右心室流出道的处理方法与法洛四联症矫治术后右心室功能的相关分析

目的 评价法洛四联症(TOF)右心室流出道(RVOT)处理方法与矫治术后右心功能变化的关系,以期提高矫治手术的中、远期效果.方法 2003年1月至2006年1月,125例TOF患儿接受矫治手术,其中男66例,女59例;手术年龄1～5岁,平均(3.4±1.1)岁;体质量7～26 kg,平均(15.2±5.7)kg.对照组选择20例同龄健康儿童.RVOT处理方法包括跨肺动脉瓣环补片加宽(M1组)67例,右心室漏斗部补片加宽(M2组)6例,经右心室切口非补片修复(M3组)18例,经右心房-肺动脉切口非补片修复(M4组)34例.采用脉冲多普勒(PDE)和组织多普勒超声心动图(TDI)评价右心室功能,选择三尖瓣环收缩期移位(TAPSE)、右心室心肌作功指数(MPI)作为右心室收缩功能指标,测定的三尖瓣瓣环处舒张早期峰速(Em),舒张晚期峰速(Am),计算Em/Am和E/Em比值作为右心室舒张功能指标.计量资料采用单因素方差分析,单因素分析有统计学意义的变量纳入logistic回归分析.计数资料采用x2检验.结果 术后5年随访检查心脏超声发现,M1和M2组的MPI和E/Em显著高于M3和M4组.单因素分析显示,术前Nakata指数、既往分流手术、手术方式、肺动脉瓣反流和术后QRS时间是影响术后MPI的危险因素;术前Nakata指数、手术方式、肺动脉瓣反流和术后QRS时间是影响术后E/Em的危险因素.二元logistic逐步回归分析结果显示,手术方式和术后QRS时间是影响术后MPI的独立因素;术后肺动脉瓣反流是影响术后E/Em的独立因素.结论 TOF术后右心室功能降低与RVOT处理方法有关,舒张功能的降低与术后肺动脉瓣的反流有明显的相关性,收缩功能的降低与手术中应用补片加宽右心室流出道和术后的QRS时间有明显的相关性.心脏超声多普勒技术在测定TOF术后右心室功能和评价术后中、长期疗效有重要的指导意义.     

右室双出口解剖条件影响矫治手术选择和生存的危险因素分析

目的：通过分析右室双出口的解剖特点、手术选择和结果，以筛选解剖条件中内在的相关规律及与矫治手术死亡相关的危险因素。方法：109例右室双出口病儿，根据不同的室间隔缺损(VSD)位置、大血管位置和并发畸形等解剖特点分类，VSD位置分别与大血管位置和手术方法选择进行相关性检验，Logistic逐步回归筛选与住院死亡相关的危险因素，并建立术前预测死亡概率的模型。结果：主、肺动脉位置为侧侧位或主动脉右前斜位，VSD大多为主动脉下，手术方法以心室内矫治(IVR)为主；大血管位置为前后位，VSD大多为肺动脉瓣下，手术方法以Rastelli和大动脉转位术(ASO)为主。主动脉右前斜位、主动脉瓣下VSD的相对危险度小于1，主动脉左前斜位、VSD远离大动脉开口及左室发育不良等解剖条件的相对危险度大于1，Logistic回归方程组内考核的符合率为80．7％。结论：VSD位置和大血管位置及手术方法选择之间有显著的相关性，主动脉右前斜位、左前斜位、主动脉下VSD或VSD远离大动脉开口及左室发育不良等解剖条件对住院死亡有显著影响。     

完全性大血管错位和右心室双出口肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损伴主动脉弓病变的一期矫治手术

