干旱胁迫对玉米幼苗生理特性的影响

对两种玉米（K3401和F302）幼苗进行自然干旱胁迫,测定可溶性蛋白含量、游离脯氨酸含量以及保护酶SOD、POD活性的变化。结果表明,两种玉米的游离脯氨酸含量、SOD和POD活性均呈现先上升后下降的趋势,而可溶性蛋白含量在胁迫初期有所下降,而后又有所上升。从本实验结果可以看出,两种玉米均具有一定的抗旱性,但K3401的抗旱性能强于F302。     

我国玉米地方种质的单倍体诱导和加倍特性研究

双单倍体(doubled haploid,DH)育种技术具有加速育种进程的突出优势,已成为玉米育种关键性核心技术并在国外广泛应用.本试验选用47份玉米地方种质,进行单倍体诱导和单倍体加倍特性研究.结果表明,47份玉米地方种质材料之间杂交诱导的拟单倍体率有显著差异,介于1.64％～14.50％之间,平均为5.95％.种植12份玉米地方种质的拟单倍体籽粒进行田间鉴定,标记鉴定准确率介于40.2％～82.3％之间,校正单倍体诱导率介于2.33％～6.45％之间,表明玉米遗传背景影响到籽粒标记的表达,单倍体诱导率有明显差异.将15份玉米地方种质拟单倍体于冬季在海南田间种植,加倍授粉株率介于2.7％～27.2％之间,加倍结实株率介于0.7％～8.9％.说明我国玉米地方种质的遗传多样性丰富,单倍体诱导率和加倍率具有明显差异,利用DH育种技术可以拓宽和加强我国玉米地方种质在玉米育种中的利用.     

穗期干旱胁迫下春玉米产量与抗旱性分析研究

干旱是造成中国北方玉米产量低而不稳的重要原因,为保证玉米既丰产又稳产,研究和筛选适宜的春玉米栽培品种至关重要;本试验在大田干旱条件下,选用生产上推广应用的春玉米代表品种,在穗期采用干旱胁迫和正常供水方法处理,对不同类型品种的产量及产量构成因素和抗旱性进行分析,结果表明,穗期受旱后密植型品种小区产量平均为12.14 kg,高于稀植型品种小区产量平均值10.4 kg;耐旱指数分析表明,以密植型品种‘大丰26’最高为0.89,而以稀植型品种‘农大108’最低为0.39,整体上密植型优于稀植型品种;同时结合产量构成因素分析表明,密度是影响产量的首要因子,其次才是穗粒数,而百粒重影响最小;试验中以‘大丰26’、‘先玉335’丰产及稳产性最好;因此,在干旱区选用适宜的密植型品种并推广玉米增密技术,是支撑未来玉米产业发展乃至粮食安全生产的重要途径。     

Exploring the Role of Calcium to Improve Chilling Tolerance in Hybrid Maize

Abiotic stresses, including chilling, impede the plant growth and development mainly by oxidative damage. In this study, seed priming with CaCl₂ was employed to reduce the damage caused by chilling stress in hybrid maize. Maize hybrid (Hycorn 8288) seeds were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 mg l⁻¹ (ppm) aerated solution of CaCl₂ for 24 h and dried. Treated and untreated seeds were sown at 27 °C (optimal temperature) and 15 °C (chilling stress) under controlled conditions. Seed priming with CaCl₂ significantly reduced the chilling damage and improved the germination rate, root and shoot length, and seedling fresh and dry weights. Activities of antioxidants, including catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase, were also improved. Soluble sugars and α-amylase concentrations determined as general metabolic indicators of stress were also increased by seed priming with CaCl₂. Priming also improved the performance of maize at optimal temperature. Maintenance of tissue water contents, reduction in membrane leakage and increase in antioxidant activities, and carbohydrate metabolism seemed to induce chilling tolerance by CaCl₂. Seed priming with 100 mg l⁻¹ CaCl₂ was the optimal concentration in improving the performance of hybrid maize both under optimal and stress conditions.     

