure type not included in the original efficacy studies, even if later scientific evidence shows that seizure type to be related to a type that is included. New trials must be undertaken. These problems arise from how we choose to classify seizures.     

Cognitive Dysfunction Associated with Antiepileptic Drug Therapy

Summary: Epilepsy is frequently associated with cognitive dysfunction. However, the reasons for this correlation are unclear. Possible influential factors include patient age; duration, frequency, etiology, and type of seizures; hereditary factors; psychosocial issues; and antiepileptic drug (AED) therapy. Whereas many of these factors are beyond the physician's control, AED therapy is one element that can be addressed in treatment decisions by recognizing the potential cognitive effects of particular AEDs. For example, phenobarbital impairs memory and concentration; phenytoin affects attention, problem solving ability, and performance of visuomotor tasks. In contrast, carbamazepine may affect concentration, while valproate would appear to have minimal effects on cognition. Moreover, cognitive effects of AEDs are amplified with coadministration of multiple anticonvulsants (polytherapy). A review of studies on the cognitive effects of monotherapy with AEDs, as opposed to those of polytherapy, provides evidence that drug-related cognitive dysfunction can be reversed if patients are switched to a simpler therapeutic regimen. Future research should be directed toward developing reliable measures for assessing and monitoring cognition, and understanding the particular cognitive side effects of each AED. Physicians also need to revise their opinions about which side effects are "tolerable" for epileptic patients.     

Epilepsy and anomalies of neuronal migration: MRI and clinical aspects

Neuronal migration disorders are the result of disturbed brain development. In such disorders, neurons are abnormally located. In diagnosing these conditions, magnetic resonance imaging is superior to any other imaging technique. This enables us to improve our knowledge of the clinical correlates of neuronal migration. With reference to migrational disorder, a retrospective study of all 303 patients with epileptic seizures referred for magnetic resonance imaging during a 3-year period was performed, 13 patients (aged 12-41, mean age 27) were identified. They represent 4.3% of the entire study group. Of the patients with known epilepsy, 6.7% and of the mentally retarded, 13.7% had migrational disorders. Four patients had schizencephaly as the dominant finding, one was classified as hemimegalencephaly, 2 had isolated heterotopias, and 6 had localized pachy- and/or poly-microgyria. The clinical pictures are complex. Ectopias of grey matter are recognised foci of epilepsy, but from an epileptological and a clinical viewpoint little attention has been given to these disorders. The present study shows that malmigration is not rare in epilepsy patients, especially not in the mentally retarded.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy and Utilization in Children

Summary: Carbamazepine is effective for preventing partial and generalized tonic-clonic seizures in children. Although absence epilepsies are more common in children than adults, an estimated 80% of children with epilepsy have seizure types or epilepsies that are potentially responsive to carbamazepine. The differential diagnosis of ictal staring is an especially important issue in children because absence and atypical absence seizures are more prevalent in children than adults. Age-related pharmacokinetic differences and drug interactions are major considerations in children. On average, children have higher clearance rates of carbamazepine, shorter half-lives, and higher ratios of carbamazepine-10, 11-epoxide to carbamazepine than adults. In addition, children with severe epilepsy are more likely to require multiple-drug therapy, which can lead to complex drug interactions. When carbamazepine is administered along with valproate, drug protein binding interactions can cause intermittent side effects.     

Carbamazepine Efficacy in Adults With Partial and Generalized Tonic-Clonic Seizures

Summary: Carbamazepine and phenytoin are drugs of choice in initial monotherapy for adult partial and secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures. These designations reflect the results of the Veterans Administration Epilepsy Cooperative Study Group of 1985. An earlier comparative study of carbamazepine and phenytoin by Ramsay and associates found both drugs equally effective in controlling new-onset seizures. Among the advantages of carbamazepine is that it causes relatively few cognitive and dysmorphic side effects. Its disadvantages are its unavailability in parenteral formulation and its metabolic autoinduction. The latter must be compensated for by planned dosage increases to maintain therapeutic plasma steady-state levels during the first 2 or 3 months of treatment. Carbamazepine is judged a drug of choice in the treatment of these secondarily generalized tonic-clonic seizures, and the drug of choice in children, adolescents, and women susceptible to the dysmorphic side effects associated with other anticonvulsant agents.     