目的评估一期纠治完全性大血管错位(TGA)和右心室双出口肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损(Taussig-B ing)伴主动脉弓病变的手术疗效。方法2001年1月—2004年6月对8例伴主动脉弓病变的TGA(3例)和Taussig-B ing(5例)行一期手术治疗。3例TGA中,室间隔完整型1例,伴室间隔缺损2例;主动脉弓病变为7例主动脉缩窄、1例主动脉弓中断。手术年龄1例为8个月,7例为5 d~3个月,平均40 d,体重3.5~6.3 kg,平均(4.3±0.5)kg。均采用胸骨正中切口。手术先在深低温、停循环下矫治主动脉弓病变,然后在深低温、低流量下行大动脉转换术(Sw itch术)。体外循环转流时间107~159 m in,平均(126±23)m in,主动脉阻断时间63~118 m in,平均(92±16)m in,停循环14~45 m in,平均(30±12)m in。结果手术死亡1例,为8个月Taussig-B ing伴主动脉弓发育不良、冠状动脉畸形患儿,术后因低心排血综合征、Ⅲ度房室传导阻滞、肺高压危象死亡;1例3月龄患儿术后5 d喂奶时窒息死亡。6例随访5个月~2年,生长发育良好,1例Taussig-B ing主动脉弓中断出现吻合口狭窄,压差60 mm Hg;2例出现主动脉瓣轻微返流,1例肺动脉瓣轻度返流。结论一期纠治TGA和Taussig-B ing伴主动脉弓病变能取得较好手术效果,手术死亡原因为肺动脉高压和冠状动脉畸形。     

双心室矫治术治疗右心室双出口合并完全性房室间隔缺损

目的总结右心室双出口(DORV)合并完全性房室间隔缺损(AVSD)的双心室解剖矫治经验。方法回顾性分析1996年1月至2010年12月阜外心血管病医院14例DORV-AVSD患者施行双心室解剖矫治术的临床资料,其中男9例,女5例;年龄6个月～31岁。患者均行双心室解剖矫治术,经右心房和右心室切口,疏通右心室流出道,分隔并成形房室瓣,采用"逗号状"补片修补室间隔缺损,同时构建通畅的左心室流出道,自体心包闭合Ⅰ孔房间隔缺损,用心包或跨瓣环补片加宽右心室流出道。结果 1996年1月至2008年12月收治的10例患者中,住院死亡5例,其中术中不能脱离体外循环3例,不能脱离呼吸机2例;住院时间23～105 d,住ICU时间5～90 d,机械通气时间1～52 d。2009年1月至2010年12月收治的4例患者中,无住院死亡,术后未发生并发症;住院时间21～41 d,住ICU时间4～21 d,机械通气时间1～7 d。随访9例,随访时间6～26个月,随访期间无死亡,无流出道残余梗阻。结论 DORV-AVSD患者可一期行双心室矫治术,近年来手术效果明显提高。     

改良Rastelli手术治疗右心室双出口合并左前位主动脉

目的 探讨右心室双出口合并左前位主动脉患者采用改良Rastelli的手术效果。方法 对10例右心室双出口患者采用改良Rastelli手术,9例为右心室双出口合并右前位主动脉,1位为镜面右位心型右心室双出口。除1例外,9例患者均有肺动脉瓣及瓣下狭窄。室间隙缺损位于肺动脉下或远离两大动脉。体外循环下行改良Rastelli手术,经右心室切口用涤纶片或人工血管片修补空间隔缺损,形态左心室至主动脉的内隧道。切断主肺动脉,闭合近端。用带瓣同种肺动脉或主动脉及人造血管,建立右心室流入道三关瓣环下方至主肺动脉的外管道。结果 10例患者术后恢复良好,超声心去科显示所有内隧道及外管道功能正常,无血流梗阻征象。结论 改良Rastelli手术是治疗右心室双出口合并左前位主动脉的满意术式,它可以彻底矫治肺动脉瓣及瓣下狭窄和右向左分流。     