玉米自交系生理指标与抗旱性及复水恢复能力的关系研究

【研究目的】为了评价不同玉米自交系的抗旱性,探究生理指标与抗旱性、恢复能力和综合抗旱能力之间的关系。【方法】本研究以19份自交系为材料,采用盆栽称重控水法对苗期玉米进行中度旱胁迫及复水,测定生物量、叶绿素含量、类胡萝卜素含量、Fv/Fm、脯氨酸含量和抗氧化酶活性对干旱和复水的响应。【结果】分析发现自交系‘郑8713’、‘郑63’和‘昌7-2’的抗旱性、恢复能力和综合抗旱能力均较强,自交系‘郑C112’、‘郑718’和‘郑6722’虽然抗旱性较弱,但是恢复能力和综合抗旱能力较强,自交系‘郑3733’、‘郑E846’和‘郑36’恢复能力较弱,但是抗旱能力和综合抗旱能力很强;同时发现类胡萝卜素与抗旱性之间呈现显著的相关性(P=0.503*),POD抗氧化酶与复水后的恢复能力之间关系显著(P=0.421*),Fv/Fm与综合抗旱性之间呈显著的相关性(P=-0.456*),叶绿素含量与抗旱性(P=0.468*)和复水后的恢复能力(P=0.407*)之间均呈现显著的相关性。【结论】以上结果为培育抗旱型品种提供优良的种质资源,同时为玉米抗旱性、恢复能力及综合抗旱能力的筛选与鉴定提供一定的指导意义。     

质膜内在蛋白ZmPIP1;1参与玉米耐旱性和光合作用的功能分析

质膜内在蛋白(plasma membrane intrinsic proteins, PIPs)是水通道蛋白主要亚家族成员之一,在植物生长发育过程中具有重要调节功能。前期研究表明,玉米ZmPIP1;1基因表达受到渗透和盐胁迫的强烈诱导,但其在玉米中的生物学功能尚不明确。本研究通过玉米遗传转化获得了ZmPIP1;1超表达转基因株系,干旱胁迫实验揭示了ZmPIP1;1超表达转基因株系较野生型具有较低的水分散失率及较强的干旱胁迫耐性。转录组测序结果表明参与ABA生物合成及其信号通路相关基因的表达水平发生了显著变化。在田间正常生长条件下,ZmPIP1;1超表达转基因植株与野生型在生长发育过程中没有明显差异,但转基因玉米株系具有较高的光合效率,粒宽和百粒重增加,玉米单果穗的产量提高。此外,通过荧光双分子互补实验观察到ZmPIP1;1和ZmPIP2;6蛋白在玉米叶肉细胞原生质体的细胞质膜和叶绿体膜上存在互作,并且可能导致了ZmPIP蛋白的重定位。该研究为ZmPIP1;1分子机制的解析奠定了重要基础,为玉米高光效分子设计育种开辟了新的途径。     

Brassinolide Application Improves the Drought Tolerance in Maize Through Modulation of Enzymatic Antioxidants and Leaf Gas Exchange

Brassinolides (BRs) are naturally occurring substances, which modulate plant growth and development events and have been known to improve the crop tolerance to abiotic stresses. In this study, possible role of exogenously applied brassinolide (BR) in alleviating the detrimental effects of drought in maize was evaluated in a rain‐protected wire‐house. Maize was subjected to drought at the start of tasseling for 6 days by withholding water application followed by foliar spray of BR (0.1 mg l^?1) to assess the changes in growth, gas exchange, chlorophyll contents, protein, relative leaf water contents (RLWC), proline, malonialdehyde (MDA) and enzymatic antioxidants. Drought substantially reduced the maize growth in terms of plant height, leaf area and plant biomass. Moreover, substantial decrease in gas exchange attributes (net photosynthetic rate (A), transpiration rate (E), stomatal conductance (g_s), water use efficiency (WUE), instantaneous water use efficiency (WUEi) and intercellular CO₂ (C_i) was also recorded. However, exogenous application of BR remarkably improved the gas exchange attributes, plant height, leaf area, cobs per plant, seedling dry weight both under drought and well‐watered conditions. BR‐induced promotion in growth and physiological and metabolic activities were mediated through increased protein synthesis enabling maintenance of tissue water potential and activities of antioxidant enzymes lowering the lipid peroxidation under drought.     

