A unifying framework for dinitrogen fixation in the terrestrial biosphere

Dinitrogen (N(2)) fixation is widely recognized as an important process in controlling ecosystem responses to global environmental change, both today and in the past; however, significant discrepancies exist between theory and observations of patterns of N(2) fixation across major sectors of the land biosphere. A question remains as to why symbiotic N(2)-fixing plants are more abundant in vast areas of the tropics than in many of the mature forests that seem to be nitrogen-limited in the temperate and boreal zones. Here we present a unifying framework for terrestrial N(2) fixation that can explain the geographic occurrence of N(2) fixers across diverse biomes and at the global scale. By examining trade-offs inherent in plant carbon, nitrogen and phosphorus capture, we find a clear advantage to symbiotic N(2) fixers in phosphorus-limited tropical savannas and lowland tropical forests. The ability of N(2) fixers to invest nitrogen into phosphorus acquisition seems vital to sustained N(2) fixation in phosphorus-limited tropical ecosystems. In contrast, modern-day temperatures seem to constrain N(2) fixation rates and N(2)-fixing species from mature forests in the high latitudes. We propose that an analysis that couples biogeochemical cycling and biophysical mechanisms is sufficient to explain the principal geographical patterns of symbiotic N(2) fixation on land, thus providing a basis for predicting the response of nutrient-limited ecosystems to climate change and increasing atmospheric CO(2).     

Increased forest ecosystem carbon and nitrogen storage from nitrogen rich bedrock

Nitrogen (N) limits the productivity of many ecosystems worldwide, thereby restricting the ability of terrestrial ecosystems to offset the effects of rising atmospheric CO(2) emissions naturally. Understanding input pathways of bioavailable N is therefore paramount for predicting carbon (C) storage on land, particularly in temperate and boreal forests. Paradigms of nutrient cycling and limitation posit that new N enters terrestrial ecosystems solely from the atmosphere. Here we show that bedrock comprises a hitherto overlooked source of ecologically available N to forests. We report that the N content of soils and forest foliage on N-rich metasedimentary rocks (350-950?mg?N?kg(-1)) is elevated by more than 50% compared with similar temperate forest sites underlain by N-poor igneous parent material (30-70?mg?N?kg(-1)). Natural abundance N isotopes attribute this difference to rock-derived N: (15)N/(14)N values for rock, soils and plants are indistinguishable in sites underlain by N-rich lithology, in marked contrast to sites on N-poor substrates. Furthermore, forests associated with N-rich parent material contain on average 42% more carbon in above-ground tree biomass and 60% more carbon in the upper 30?cm of the soil than similar sites underlain by N-poor rocks. Our results raise the possibility that bedrock N input may represent an important and overlooked component of ecosystem N and C cycling elsewhere.     

中国亚热带森林土壤呼吸的基本特点

中国亚热带森林在全球森林生态系统中具有独特的植被类型及结构,长期受人类活动干扰(毁林、造林等),森林土壤碳呼吸特征不明确,较难准确估算土壤碳的分配情况.分析了我国亚热带森林土壤呼吸在不同森林类型、不同退化和恢复演替阶段,以及造林再造林等的影响条件下的变化规律.结果表明:我国亚热带区域中的天然林的土壤呼吸通常表现为针叶林(如马尾松林)<松阔或针阔混交林<季风常绿阔林;马尾松与杉木人工林广布中国亚热带地区,两种林分的CO2年通量相当,中龄林较之幼龄林,土壤有机碳库呈现减少趋势;不同研究区域相同林分的土壤呼吸效率初步表现为南强北弱;我国亚热带森林的土壤呼吸通量与世界其他地区的热带森林土壤呼吸通量相差无己,其释放的碳量对全球碳通量的影响应加以重视.     