右心室双出口的外科治疗

右心室双出口是少见而又复杂的先天性心脏病，其解剖形态有较多的变异，因而手术治疗方法和效果也因病理类型而异。现报道我们右心室双出口的外科治疗及其效果。     

右心室双出口无肺动脉狭窄的外科治疗

目的回顾性总结右心室双出口(DORV)无肺动脉狭窄(PS)病人的手术治疗经验。方法1975年1月至2003年6月，38例DORV无PS病人均采用双心室修复，建立左心室至主动脉心内隧道，其中2例DORV肺动脉下室间隔缺损的婴儿行大动脉调转术。结果全组早期死亡5例(13．2％)，其中2例死于肺动脉高压危象、3例死于低心输出量综合征。33例生存者中29例(87．9％)随访1个月。23年，晚期死亡1例(2．6％)，术后95d死于室间隔残余漏所致右心衰竭。随访者心功能恢复至Ⅰ级19例，Ⅱ级9例，Ⅲ级1例。结论DORV无PS的手术治疗早、晚期效果良好。一旦诊断明确，应尽早手术治疗，以避免产生不可逆的肺血管病变，影响治疗效果。     

一个半心室矫治术治疗三尖瓣下移畸形的效果北大核心CSCD

目的比校一个半心室矫治手术和双心室手术治疗三尖瓣下移畸形的效果,总结一个半心室矫治手术经验。方法连续收集2010年1月至2018年12月149例于首都医科大学附属北京安贞医院小儿心脏外科确诊为三尖瓣下移畸形并接受外科手术治疗的患者资料,并对生存率、再次手术率及三尖瓣反流情况等进行中远期随访。结果入组患者中男68例,女81例,中位年龄5.58岁。将患者按照最终接受的手术方式不同,分为双心室矫治组和一个半心室矫治组。一个半心室矫治组手术年龄小(中位年龄4.15岁对6.71岁,P=0.019),身高矮[(107.70±31.28)cm对(123.20±35.22)cm,P=0.014]、体质量轻[(19.69±12.22)kg对(29.65±20.41)kg,P=0.001],差异均有统计学意义。两组患者术前发绀情况、血红蛋白水平、心脏功能、心律失常、合并常见心内畸形(如房间隔缺损等)差异无统计意义。一个半心室矫治组术前合并肺动脉狭窄(10.81%对1.79%,P=0.016)和右心室发育不良(16.22%对3.57%,P=0.008)的比例显著偏高;手术体外循环时间偏长[(125.51±37.35)min对(100.44±25.24)min,P<0.001]。两组主动脉阻断时间、气管插管时间、住院时间、术后中期死亡比例、再手术率、心脏功能及瓣膜反流情况差异无统计学意义;一个半心室矫治组院内死亡比例稍高,可能与右心功能不佳、术后恢复困难有关。结论一个半心室矫治手术治疗三尖瓣下移畸形均取得较好的中期随访结果。一个半心室矫治手术的指征主要根据术前右心室功能判断,须重点关注三尖瓣下移合并右心室发育不良及肺动脉狭窄的患者,术前需评估肺动脉压力及肺血管发育,做好一个半心室矫治的准备。     

单心室分隔手术

单心室（Ｓｉｎｇｌｅｖｅｎｔｒｉｃｌｅ,ＳＶ）是一种少见的复杂性先心性心脏病,在先心病中占１３％～３０％,国外报道分隔手术死亡率为４３２％［２］,国内尚未见成功病例报道。我们收治１例ＳＶ合并房缺（ＡＳＤ）的患者,经分隔手术治疗成功,随诊１６个月...     

右心室双出口的手术治疗

目的　总结右心室双出口手术治疗的早期和远期结果及经验。　方法　 1985年 5月～ 2 0 0 1年 12月 4 1例右心室双出口患者接受了外科治疗 ,其中男 2 6例、女 15例 ,年龄 10个月～ 2 1岁 ,平均 (10± 6 )岁 ,体重 6 5～ 6 5 0kg ,平均 (2 6± 16 )kg。 4 1例中 ,14例行经典的Rastelli手术 (内隧道外管道手术 ) ;11例行经内隧道成形左心室流出道、右心室流出道直接疏通或用心包片加宽 ;11例行改良Rastelli手术 ;2例行全腔静脉肺动脉吻合术 ;2例行双向格林手术 ;1例行大动脉调转术。结果　早期 (术后 1个月 )死亡 1例 ,出院 4 0例。随访 36例 ,随访 5个月～ 17年 ,中位数为 7年 ,无死亡 ,二次手术 3例。所有患者紫绀消失 ,症状明显改善 ,心功能Ⅰ级 34例 ,心功能Ⅱ级 2例 ,能够进行正常的生活、学习和工作。　结论　绝大多数右心室双出口患者经双心室矫治可以取得很好的早期及远期结果 ;对于合并其他严重畸形的患者可行右心室旁路手术。     