干旱胁迫对夏玉米不同品种茎杆力学特性的影响

为研究干旱胁迫对夏玉米不同品种茎杆力学特性的影响,从茎杆力学特性角度探讨夏玉米品种的抗旱能力,以8个河南省主栽夏玉米品种为材料,比较干旱胁迫对茎杆抗折力、压碎强度、穿刺强度等抗倒力学指标的影响。结果表明,茎杆抗倒力学特性受干旱胁迫影响显著,平均下降15%~30%;受旱胁迫后,各品种茎杆抗折力、压碎强度、穿刺强度平均下降了26.1%、18.9%和16.8%;品种间差异明显,‘洛玉8号’、‘郑单958’降幅较小,而‘蠡玉16’、‘中科4号’降幅较大。研究结果表明‘洛玉8号’和‘郑单958’抗旱能力较强,而‘中科4号’和‘蠡玉16’抗旱能力较弱。     

拔节期干旱对不同玉米品种叶片生理特性的影响及抗旱性分析

为筛选玉米抗旱品种及探究抗旱机制。本研究以目前主推的6个玉米品种为试验材料,在拔节期进行水分中度胁迫试验,分析干旱胁迫下6个玉米品种的丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量、可溶性蛋白含量、脯氨酸含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性。发现6个玉米品种在干旱胁迫下表现出了不同的生理响应机制,6个玉米品种叶片的丙二醛含量、叶绿素含量均不同幅度的显著下降,脯氨酸含量、可溶性蛋白含量、超氧化物歧化酶和过氧化物酶活性均不同程度的显著升高。干旱胁迫下,尤其‘郑单988’和‘郑单6386’的MDA含量升高幅度较低,叶绿素含量下降幅度较小,抗氧化酶活性升高幅度较大,可溶性蛋白和脯氨酸含量较高;相反‘郑单958’相对于‘郑单6386’和‘郑单988’,生理生化层面表现出较弱的抗旱性。结果表明拔节期‘郑单988’和‘郑单6386’的抗旱性较‘郑单958’强。本研究结果对揭示玉米耐旱机理有一定的重要意义,并可以为玉米耐旱种质筛选、改良和分子育种提供有效的指导和参考。     

不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对玉米株高、果穗性状及产量的影响

为研究同一品种不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对玉米植株高度、果穗性状以及产量的影响程度,设置全生育期供水充足、大田自然干旱、拔节期控水、抽雄期控水、拔节期控水-复水、抽雄期控水-复水6种处理的对比试验,用对比分析的方法比较不同处理下玉米的株高、果穗性状以及产量之间的差异。结果表明：干旱胁迫使玉米植株矮小,果穗长减小7.88%~54.55%,果穗粗减小14.58%~52.08%,秃尖长度增大66.67%~258.33%,百粒重减小0.99%~41.36%,单株产量减少15.03%~94.41%,最终导致减产23.57%~90.03%。不同发育阶段干旱胁迫对产量的影响差异显著,全生育期干旱最为严重,几乎无产量,拔节期次之,抽雄期干旱胁迫影响最小,复水后由于部分补偿了前期干旱胁迫所减少的生物量,果穗性状、百粒重均有好转,减产幅度减轻。     

不同高产玉米品种抗旱性的比较研究

为了有效筛选出适合鲁东半干旱区应用的夏玉米品种,以山东省目前主推的9个玉米品种为试材,通过2010-2011年连续2年防雨棚控水干旱试验,以抗旱隶属度、抗旱指数为评价参数,对各品种进行抗旱性综合评价。结果表明,干旱胁迫导致各品种玉米株高、穗位高、穗长、穗粒重均不同程度地降低,茎秆变细,秃尖变长,产量降低。年份间比较,2011年夏玉米植株性状、穗部性状、地上部干物重、产量均显著高于2010年。以茎秆性状、穗部性状、地上部干物重及产量指标隶属度的平均值为综合评价标准,‘登海701’为典型抗旱性品种;‘莱农14’、‘农大108’、‘金海5号’为抗旱性较强的品种;‘登海662’、‘郑单958’、‘中科11’、‘浚单20’为抗旱性弱的品种;‘青农105’在2年内的隶属度值差异较大,其抗旱性有待进一步研究。     