大兴安岭森林土壤胞外酶活力的时空动态及其对潜在碳矿化的影响

为探索寒温带土壤胞外酶活力的时空动态, 并分析胞外酶对土壤潜在碳矿化速率的影响, 于夏季和冬季在大兴安岭采集3种植被(樟子松、白桦和落叶松)的森林土壤和落叶松林中3种地被层(草本、杜香和苔藓)的土壤, 分别测定与碳(β-葡萄糖苷酶、β-木糖苷酶和纤维二糖水解酶)、氮(N-乙酰-β-D-葡萄糖苷酶和亮氨酸氨基肽酶)、磷(酸性磷酸酶)代谢相关的6种胞外酶活力、潜在碳矿化速率和主要的环境因子。结果表明, 樟子松林和白桦林土壤冬季胞外酶活力均显著低于夏季, 而落叶松林则由于林下苔藓层土壤冬季显著增加胞外酶活力, 呈现不一致的规律。从夏季到冬季, 3种森林类型及3种地被层植物土壤一致地表现为磷限制减弱, 氮限制增强; 樟子松林和白桦林土壤均表现为能量限制增强, 养分限制减弱, 落叶松林土壤则由于苔藓层的相反趋势表现为夏季具有较强的能量限制, 冬季具有较强的养分限制。樟子松林和落叶松林土壤在冬季具有较强的潜在碳矿化速率, 而白桦林则相反, 夏季大于冬季。土壤潜在碳矿化速率受碳代谢酶和氮代谢酶的影响较大, 几乎不受磷酸酶的影响, 但土壤中氮磷元素的相对限制情况对有机碳分解的影响较大, 表现为磷比氮的限制增强, 土壤碳矿化速率减弱。     

吉林蛟河不同演替阶段针阔混交林 凋落物持水特性研究

凋落物层是森林土壤不可缺少的保护层,在森林水土保持及水源涵养中起着不可替代的作用。为探究中国东北东部山地不同演替阶段针阔混交林凋落物持水特性的变化规律,以及持水特性与演替阶段之间的关系,以吉林省蛟河市林业实验区管理局林场不同演替阶段针阔混交林凋落物为研究对象,分别在中龄林、近熟林和成熟林固定监测样地中采用蛇形取样法均匀地选择5个边长为20 cm的正方形样方,并将每个样方内的未分解层和半分解层的凋落物取回实验室进行持水特性分析。采用室内浸水法计算凋落物的蓄积量、持水量、持水率以及凋落物的有效拦蓄量,并结合野外观测数据分析林下凋落物的持水特性与演替阶段之间的关系。结果表明:不同演替阶段凋落物的总蓄积量为成熟林(7.26 t/hm²)>近熟林(4.56 t/hm²)>中龄林(3.68 t/hm²),持水量大小为成熟林(21.23 t/hm²)<近熟林(35.24 t/hm²)<中龄林(47.71 t/hm²),持水率大小为成熟林(844.72%)>近熟林(742.58%)>中龄林(592.02%),有效拦蓄量为成熟林(31.32 t/hm²)>近熟林(20.52 t/hm²)>中龄林(11.98 t/hm²)。林分各演替阶段不同分解程度的凋落物持水量与持水率均随着浸水时间的增加呈对数关系增长,吸水速率则随浸水时间的增加呈幂指数关系下降。研究表明,成熟林的持水性能最强,近熟林、中龄林持水性能依次减弱。不同演替阶段林分最大持水量、最大持水率与蓄积量大小排序一致,表明持水量、持水率与蓄积量有很强的相关关系,蓄积量越大,凋落物持水量、持水率越高,森林凋落物持水能力越强。     

广西不同林龄和区域马尾松人工林的土壤C、N、P化学计量特征

为探明广西马尾松Pinus massoniana人工林土壤碳(C)、氮(N)、磷(P)化学计量特征,揭示马尾松人工林土壤养分平衡机理及其时空动态变化,为马尾松人工林可持续经营提供理论依据,研究以广西4个典型区域马尾松人工林为对象,采用空间代替时间的方法,比较不同区域各林龄土壤有机碳(SOC)、全氮(TN)和全磷(TP)...     

原始红松林皆伐后穿透雨对凋落物淋溶过程的影响

[目的]揭示原始红松林皆伐恢复演替为60年生的次生阔叶林后,凋落物对淋溶过程土壤养分归还及酸沉降的缓冲作用的影响,为评价森林生态功能的变化提供参考.[方法]以小兴安岭地区典型的原始红松林和皆伐后恢复演替60 a的次生阔叶林为研究对象,在两个样地内选择非林隙且林木通直分布均匀处放置30个体积为1 L的冠层穿透雨收集器,在...     

中国主要森林群落营养元素循环的区域分异

通过对不同热量带主要森林群落营养元素物理２的研究,结果显示：热带、亚热带的季雨林、山地雨林和常绿阔叶林养分积累量多,循环速率高,温带地区森林的养分积累慢,循环速率低。     