心室双出口手术治疗临床研究

目的：探讨心室双出口的手术治疗效果。方法：回顾性分析72例心室双出口病人手术治疗方法及治疗效果。右室双出口71例中SDD型64例，ILL型3例，SDL型3例，IDD型1例；左室双出口1例（ILD型）。采用左心室-主动脉心内隧道连接61例，全腔静脉-肺动脉连接2例，左心室-主动脉心内隧道并右心室-肺动脉心外管道连接3例，Glenn分流6例。结果：死亡2例。1例术后3个月发现残余室间隔缺损，予再次手术缝合。余者效果良好，无远期死亡及相关并发症发生。结论：根据心室双出口的不同类型，选择最佳手术方式及掌握手术时机是成功的重要因素，重建通畅良好的左或右室流出道是提高手术成功率的关键因素。     

完全性心内膜垫缺损合并右室双出口的双心室修复

目的 总结完全性心内膜垫缺损合并右室双出口双心室修复的经验.方法 2006年7月至209年11月对6例完全性心内膜垫缺损合并右室双出口病人采用双片法修补完全性心内膜垫缺损,人工血管补片作右心室内隧道,连接室间隔缺损与主动脉口,引导左心室血经内隧道进入主动脉;应用牛心包补片扩大右室流出道;肺动脉瓣环小者用带瓣补片跨环修补右室流出道;心室内隧道有可能阻塞右室流出道造成重度梗阻者,右室流出道与主肺动脉之间安置带瓣管道(Rastelli手术).结果 术后死亡1例,占16.6%,其余病例恢复良好.结论 完全性心内膜垫缺损合并右室双出口一期双心室修复可获得良好效果.

Abstract：

Objective Double-outlet right ventricle,which often associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and complete endocardial cushion defects,has been considered a risk factor for biventricular repair procedure.To reviewed cases treated by biventricular repair for endocardial cushion defects with double outlet right ventricle.Methods From July to November of 2009,6 patients (3 males and 3 females) aged from 7 to 24 (16.17±5.98) years and with endocardial cushion defects and double outlet right ventricle underwent operation of biventricular repair The duration of follow-up ranged from 10 days to 2 years(median,16 months).Endocardial cushion defects were repaired with a 2-patch technique.The artificial vascular patch was implanted to connect the ventricular septal defects and the aorta for draining the blood stream from the left ventricle to the aorta.The other patch was used to repair the ostium primum atrial septal defects.Right ventricular outflow tract obstructions was released and reconstructed by transplanting a bovine pericardium patch.If the size of pulmonary valve annulus was far more below the normal,a transannular pericardial patch was used.Rastelli procedure with a valved conduit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery would be performed if the obstruction in the right ventricular outfolw tract was severe.Results One death occurred 2 days after the operation,resulting in a mortality rate of 16.6%.The case,a boy of 7 years old,had a mirror-image dextrocardia,complete endocardial cushion defect ( C type),anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and single atrium.In this case,the operation lasted for 8 hours,acute renal failure happened next day to the operation,the effect of CRRT was unsatisfied,and eventually cardiac arrest occurred as a result of hyperkalemia.The remaining cases had survived.Follow-up examinations showed that the systolic pressure gradients across the pulmonary valves decreased,with a range of 14 to 40 mm Hg,(23.9 ± 11.03) mm Hg.Mild mitral and tricuspid regurgiration were identified in 4 cases and moderate mitral regurgitation was identified in one case.The cardiac function in all patients was classified as NYHA class Ⅰ/Ⅱ,Conclusion Endocardial cushion defects with double outlet right ventricle can be corrected by means of biventricular repair procedure.The procedure was associated with a low mortality,The interim life quality of patients may be improved.The longterm outcomes should be further studied.     