同一基础材料的玉米双单倍体(DH)系配合力的分析

利用高频玉米单倍体诱导系,对选系材料M35/F35的F1代进行诱导获得大量单倍体籽粒,经自然加倍获得一批纯合双单倍体(DH)系,用测验系京24组配杂交组合分析DH系的配合力表现。结果表明,来源于同一基础材料的不同DH系之间,配合力差异较大,部分DH系的配合力比亲本增加,说明采用单倍体育种可以选育到高配合力的优良玉米自交系,组配出优良品种,从而加快育种进程,应用前景广阔。     

不同玉米自交系的单倍体育种性能研究

单倍体育种技术在玉米商业化育种中得到广泛应用, 对亲本自交系的单倍体育种性能评价是提升单倍体育种效率的重要手段之一。本研究对来源于不同杂种优势群的17个自交系的单倍体诱导、鉴别与加倍性能进行系统评价。结果表明, 瑞德种质在单倍体诱导和鉴别方面均具有明显优势, 其平均单倍体诱导率和鉴别准确率分别可达12.23%~15.31%和95.27%~96.37%。不同自交系间平均单倍体诱导率与平均单穗单倍体数差异显著, 平均单倍体诱导率变异范围为9.68%~17.51%, 平均单穗单倍体数变异范围为8.44~23.66粒。郑58和B73的单倍体化学加倍性能较高, 郑58的DH生产效率高达74.36%, 而B73的单倍体平均结实数最高, 为53.80粒。综合单倍体诱导、鉴别和加倍性能进行聚类分析发现, 郑58、京1110、京724和JG296在单倍体育种性能方面均处于较高水平, Mo17、4F1和齐319则均处于较低水平。相关结果有助于单倍体育种流程设计, 并为提升单倍体育种效率奠定基础。     

Glycinebetaine Improves Chilling Tolerance in Hybrid Maize

Plant growth and development is hampered by various environmental stresses including chilling. We investigated the possibility of improving chilling tolerance in hybrid maize by glycinebetaine (GB) seed treatments. Maize hybrid (Hycorn 8288) seeds were soaked in 50, 100 and 150 mg l^?1 (p.p.m.) aerated solution of GB for 24 h and were dried back. Treated and untreated seeds were sown at 27 °C (optimal temperature) and at 15 °C (chilling stress) under controlled conditions. Germination and seedling growth was significantly hindered under chilling stress. Moreover, chilling stress significantly reduced the starch metabolism and relative water contents (RWC), and increased the membrane electrolyte leakage. However, activities of antioxidants (catalase, superoxide dismutase and ascorbate peroxidase) were increased under stress conditions. Seed treatments with GB improved the germination rate, root and shoot length, seedling fresh and dry weights, leaf and root scores, RWC, soluble sugars, α‐amylase activity and antioxidants significantly compared with untreated seeds under optimal and stress conditions. Induction of chilling tolerance was attributed to maintenance of high tissue water contents, reduced membrane electrolyte leakage, and higher antioxidant activities and carbohydrate metabolism. Seed treatment with 100 mg l^?1 GB was the best treatment for improving the performance of hybrid maize under normal and stress conditions compared with control and other levels used.     

辣椒花药培养研究进展

归纳了辣椒花药培养过程中影响雄性胚胎发生的诸多因素,包括供试材料、小孢子发育时期、基本培养基、植物生长调节剂、培养基添加物质和温度胁迫处理,总结了小孢子胚胎发生的细胞学观察、再生株的倍性水平和单倍体基因组加倍研究,指出尽管人类已从细胞和分子方面对辣椒花药培养中诱导小孢子胚胎发生和形成胚状体有了进一步的认识,但尚未完全了解小孢子是如何被激发进入孢子体发育途径。当小孢子胚胎发生之谜完全揭开后,辣椒花药培养技术将会应用于更加广泛的领域。