Primary forests are irreplaceable for sustaining tropical biodiversity

Human-driven land-use changes increasingly threaten biodiversity, particularly in tropical forests where both species diversity and human pressures on natural environments are high. The rapid conversion of tropical forests for agriculture, timber production and other uses has generated vast, human-dominated landscapes with potentially dire consequences for tropical biodiversity. Today, few truly undisturbed tropical forests exist, whereas those degraded by repeated logging and fires, as well as secondary and plantation forests, are rapidly expanding. Here we provide a global assessment of the impact of disturbance and land conversion on biodiversity in tropical forests using a meta-analysis of 138 studies. We analysed 2,220 pairwise comparisons of biodiversity values in primary forests (with little or no human disturbance) and disturbed forests. We found that biodiversity values were substantially lower in degraded forests, but that this varied considerably by geographic region, taxonomic group, ecological metric and disturbance type. Even after partly accounting for confounding colonization and succession effects due to the composition of surrounding habitats, isolation and time since disturbance, we find that most forms of forest degradation have an overwhelmingly detrimental effect on tropical biodiversity. Our results clearly indicate that when it comes to maintaining tropical biodiversity, there is no substitute for primary forests.     

尖峰岭次生林和原始林林下灌木叶氨基酸对氮添加的响应

为了深入地了解热带山地雨林原始林与次生林叶氨基酸对氮添加的响应和适应机制, 以海南尖峰岭热带山地雨林原始林和次生林的林下常见植物为研究对象, 通过设置对照CK (0 kg N/(ha·a))、中氮添加M (50 kg N/(ha·a))和高氮添加H (100 kg N/(ha·a)) 3种氮添加处理的实验, 探究氮添加对林下灌木叶片氨基酸含量的影响。实验结果表明, 无氮添加时, 原始林与次生林的总氨基酸含量和水解氨基酸含量无显著差异, 原始林游离氨基酸总含量显著高于次生林; 中氮添加时, 次生林林下灌木叶氨基酸含量的响应程度高于原始林; 高氮添加时, 次生林与原始林林下灌木水解氨基酸的响应程度无显著差异, 原始林林下灌木游离氨基酸的响应程度高于次生林。     

滇中高原云南松幼林和成熟林土壤呼吸及主要影响因子分析

为探明云南磨盘山国家森林公园云南松林幼林与成熟林土壤呼吸特征及其主要调控因子,采用Li-6400-09土壤呼吸室测定土壤呼吸速率的季节动态。结果表明:云南松幼林和成熟林土壤CO₂流动速率呈明显的季节波动,且成熟林土壤呼吸(1.09～3.69 μmol/(m²·s))显著高于幼龄林(0.88～3.08 μmol/(m²·s))。土壤水分是影响土壤呼吸季节动态的重要影响因子,土壤含水量对土壤呼吸速率的影响显著大于土壤温度,不同影响因子中,含水量成熟林土壤呼吸的影响占全部影响的63.3%～76.0%,对幼林的49.3%～79.4%。pH与土壤养分对土壤呼吸也会产生一定影响。2种林分中,土壤呼吸速率与pH、全P均呈显著或极显著正相关,与土壤C/N极显著负相关; 同时,土壤含水量与全N极显著正相关,与C/N显著或极显著负相关; 但土壤含水量与土壤pH、全P仅在成熟林中呈显著或极显著正相关。因此,西南地区严重干旱导致土壤含水量的减少已成为土壤呼吸速率的主要限制因子,土壤水分能够通过影响土壤通透性、土壤有机质以及N、P等养分含量,从而调控云南松成熟林和幼林土壤呼吸的时空动态。     

万木林主要森林群落特征及演替动态

选择闽北较有代表性的建瓯万木林自然保护区封禁保护达６００多年的中亚热带森林,包括常绿阔叶林,马尾松林及与万木林相连的七道村罗浮栲次生林作为研究对象,据群落中各组成成分的重要值对群落进行聚类分析、主成分分析及演替分析。     