Etiologic and Preventive Aspects of Epilepsy in the Child–Bridging the Gap Between Laboratory and Clinic

Summary: Four broad categories of basic phenomena are pertinent to developing ways to prevent epilepsy. These include mechanisms of epileptogenesis, ictal initiation and temporary entrainment by the seizure discharge of normally functioning brain, seizure propagation, and control mechanisms that function both to restrain the cascade of epileptic events culminating in a seizure and to arrest the epileptic event and restore the interictal state. In newborns and children, hypoxia-ischemia is a major factor leading to epileptogenesis, and several schemes are proposed to classify, quantify, and prevent hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy. Control mechanisms must be better understood in order to develop prophylactic recommendations for epilepsy, and an experimental model of "kindling antagonism" may increase our understanding of these. Programs of prevention of seizures in children will evolve only if basic researchers and clinicians work productively together to develop an adequate understanding of factors important in epileptogenesis and antiepileptogenic control mechanisms.     

Predisposing and Causative Factors in Childhood Epilepsy

Summary: We review information from large studies of defined populations, examining the role of known factors and especially of prenatal and perinatal factors in contributing to nonfebrile seizure disorders of early childhood. We depend especially, but not exclusively, on the recently completed analyses from the Collaborative Perinatal Project of the National Institute of Neurological and Communicative Disorders and Stroke, the NCPP. About 4% of children in the NCPP who had at least one non-febrile nonsymptomatic seizure by the age of 7 years had a previous seizure during acute neurologic illness, such as meningitis or during the acute illness after trauma. Many such seizures should potentially be preventable. Of children with seizures, 10% had had a neonatal seizure and 13% had had a febrile seizure. Among the hundreds of prenatal and perinatal factors explored as predictors of childhood seizure disorders, the principal predictors identified were congenital malformations of the fetus, cerebral and noncerebral; family history of certain neurologic disorders; and neonatal seizures. In agreement with the British National Child Development Study, labor and delivery factors in the NCPP appeared to contribute very little to childhood seizure disorders. Maldevelopment, rather than damage at birth to an initially intact nervous system, appeared to be the more common mechanism. Most seizure disorders of early childhood remained unexplained by the large set of prenatal and perinatal characteristics examined.     

Classification of methods in transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) and evolving strategy from historical approaches to contemporary innovations

Transcranial Electrical Stimulation (tES) encompasses all methods of non-invasive current application to the brain used in research and clinical practice. We present the first comprehensive and technical review, explaining the evolution of tES in both terminology and dosage over the past 100 years of research to present day. Current transcranial Pulsed Current Stimulation (tPCS) approaches such as Cranial Electrotherapy Stimulation (CES) descended from Electrosleep (ES) through Cranial Electro-stimulation Therapy (CET), Transcerebral Electrotherapy (TCET), and NeuroElectric Therapy (NET) while others like Transcutaneous Cranial Electrical Stimulation (TCES) descended from Electroanesthesia (EA) through Limoge, and Interferential Stimulation. Prior to a contemporary resurgence in interest, variations of transcranial Direct Current Stimulation were explored intermittently, including Polarizing current, Galvanic Vestibular Stimulation (GVS), and Transcranial Micropolarization. The development of these approaches alongside Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT) and pharmacological developments are considered. Both the roots and unique features of contemporary approaches such as transcranial Alternating Current Stimulation (tACS) and transcranial Random Noise Stimulation (tRNS) are discussed. Trends and incremental developments in electrode montage and waveform spanning decades are presented leading to the present day. Commercial devices, seminal conferences, and regulatory decisions are noted. We conclude with six rules on how increasing medical and technological sophistication may now be leveraged for broader success and adoption of tES.