Double-Switch手术纠治房室连接不一致的复杂先天性心脏病

目的 回顾和总结Double-Switch手术方法的临床应用体会.方法 从2002年1月至2006年12月,采用Double-Switch方法纠治房室连接不一致复杂型先天性心脏病(先心病)共14例.其中男11例,女3例;手术年龄3个月-7岁,平均(39.0±35.27)个月;体重5-31 kg,平均(14.23±8.27)kg.包括纠正型大血管错位9例,房室连接不一致型右心室双出口 5例.10例伴肺动脉狭窄,采用Senning+Ras-telli手术;余4例采用Senning+Switch手术.结果 死亡2例,为采用Senning加Restelli手术者.全组无发生完全性房室传导阻滞者.生存病儿随访2个月-5年,远期死亡1例.Senning+Rastelli手术后出现心室内0.2 cm残余分流1例,上腔静脉回流流速增快2例,分别为1.8 m/s和2.16 m/s,心功能均在正常范围,继续随访中.Senning加Switch手术者随访结果满意,无任何残余分流和梗阻.结论 Double-Switch手术纠治房室连接不一致的复杂型先心病,结果较好,但仍需进一步随访以观察长期疗效.     

完全性心内膜垫缺损合并右室双出口的双心室修复

Objective Double-outlet right ventricle,which often associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and complete endocardial cushion defects,has been considered a risk factor for biventricular repair procedure.To reviewed cases treated by biventricular repair for endocardial cushion defects with double outlet right ventricle.Methods From July to November of 2009,6 patients (3 males and 3 females) aged from 7 to 24 (16.17±5.98) years and with endocardial cushion defects and double outlet right ventricle underwent operation of biventricular repair The duration of follow-up ranged from 10 days to 2 years(median,16 months).Endocardial cushion defects were repaired with a 2-patch technique.The artificial vascular patch was implanted to connect the ventricular septal defects and the aorta for draining the blood stream from the left ventricle to the aorta.The other patch was used to repair the ostium primum atrial septal defects.Right ventricular outflow tract obstructions was released and reconstructed by transplanting a bovine pericardium patch.If the size of pulmonary valve annulus was far more below the normal,a transannular pericardial patch was used.Rastelli procedure with a valved conduit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery would be performed if the obstruction in the right ventricular outfolw tract was severe.Results One death occurred 2 days after the operation,resulting in a mortality rate of 16.6%.The case,a boy of 7 years old,had a mirror-image dextrocardia,complete endocardial cushion defect ( C type),anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and single atrium.In this case,the operation lasted for 8 hours,acute renal failure happened next day to the operation,the effect of CRRT was unsatisfied,and eventually cardiac arrest occurred as a result of hyperkalemia.The remaining cases had survived.Follow-up examinations showed that the systolic pressure gradients across the pulmonary valves decreased,with a range of 14 to 40 mm Hg,(23.9 ± 11.03) mm Hg.Mild mitral and tricuspid regurgiration were identified in 4 cases and moderate mitral regurgitation was identified in one case.The cardiac function in all patients was classified as NYHA class Ⅰ/Ⅱ,Conclusion Endocardial cushion defects with double outlet right ventricle can be corrected by means of biventricular repair procedure.The procedure was associated with a low mortality,The interim life quality of patients may be improved.The longterm outcomes should be further studied.     