甘肃兴隆山不同演替阶段典型森林群落的凋落物动态

【目的】分析不同演替阶段典型森林群落凋落物的量、组成特征及月动态,了解兴隆山森林生态系统碳贮量和养分循环状况。【方法】采用凋落物收集器法,对甘肃兴隆山森林演替阶段的3种典型森林群落针阔混交林(山杨(Populus davidiana)-白桦(Betula platyphylla)-青杄(Picea wilosonii)林)和暗针叶林(青杄-灌木林和青杄-箭竹(Fargesia nitida)-苔藓林)的凋落物量、组分、月动态进行了观测与研究。【结果】3种典型森林群落年凋落物量5 534.48～7 951.25 kg/hm²,大小排序为:山杨-白桦-青杄林>青杄-灌木林>青杄-箭竹-苔藓林,针阔混交林高于暗针叶林; 凋落量随森林正向演替的进行而不断减少。山杨-白桦-青杄林中以叶(44.91%)、杂物(20.53%)、枝(15.86%)、果(14.74%)为主,青杄-灌木林中以叶(41.22%)、杂物(23.58%)、枝(18.53%)、果(13.32%)为主,青杄-箭竹-苔藓林中以叶(37.48%)、杂物(27.51%)、枝(22.35%)为主; 在叶凋落物中,针阔混交林以阔叶为主,暗针叶林则以针叶为主。3种典型森林群落凋落量动态模式均为双峰型,但最高峰和最低峰出现时期有所不同,针阔混交林最高峰在10月,最低峰在7月; 暗针叶林最高峰在4—5月,最低峰在8—9月。针叶凋落量动态模式呈双峰型,高峰期出现在4月和10月; 阔叶、杂物、枝、果和花凋落动态模式呈单峰型,阔叶最高峰在10月,杂物、枝和果在4—5月,花在5—6月; 树皮凋落动态无明显变化规律。【结论】森林演替对凋落量及其凋落物组成影响明显; 随森林由阳性落叶阔叶林向阴性针叶林方向演替,森林年凋落量逐渐变小; 阔叶凋落量所占比例逐渐减小,而针叶所占比例逐渐增加。     

杉木,马尾松,木荷纯林及其混交林的土壤养分状况

对中等立地上１５年生杉木、马尾松、木荷纯林及其混交林的土壤养分状况进行了研究。结果表明：土壤有机质、全氮、全钾、全钠、水解氮、速效钾、有效铜、有效锌、交换性锰含量为杉木＞马尾松＞木荷;土壤速效磷、全钙、全镁、有效铁含量为马尾松＞杉木＞木荷;而各林分土壤的ｐＨ值则无明显差异。合适的混交林可调节土壤大量营养元素及有效微量元素状况,改良土壤理化特性,促进林木丰产。     

Nitrogen loss from unpolluted South American forests mainly via dissolved organic compounds.

Conceptual and numerical models of nitrogen cycling in temperate forests assume that nitrogen is lost from these ecosystems predominantly by way of inorganic forms, such as nitrate and ammonium ions. Of these, nitrate is thought to be particularly mobile, being responsible for nitrogen loss to deep soil and stream waters. But human activities-such as fossil fuel combustion, fertilizer production and land-use change-have substantially altered the nitrogen cycle over large regions, making it difficult to separate natural aspects of nitrogen cycling from those induced by human perturbations. Here we report stream chemistry data from 100 unpolluted primary forests in temperate South America. Although the sites exhibit a broad range of environmental factors that influence ecosystem nutrient cycles (such as climate, parent material, time of ecosystem development, topography and biotic diversity), we observed a remarkably consistent pattern of nitrogen loss across all forests. In contrast to findings from forests in polluted regions, streamwater nitrate concentrations are exceedingly low, such that nitrate to ammonium ratios were less than unity, and dissolved organic nitrogen is responsible for the majority of nitrogen losses from these forests. We therefore suggest that organic nitrogen losses should be considered in models of forest nutrient cycling, which could help to explain observations of nutrient limitation in temperate forest ecosystems.     

油茶果实发育关键时期的叶片DRIS营养诊断研究

选取20个有代表性的油茶林分,对其果实发育关键时期(果实膨大期和油脂转化期)的油茶叶片采用诊断施肥综合法(DRIS)进行矿质营养元素分析.研究表明:1)果实膨大期油茶叶片N、P、K、Fe、Zn、Cu、Mn的适宜含量分别为(14.013±2.612)g·kg、(0.782±0.131)g·kg、(5.511±1.086)g·kg、(195.350±90.536)mg·kg、(23.300±3.931)mg·kg、(10.000±3.496)mg·kg、(2 921.400±1 172.529)mg·kg,且该时期叶片中各矿质元素含量与处于油脂转化期的叶片中各对应矿质元素含量不存在显著差异(P>0.05).2)相关分析发现果实膨大期、油脂转化期油茶叶片中各矿质元素之间存在复杂的相关关系,其中Fe与K在2个时期均存在极显著相关关系(P<0.01),而Fe与Mn、Fe与Zn、K与Mn仅在果实膨大期存在极显著相关关系(P<0.01),N与Fe、P与Mn仅在油脂转化期存在相关关系.3)在供试油茶林分中,丰产林植株对Mn、Fe等微量元素的需求最为强烈; 低产林植株对N、P、K等大量元素的需求较高.丰产林的养分不平衡指数(NII)均值均低于对应时期的低产林,表明低产林中油茶植株体内各矿质元素更为不平衡,是导致其低产的原因之一.     

巨尾桉萌芽林引入降香黄檀后的土壤化学性质变化

通过桉树二代萌芽林补植降香黄檀后林地N,P养分、酶活性及酚类物质含量的关系,分析土壤化学性质的变化.结果表明:1)桉树纯林林间和根区土壤N含量与混交林均存在显著差异,尤其是纯林桉树根区比混交林的N含量高87.7%,而P含量差异不明显;2)桉树纯林林间土壤脲酶活性是混交林的2.2倍,酸性磷酸酶活性以混交林为高.在根区土中,磷酸酶活性与脲酶的变化趋势相同,即混交林桉树根区显著低于桉树纯林桉树根区、混交林降香黄檀根区;3)桉树纯林根区土壤总酚和复合酚含量均比混交林桉树和降香黄檀根区高,林间土水溶酚含量低于混交林.降香黄檀根区土壤的水溶酚含量极显著高于两个林分的桉树根区,差异幅度达到32.40%,43.86%;4)两个林分桉树根区土N/P无显著差异,但纯林林间土比混交林高238.8%;土壤N/P与P含量存在极显著关系,与酸性磷酸酶活性显著负相关,而与酚类含量关系不显著;水溶酚与复合酚为极显著负相关关系.     

不同林龄杉木径向变化及其对气象因子的响应

【目的】研究树木的生长机制能够为树木年轮学以及重建高分辨率环境演变历史提供重要途径和基础,在高分辨率的基础上分析不同林龄树木径向生长对气候的响应特征,能更好地规划被监测树种在不同林龄的生存策略。【方法】利用带状树干径向测量仪于2017年7月—2018年7月对福建省将乐国有林场不同林龄的杉木(Cunninghamia lanceolata)进行监测,以最大值法提取日径向生长量,用Gompertz模型对累积径向变化值进行模拟,利用偏相关分析研究不同林龄杉木的年内径向变化特征及其对气象因子的响应。【结果】在生长季,不同林龄杉木的日径向变化都呈现相似的周期性(包括收缩期、膨胀恢复期和生长期3个阶段)。不同林龄的日径向变化程度不同,日振幅随着林龄增加而增大。杉木的年生长期较长,且不同林龄的年生长期随林龄增加逐渐缩短,生长季开始的时间却随着林龄增大而向后推移。幼龄林、中龄林、近熟林生长期分别为:2月初—10月末、2月末—9月末、3月初—7月末,且分别在5月末、5月初、4月末达到生长速率最大值。不同林龄杉木径向生长对于气象因子的敏感性呈下降趋势:幼龄林杉木生长主要受到降水、最低温度、平均温度、平均相对湿度的影响;中龄林杉木生长主要受到降水、最小相对湿度的影响;而在近熟林和成熟林中,气象因子与杉木生长没有显著的相关关系。【结论】在未来气候变化的背景下,气象因子的变化可能会逐渐影响到林龄较小的林分,因此对将乐杉木人工林进行经营时要因地制宜,针对不同林龄的杉木林应采取不同的营林措施。     

Quantifying nitrogen-fixation in feather moss carpets of boreal forests

Biological nitrogen (N) fixation is the primary source of N within natural ecosystems, yet the origin of boreal forest N has remained elusive. The boreal forests of Eurasia and North America lack any significant, widespread symbiotic N-fixing plants. With the exception of scattered stands of alder in early primary successional forests, N-fixation in boreal forests is considered to be extremely limited. Nitrogen-fixation in northern European boreal forests has been estimated at only 0.5 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1); however, organic N is accumulated in these ecosystems at a rate of 3 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) (ref. 8). Our limited understanding of the origin of boreal N is unacceptable given the extent of the boreal forest region, but predictable given our imperfect knowledge of N-fixation. Herein we report on a N-fixing symbiosis between a cyanobacterium (Nostoc sp.) and the ubiquitous feather moss, Pleurozium schreberi (Bird) Mitt. that alone fixes between 1.5 and 2.0 kg N ha(-1) yr(-1) in mid- to late-successional forests of northern Scandinavia and Finland. Previous efforts have probably underestimated N-fixation potential in boreal forests.     

亚热带常绿阔叶林不同林龄细根生物量及其养分

通过对安徽池州老山自然保护区的肖坑常绿阔叶林细根生物量和细根养分进行研究,发现细根生物量和细根养分及养分储量呈明显的垂直分布规律,即随着土层加深而逐渐减少。在表土层,0~10 cm土层中细根生物量最多,氮、磷、钾含量及其养分储量也是最高。对不同年龄阶段的常绿阔叶林比较发现,细根的生物量有随着林分年龄的增加而增加的趋势,而不同年龄林分细根中氮、磷、钾的含量也存在一定差异。