完全性心内膜垫缺损合并右室双出口的双心室修复

Objective Double-outlet right ventricle,which often associated with total anomalous pulmonary venous connection and complete endocardial cushion defects,has been considered a risk factor for biventricular repair procedure.To reviewed cases treated by biventricular repair for endocardial cushion defects with double outlet right ventricle.Methods From July to November of 2009,6 patients (3 males and 3 females) aged from 7 to 24 (16.17±5.98) years and with endocardial cushion defects and double outlet right ventricle underwent operation of biventricular repair The duration of follow-up ranged from 10 days to 2 years(median,16 months).Endocardial cushion defects were repaired with a 2-patch technique.The artificial vascular patch was implanted to connect the ventricular septal defects and the aorta for draining the blood stream from the left ventricle to the aorta.The other patch was used to repair the ostium primum atrial septal defects.Right ventricular outflow tract obstructions was released and reconstructed by transplanting a bovine pericardium patch.If the size of pulmonary valve annulus was far more below the normal,a transannular pericardial patch was used.Rastelli procedure with a valved conduit between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery would be performed if the obstruction in the right ventricular outfolw tract was severe.Results One death occurred 2 days after the operation,resulting in a mortality rate of 16.6%.The case,a boy of 7 years old,had a mirror-image dextrocardia,complete endocardial cushion defect ( C type),anomalous pulmonary venous drainage and single atrium.In this case,the operation lasted for 8 hours,acute renal failure happened next day to the operation,the effect of CRRT was unsatisfied,and eventually cardiac arrest occurred as a result of hyperkalemia.The remaining cases had survived.Follow-up examinations showed that the systolic pressure gradients across the pulmonary valves decreased,with a range of 14 to 40 mm Hg,(23.9 ± 11.03) mm Hg.Mild mitral and tricuspid regurgiration were identified in 4 cases and moderate mitral regurgitation was identified in one case.The cardiac function in all patients was classified as NYHA class Ⅰ/Ⅱ,Conclusion Endocardial cushion defects with double outlet right ventricle can be corrected by means of biventricular repair procedure.The procedure was associated with a low mortality,The interim life quality of patients may be improved.The longterm outcomes should be further studied.     

大动脉转换术在复杂先天性心脏病治疗中的应用

目的 回顾总结我院近3年采用大动脉转换术治疗小儿复杂先天性心脏病(先心病)的临床经验。方法2000年1月至2003年5月,采用大动脉转换术(Switch手术)治疗小儿复杂先心病61例。其中完全性大血管错位(TGA)45例,包括室间隔完整型(TFGA-IVS)26例,伴室间隔缺损(TGA,VSD)19例;右心室双出口伴肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损(Taussig-Bing)16例。结果TGA,IVS死亡2例;TGA-VSD死亡4例;Taussig-Bing死亡4例;总手术病死率16％。术后随访3个月-3年,所有病例青紫症状消失,活动能力明显增强。1例Taussig-Bing术前二尖瓣轻～中度返流,术后仍为中度返流。2例TGA术后出现主动脉和肺动脉瓣上狭窄,压差40mmHg,1例肺动脉瓣下狭窄和残余室间隔缺损,3个月后再次手术治愈。结论大动脉转换术应用于完全性大血管错位的纠治,手术效果满意;应用于右室双出口肺动脉瓣下室间隔缺损的纠治,不但可早期纠治,防止其肺血管阻塞性病变发生,而且避免了心内修补左室流出道梗阻的远期并发症。     

半旋转动脉干调转术治疗完全性大动脉转位合并室间隔缺损和肺动脉狭窄

目的 报道半旋转动脉干调转术治疗完全大动脉转位(TGA)合并室间隔缺损(VSD)和肺动脉狭窄(PS)的近期疗效.方法 2例病儿男、女各1例,分别为16岁和19个月.均为TGA/VSD/PS.采用半旋转动脉干调转术治疗.结果 2例病儿均生存.女病儿术后发生低心排出量综合征和毛细血管渗漏综合征,治疗后痊愈.男病儿术后恢复良好.术后分别随访10、9个月,心功能Ⅰ级.结论 半旋转动脉干调转术可有效治疗TGA合并VSD和PS.长期效果仍需观察.